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Tuesday, July 29, 2008

Paul Krugman: Another temporary fix

So the big housing bill has passed in the U.S. Congress. That's good news: Fannie and Freddie had to be rescued, and the bill's other main provision - a special loan program to head off foreclosures - will help some hard-pressed families. It's much better to have this bill than not.

But I hope nobody thinks that Congress has done all, or even a large fraction, of what needs to be done.

This bill is the latest in a series of temporary fixes to the financial system - attempts to hold the thing together with bungee cords and masking tape - that have, at least so far, succeeded in staving off complete collapse. But those fixes have done nothing to resolve the system's underlying flaws. In fact, they set the stage for even bigger future disasters - unless they're followed up with fundamental reforms.

Before I get to that, let's be clear about one thing: Even if this bill succeeds in its aims, heading off a severe credit contraction and helping some homeowners avoid foreclosure, it won't change the fact that this decade's double bubble, in housing prices and loose lending, has been a disaster for millions of Americans.

Today in Opinion
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After all, the new bill will, at best, make a modest dent in the rate of foreclosures. And it does nothing at all for those who aren't in danger of losing their houses but are seeing much if not all of their net worth wiped out - a particularly bitter blow to Americans who are nearing retirement, or thought they were until they discovered that they couldn't afford to stop working.

It's too late to avoid that pain. But we can try to ensure that we don't face more and bigger crises in the future.

The back story to the current crisis is the way traditional banks - banks with federally insured deposits, which are limited in the risks they're allowed to take and the amount of leverage they can take on - have been pushed aside by unregulated financial players.

We were assured by the likes of Alan Greenspan that this was no problem: The market would enforce disciplined risk-taking, and anyway, taxpayer funds weren't on the line.

And then reality struck.

Far from being disciplined in their risk-taking, lenders went wild.

Concerns about the ability of borrowers to repay were waved aside; so were questions about whether soaring house prices made sense.

Lenders ignored the warning signs because they were part of a system built around the principle of heads I win, tails someone else loses. Mortgage originators didn't worry about the solvency of borrowers, because they quickly sold off the loans they made, generally to investors who had no idea what they were buying.

Throughout the financial industry, executives received huge bonuses when they seemed to be earning big profits, but didn't have to give the money back when those profits turned into even bigger losses.

And as for that business about taxpayers' money not being at risk? Never mind. Over the past year the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury have put hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars on the line, propping up financial institutions deemed too big or too strategic to fail. (I'm not blaming them - I don't think they had any alternative.)

Meanwhile, those traditional, regulated banks played a minor role in the lending frenzy, except to the extent that they had unregulated, "off balance sheet" subsidiaries. The case of IndyMac - which failed because it specialized in risky Alt-A loans while regulators looked the other way - is the exception that proves the rule.

The moral of this story seems clear - and it's what Barney Frank, the chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, has been saying for some time: Financial regulation needs to be extended to cover a much wider range of institutions.

Basically, the financial framework created in the 1930s, which brought generations of relative stability, needs to be updated to 21st-century conditions.

The desperate rescue efforts of the past year make expanded regulation even more urgent. If the government is going to stand behind financial institutions, those institutions had better be carefully regulated - because otherwise the game of heads I win, tails you lose will be played more furiously than ever, at taxpayers' expense.

Of course, proponents of expanded regulation, no matter how compelling their arguments, will have to contend with very well-financed opposition from the financial industry. And as Upton Sinclair pointed out, it's hard to get a man to understand something when his salary - or, we might add, his campaign war chest - depends on his not understanding it.

But let's hope that the sheer scale of this financial crisis has concentrated enough minds to make reform possible. Otherwise, the next crisis will be even bigger.

Monday, July 28, 2008

别养不会生蛋的母鸡

不会开花结果的果树,你会种吗?

没有租金收入的店铺,你会买吗?

没有红利可分的生意,你会参股吗?

我相信大部份人都会说:“不会。”

购买不派股息的公司股票,跟栽种不结果的果树,购买没有租金的店铺,参股于不分红利的生意,其实没有两样。

不派股息的公司,犹如不会生蛋的母鸡,养这样的母鸡,简直是浪费饲料。

照理,这类股票,应该是无人问津才对,但在股市中,情况刚好相反,这类长期无能力派股息的公司的股票,往往成为热门股,成为投机者追逐的对象。

而那些长期派发可观股息的股票,反而长期受到冷落,这种情形,就好像不会生蛋的母鸡,被鸡农视为至宝,而会生金蛋的母鸡,鸡农却正眼也不看它一下,这是不是股海的怪现状?

企业在成长阶段,需要资金,犹如果树,需要肥料,所以,公司赚了钱,把盈利重新投资在生意上,以加速企业的成长,这种做法,无可厚非。

问题是,商场的竞争非常激烈,在同一个行业中,为了生存,为了争地盘(地盘就是市场分额),同业拼个你死我活,是司空见惯的事。在互相杀价的情况下,生意要长期维持成长的势头,谈何容易,这就说明了,何以股市中受看好的成长股,多数是虎头蛇尾。

果树在成长的过程中,需面对狂风暴雨的摧残,或是害虫的侵蚀,不是所有幼苗,都可以长成大树,即使长成大树,也未必能开花结果。

股市中的所谓“成长股”,在开始阶段,有很好的表现,受到投资者的垂青,股价往往被推高至不合理的水平,本益比高达三、四十倍。结果是业绩表现,只属昙花一现,当盈利每况愈下,甚至出现亏蚀时,投资者争相抛售,使股价直线下跌,高价买进的投资者,蒙受严重的亏蚀。如果公司的业绩无法改善的话,股价长期萎靡不振,高价买进此类股票的投资者,很少有翻身的机会。

在成长股中,最后能上榜成为五星级股票的,到底有多少呢?

我手头有一本1973年的上市公司手册,在当时上市的约260家公司中,大部份已不存在,只在约20%的蓝筹股,经得起考验,不但生存下来,而且老当益壮,其余80%的公司,均已从报价板上消失,而其中不少,当时曾红透半边天。

五星级股只有10%
根据我在股市投资40年的经验,在成长股中,最终能成为五星级股票的,不会超过10%。以成长股为投资对象的股友,在他所买进的十只成长股中,假如只有一只脱颖而出,为他带来丰厚的回酬,其余九只一败涂地,结果是一只之所赚,不足以填补九只之亏蚀,最后他的投资成绩,反而不如只买五星级股票作为长期投资的股友。

买没有股息的所谓“成长股”,由于股价波动,有如过山车,投资者精神上饱受煎熬,而成绩反而不如五星股,那么,又何必去淌这一浑水呢?

股市如战场,买高股息的股票,有如驻兵于高墙之城,进可以攻,退可以守。买没股息的成长股,如驻兵于无墙之城,守无可守,一旦战局扭转,如目前之炮火连天,必然是一败涂地。

散户用来买股票的,都是血汗钱,没有必要去冒“一败涂地”的风险。

不要养不会生蛋的母鸡!只养会生金蛋的鹅--就是股息稳定,周息率8%以上的五星级股票!

油价升而看淡物流业

上个世纪80年代开始,由西方国家发起的全球一体化浪潮席卷全球。所谓的全球一体化,是指世界各国应该分工合作,各自生产经济效益最高的商品,然后通过贸易互相交换。如此一来,就可以使得全球的生产力和经济效率提高,全世界人民就可以享受到价廉物美的商品和服务。
  
为了鼓励全球一体化,世界贸易组织(WTO)成立了。该组织希望经过多轮谈判推动各个成员降低,甚至完全取消进口关税;减少,甚至完全取消出口补贴和各种生产补贴。过去20多年来,全球一体化的推广进展良好,许多经济体都降低了进口关税,世界贸易额年年增加,空前繁荣。于是,中国也成为所谓的“世界工厂”,为全球生产各种各样的工业品。印度成为全球电脑软件设计中心,欧美各国出口高科技商品,发展中国家出口资源和劳动密集型产品。

可是,全球一体化要成功推行,有一个先决条件,那就是廉价的运输成本。廉价的运输成本使得工业零件可以在世界任何一个地方生产,再到任何一个地方组装、销售。于是,物流管理成为一门很时尚的学问。每一天,各种工业原料、农产品、工业半成品在世界各地通过飞机、轮船、火车、货车运来运去。

可是,今日的石油危机改变着这一切,改变着全球一体化的方向。因为,石油价格的狂升已经使得运输成本不再廉价。随着运输成本的上升,任何商品在一个地方生产,再运到其他地方销售,还能否比分散生产更具经济效益呢?

不要忘记,上个世纪90年代,1桶原油的价格曾经低至10美元,如今,一桶原油的价格已经接近150美元。石油价格上涨十多倍,运输成本大幅提高,整个物流管理开始出现巨大的改变。

不久前,有报道说全球最大的消费品供应商宝洁公司宣布重新调整全球物流供应规划,减少一些大型工厂的生产量,而把生产计划分散到各个地方的小工厂。我相信,这说明一些大型的跨国企业已经开始重新衡量其全球物流管理供应的模式。

运输成本的增加,肯定会压制运输量的需求,压抑国际贸易,从而改变全球一体化的方向与速度。全球一体化随着油价的上升不可避免地遇到了挑战。同样,石油价格的上升,也造成了很多天然资源价格的上升和农产品价格的上升。过去很多年,所谓的第一产业,也就是农业被长期忽略。全球各地都竞相发展所谓的第三产业,即服务业。物流业就是其中一项重要的服务业。

市場不變的地方

相信大部份投資人都懂得如何尋找有關金融市場、經濟、商業世界以及個別企業的資訊。原則上大部份人能掌握的訊息分別不會太大,在互聯網的普及下,即使在香港亦不難知道地球各地正在發生的事情,包括當地的經濟和股市行情。

然而,如何恰當地分析和過濾訊息可能是比人們想像困難得多。按道理,人們能夠更快地掌握更多的資訊,而且更有科技的協助下,應該能夠提高「勝算」。

但現實上,自17世紀的科學發展、19世紀的工業革命、20世紀初的電訊發展,以及20世紀末的互聯網的出現,似乎資本市場的「上升/下跌」週期特性並沒有改變。總是有人獲利,有人賠錢:

1) 市場仍是由一大群有各自不同利益的人組成,而且接近不會滅亡的(即使每天有新的加入者和退出者)。

2) 市場仍是「Forward Looking」,各方的角力導致市場價格傾向反映對未來的「Best guess」。因此,當大家對一項走勢和基本面有共識之際,其訊息已反映於市場價格中(至少,中短期發展是這麼樣)。

3) 報章的角色,仍然是嘗試以「合理原因」解釋已經發生的事情。因此跟隨「傳媒的共識」無異於「被市場牽著鼻子走」。

4) 市場充斥不少雜音(Noise),以迷惑人群。

5) 每一個時間內,市場會有一些「100%不能錯的概念」,例子如「2000年科技股只升不跌之說」、「2007年尾的中國增長論」、「2007年尾的Accumulator穩賺之法」、「2008年中的商品價格只升不跌之論」,以及現時的「美國經濟大衰退」等等。

6) 每一個時間內,總有一些「所謂必勝之選」,而各大投行「Sell-Side Report」、報章、群眾會持有「200%的信心」看好。但這亦是市場的警告......

7) 「燈神」長存,坊間總有一大堆「聽起來十分合理,但事實上漏洞百出」的論據(當然大部份群眾仍會受落)。最常見的漏洞不外乎「忽略估值(Valuation)」、「忽略宙宇的反向力」、「Assumption的不合理」,或者是「忘記各項因素(Factor)有改變的可能性」。

8) 市場總有一群打著「XXX大師的追隨者」、「永遠相信XXX投資法」旗號的人群。筆者不是否定「經時間考驗的投資法門」,同時「十分尊重身經百戰的宗師級人物」,問題是所謂的「追隨者」是真正做到「明德格物」,還是「知少少扮代表」?? 無論如何,逆市能令各人的「根底」露出來。

9) 市場仍是不能擺脫「貪婪」、「恐懼」、「無知」所帶來的風險。

10) 各人的「知識」、「心理質素」、「分析能力」、「風險承受能力」、「市場經驗」、「投資功力」、「投機之天份」,總是不同的。

11) 中小型股票的效率十分低,往往是「Insider」玩弄的「不平等」遊戲。

12) 「Market Timing」不是容易的事,縱使聽起來很像十分容易。

13) 「修心」、「虛心好學」、「觀察入微」、「大膽假設、小心求証」、「自律」、「獨立思考」,總是有利的,反其道而行則不利.....

唯一變了的可能是,每一個週期的時間確實是縮短了。下一次與大家談論「戰勝市場」之道.....

Likely to recover, remains volatile for the week

Singapore:
Singapore market opened down on Friday in response to the fall in Wall Street overnight due to weaker than expected US existing home sales number. Investors started to take profit after sharp gains on the first four days of the week and ahead of the released of the US new home sales number on Friday’s night. The benchmark STI fell 55 points or 1.8% to close the week at 2,922.91. Turnover fell, with only 0.8 billion shares worth S$1.1 billion transacted, compared to 1.1 billion shares worth S$1.5 billion done on Thursday. Losers led gainers 11 to 5. For the week, the Index gained 130.18 points or 4.6% on the first four days of the week before closed with a 75.18 points gain.

· Wall Street:
US market closed higher on Friday as encouraging economic indicators outweighed investors' fears about financials. On economic front, orders for durable manufactured goods rose unexpectedly in June, according to a U.S. Commerce Department report released Friday. Orders to factories for big-ticket items like cars, appliances and machinery rose 0.8% last month, far surpassing economists' forecast of a 0.4% decline. Also sending stocks up was an encouraging report on new home sales. Sales of new homes fell 0.6% in June to an annual sales rate of 530,000, from an upwardly revised rate of 533,000 in May, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Despite home sales slipping, that level was well above economists' expectations. Wall Street also embraced news that consumer confidence got a larger boost in July than previously reported, according to a consumer sentiment survey conducted by Reuters and the University of Michigan . The revised index number came in at 61.2 in July, up from a preliminary reading of 56.6 for July and from 56.4 in June. DJIA rose 21.41 or 0.2% to 11,370.69 points while Nasdaq increased 30.42 or 1.3% to close at 2,310.53 points. Light crude oil shed US$2.23 to close at US$123.26 per barrel on NYMEX.

Outlook:
The Singapore market is likely to recover from last Friday profit taking session. The sell down on Friday was mainly due to concerns over the US property market, after the released of lower-than-expected existing home sales number on Thursday night. With the US new home sales number coming in better than expect and continuous fall in oil prices on Friday night, market sentiment is likely to improve. The local market is likely to continue to follow the US lead in this week. Major economic releases in the US are the Consumer Confidence on Tuesday, the advanced 2Q GDP number on Wednesday and the employment number on Friday. On the local front, the June loan growth number will be released on Thursday. We expect the loan growth rate to be 24%, down from 26.1% in May, the first decline in growth rate since August 2007.

Sunday, July 27, 2008

股神”和“赌神”的区别

有一本书非常值得一看:《预测者》(The Predictors)。这本书讲的是,几个前物理教授怎样把模式识别方法应用到期货交易里,最后都在华尔街获得了巨大的成功。
  
美国拉斯韦加斯和大西洋城赌场有一个很受欢迎的赌博,叫Black Jack,大家通常叫它“21点”。游戏的规则很简单:你先下注,然后庄家给自己发两张牌,也给你发两张牌。庄家的两张牌里有一张面向下(暗牌),你看不见,不过你可以看见另一张牌(明牌)。这时你开始要牌,可以随意要多少张,目的是尽量往21点靠,靠得越近越好,因为21点是最大的点数。2至10的牌按牌面的数字算点,J、Q、K都算10点。A可以算1点,也可以算11点,由你自己决定。

在你要牌的过程中,假如你所有的牌加起来超过了21点,你就输了(爆掉),游戏结束。假如你没爆掉,又决定不再要牌了,庄家就把他的那张暗牌翻开。假如他的两张牌加起来小于或等于16点,他就继续给自己发牌(不管他的点数是否比你大),一直发到他的点数大于等于17点。庄家在给自己发牌的过程中,假如爆掉了,那他就输了。假如他没爆掉,你就与他比点数大小,大者赢。如果点数一样,那就打成平手,你可以把自己的赌注拿回来。

《预测者》这本书里讲到,1960年,麻省理工学院有一个年轻的数学教师叫爱德华·索普(Edward Thorp),他用学校里的大型计算机证明,假如庄家用一副扑克牌玩21点的游戏,庄家对手赢的概率为51.5%。虽然现在大西洋城赌场的21点用8副扑克牌来玩(大概就是为了不让这些聪明的科学家钻空子),但在拉斯韦加斯,还是可以找到一些赌场是使用一副扑克牌的。索普在1962年写了一本广受欢迎的《打败庄家》(Beat the Dealer),书中的方法被美国《时代》周刊的记者证明是可行的。从那以后,很多赌场立下了一条规矩:有权在不给出理由的情况下,拒绝任何人入场。

索普还做了一件很绝的事。1962年,他说服了麻省理工学院一位著名的应用数学教授,和他一起做一个测量“俄罗斯轮盘”轮盘转速的计算机,以预计最后小球会停在哪里。这台计算机只有香烟盒大小。不过,当他们到赌场里去做实验时,因为短路等技术原因,实验失败了。1990年,一家公司完成了索普他们没有完成的事,证明了使用带测量仪的计算机是可以在“俄罗斯轮盘”里打败庄家的。

1965年前后,索普到加利福尼亚大学Irvine分校教书,在那里遇到了经济系教授西恩·卡萨夫(Sheen Kassouf)。1967年,他们发现了一个股票交易的方法,依照这个方法进行的套利交易,为他们带来了丰厚利润。

上世纪90年代初,几个前物理教授和美国阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家建立了一个对冲基金,把做模式识别的应用数学方法运用于分析预测股指、外汇等,据此建立的定量期货模型获得了巨大的成功。

这个基金的早期投资人里有一个人叫布莱尔·霍尔(Blair Hull)。此人在上世纪70年代初是一个职业的21点玩家,也是个应用数学高手,靠玩21点赚了50万美元。后来,他用这50万美元在芝加哥商品交易所和芝加哥贸易中心做期权交易。到1991年,他的资产已达9000万美元。

尽管“赌神”和“股神”有着这样那样的共同点,不过赌博就是赌博。一个同行告诉我,他们基金的某个合伙人有一次到赌场里玩21点,玩了10分钟,输了20000美元,临走时还不忘感谢发牌员,并留下200美元小费。这个合伙人是华尔街上极成功的人士,他肯定知道自己没有研究过21点,输钱不奇怪。

值得一提的是,就算你赢庄家的概率能达到90%,也不要一次把所有资本都押上,毕竟还有10%输的概率。假如你赢庄家的概率超过50%,你要把赌注分成很多份,每次押一点,这样才能把赢钱的概率变为真正赢的钱。投资也是如此,金融学和投资行业里人们常说的分散投资(一般要买超过20个股票),就是这个道理。

找到自己的财富公式

美国著名物理学家约翰·凯利在1956年提出的一个数学公式,被称为“凯利公式”,或者“凯利标准”、“凯利系统”。这个公式证明了在通讯噪音干扰理论中使用的数学模型同样适用于投资者对于风险和收益的管理。如果可以在信息传输中将噪音干扰引起的错误降低到零,投资者在追求最大收益的同时也可以把破产风险降低到零。

上世纪60年代,莺歌燕舞的美国赌场风云突变。几位神秘客横扫各大赌城,他们外表普通,入场后分组行动,分散在各个赌桌上。他们看上去互不相识,暗地里却用高科技的手段联系。他们用匪夷所思的方法大把捞钱,常常在庄家不知所措的时候,消失得无影无踪。这些神秘客一时间被各大赌城列为不受欢迎的人,并被拒绝入场。美国两大赌城拉斯维加斯和大西洋城各家赌场乱了手脚,纷纷改变规则,对付这些神秘客。他们是谁?难道他们是超人?他们的高科技手段来自哪里?他们既然可以轻易战胜赌场庄家,为何悄然离开?是手下留情还是使用了非法手段?他们为敛财还是希望做出惊世之举?这一切都是令人费解的谜。

万卷出版公司出版的《财富公式——玩转拉斯维加斯和华尔街的故事》为人们揭示了谜底:几位让世人顶礼膜拜的科学家,把自己的实验室搬到了赌场!目的就是用实践来证明这条“财富公式”。法律允许他们这样做吗?他们的实验到底是什么呢?难道他们真的想通过自己的努力,而让赌徒无往不利吗?那些有着强大黑帮背景的赌场庄家们,能眼看财路一一断送吗?

姑且不论投资界中的“凯利公式”是否真的如这本《财富公式》所说,已经成为智慧型投资者确定投资策略的金科玉律。但从当下火爆的投资市场来看,每一个人似乎都期望寻找到一条完美的投资策略,“凯利公式”也只是其中的一种。

凯利是贝尔实验室的一位科学家,他针对较小概率发生事件提出了“凯利公式”,依照这个公式计算出来的结果被称为“凯利值”。博彩中的冷门也是较小概率发生事件,于是“凯利值”的概念就引入到博彩业中。“凯利值”已被越来越多的博彩分析师用于博彩分析。但仔细研究,会发现它来自无穷级数的数学推理。因此,如果可以不停玩下去,虽然面临连续亏损,但是总可以最终来个大翻盘。但是能够坚持下去吗?如果答案是否定的,那么终究还是要破产。从这一点上看,笔者认为按照这条公式的指示进行交易非常危险。不顾一切的对“凯利公式”推崇,也会对新入行的交易员造成极大的伤害。

《财富公式》中的几个重要人物:克劳德·申农、爱德华·索普、爱德华·索普、约翰·凯利、保罗·萨缪尔森、沃伦·巴菲特,无一不是顶尖高手,在他们的世界里存在着自己的财富公式,他们运用这套财富公式赢得了巨大财富和无限声誉。同样,在本书中,读者能详细解读到信息理论学家们的研究成果,虽然受到经济学家的严厉抨击,却在巴菲特的投资实战中屡屡得到验证。这就是神秘的“财富公式”。

本书对美国上世纪六七十年代的黑帮、博彩业、证券业做了有趣的介绍。如果读者想从这本《财富公式》中得到属于自己的神秘“财富公式”,并且运用“财富公式”去投资理财,我先告诉读者的是:巴菲特和索罗斯都是善于下重注的人,但同时也是最善于躲避风险的人。这并不矛盾。其实很多概念都是混淆不清的,风险、概率等莫不如此。找到专属于自己的“财富公式”,才能在投资理财中处于不败之地。

Condo land falling below building costs

For the first time in at least two decades, construction costs for some 99-year condo sites are actually higher than their land costs. This is taking place against the backdrop of soaring construction prices and a weak outlook for the prices at which private housing developments can be sold.

Some industry watchers expect this trend for entry-level private housing to continue - which suggests that the government may have to be prepared to accept declining land bids at state tenders.

'Right now, developers can bid up to about $200-250 per square foot of potential gross floor area at most for suburban condo sites, which translates to breakeven costs of $650-700 psf. However, if construction costs continue to go up and selling prices continue to drop, there's not much else you can do except to lower your land bids. The question is what is the government's threshold for pain?' a seasoned developer said.

In May, URA (Urban Redevelopment Authority) awarded a site in Choa Chu Kang for $203 psf per plot ratio (psf ppr). 'So the $200 psf ppr mark has been tested. The next question is: Will the government be prepared to sell sites at even lower prices, say, around $150 psf ppr?' he added. This $203 psf ppr was below the construction cost of a new development on the site.

Last month's winning bid of $270 psf ppr by Frasers Centrepoint at a state tender for a plot at Woodleigh Close was also lower than the construction cost of about $300 psf of gross floor area (GFA) for mass-market condos, industry observers noted.

Meanwhile, constructions costs - after staying stagnant for several years - are now at record levels.

Construction cost consultancy Rider Levett Bucknall (RLB). said: 'Construction prices for medium-quality condominiums indicatively range from $260 psf of GFA to $320 psf of GFA in Q1 2008, and prices have risen further to $280 to $350 psf of GFA for Q2 2008,' it said. 'High demand and competition for limited resources, the lack of tendering capacity among contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers, and volatile commodity prices have contributed significantly to building tender price escalation,' the firm added.

Construction costs are estimated to have risen 20 to 25 per cent for Q4 2007 compared with the corresponding period in 2006 for average medium quality condominiums (for the upgraders' market).

While the trend of construction costs exceeding land costs has drawn more attention since the recent tender closings of Government Land Sales (GLS) sites, some observers say it surfaced as early as December last year, when Chip Eng Seng bought a plot at Elias Rd in Pasir Ris for $228 psf ppr.

In the same month, Frasers Centrepoint picked up a site at Lakeside Drive for $248 psf ppr - which was probably about equal to construction costs at the time.

Construction costs comprise not just the cost of building materials but also include factors such as workers' wages among others.

As for the mid-market and high-end residential sectors, land values would still be above their respective construction costs, although there have hardly been any land deals in these segments in recent months because of weaker homebuying sentiment.

Instead, developers have been focusing more on suburban sites suitable for being developed into mass-market private homes targeted at upgraders, as this is the sector where end-unit demand is relatively more resilient. Still, developers have had to be more prudent with their land bids.

'It's a simple equation, a function of selling price for the end-units against development cost and profit,' a property investor observes.

Buyers of mass-market condos are extremely price sensitive, while construction costs have been escalating. 'At the end of the day, something's got to give - in terms of a lower land bid,' observes Knight Frank managing director Tan Tiong Cheng.

'Developers have to allow a larger sum for contingencies because of the way construction material prices have been going up.

'The trend is likely to continue - until construction costs come down or selling prices of private homes go up again,' Mr Tan added.

For now the pressure on construction costs shows no signs of letting up. 'Given the large existing project commitments on hand, price escalation trends are set to continue for this year and may be in the order of 15 to 20 per cent,' RLB said.

HDB resale flats climb as private homes lose steam

Housing Board resale flats continue to draw buyers as private homes lose their lustre.

Prices for HDB resale flats rose further by 4.5 per cent in the second quarter, higher than the 3.7 per cent increase from January to March.

Continuing its lacklustre, private home prices rose just 0.2 per cent between April and June, compared with 3.7 per cent a quarter earlier.

The number of HDB resale transactions jumped by about 22 per cent, from about 6,360 cases in the first quarter to about 7,760 cases in the second.

The median Cash-Over-Valuation (COV) amount of all resale transactions in the second quarter was $20,000, a slight drop from the COV of $21,000 in the earlier quarter, said HDB on Friday.

Cases requiring COV made up 90 per cent of all resale transactions in this quarter, with the rest below valuation.

New flat supply
In the first six months, HDB launched a total of 4,524 new flats under the Build-To-Order (BTO) system, which provides the main supply of new flats.

Subject to demand, HDB plans to offer about 3,900 new flats under the BTO system over the next six months in Punggol, Sengkang and Bukit Panjang.

The total planned BTO supply of 8,400 new flats for this year will exceed last year's 6,000 units and 2006's 2,400 units.

This new flat supply will be in addition to flats offered under the balloting exercise for surplus replacement SERS flats, and balance flats from previous offers. HDB will provide more details of the BTO flats when the projects are launched

In tandem with rising rents for private residential properties, sublet rents for HDB flats also rose in the second quarter. The number of subletting transactions went up by about 15 per cent - from about 3,580 cases in the first quarter to about 4,120 cases in the second.

The total number of HDB flats approved for subletting rose to about 20,200 units, compared to about 18,700 units in the first three months.

成功投资你都行-曹仁超

各位朋友,大家好!“功投资你都行”这个题目不是我定的。是证监会叫我定的。如果你问我,我就刚刚相反,我就认为“成功投资你不行”,首先,大家要明白,成功投资是需要很多因素。第一,很多人没考虑的是你要赚钱,你第一件事要学的就是降低你自己的身份。我过去三十多年见了许多大学讲师,医生等称为专业人士的人,他们最后的结果是投资失败。为什么呢?他们认为自己已经是专业人士,不需要再听其他人的意见。投资跟你的专业是无关的,很多时候,如果你是专业人士,请你将自己是专业人士这个尊严放下,这是学投资要做的第一件事。因为投资市场不管你是谁,如果你看错市,对不起,没脸给!任何人都有损失!

最近的例子:巴菲特这个我崇拜了20多年的偶像,他因为看淡美金,今年就损失了9亿多美金。最近大家又听说李嘉诚买长江的股票,那么跟不跟呢?我告诉你听,如果你十月份跟李嘉诚买长江的股票,你输了!另外美国有个很有钱的人动用了27亿美金买通用汽车的股票,结果上个星期五,通用汽车的股价是十年的新低,所以我要告诉你的第二件事是,在股票市场,很多人都说大户,散户,对不起,股票市场不管你是大户还是散户,股票市场只有两类人,第一类人叫赢家,第二类人叫输家。所以看市和你有多少钱是没关系的。

你想成为一个成功的投资者,还要考虑我常说的孤独感,做医生你医好了一个病人,你很满足。你开间工厂,你见到成千上万的工人,你也很满足。甚至当律师,你打赢了官司,你也会很满足。但是在投资领域,成功了,如果你满足而自满,摔一个跟斗就让你损失惨重。在投资市场里,当你最开心的时候,就是你最危险的时候。当每个人都悲观的时候,你可不可以保持冷静?当每个人乐观的时候,你可不可以还是清醒呢?所以我经常说,成功的投资者是很孤独的。因为你慢慢的会发觉你跟群众保持了一个距离,这是你一定要付出的代价。

第三件事是去年我和星展银行的董事总经理理walk张聊天,他说了几句话,我也认为大家要记住,他说,什么叫投资?投资就像你早上起床刷牙,洗脸,这是你每天都要做的。投资不是一跃而就,投资是需要你每天花5-10分钟去想一下自己有没有出错,或者自己的方向有没有错。天天都要检讨自己的计划是对还是错。如果你可以放下自己身份,你不以大户自居,专业人士自居,可以不跟群众走在一起,可以天天检讨自己的逻辑思维有没有错。如果你做到上面三点,你才可以做一个成功的投资者。

大家不要以为来听我几个小时的讲座就可以成为一个成功的投资者。对不起,这个世界没有这么便宜的事情,所有的回报,背后是无穷无尽的工作。我挺反感人们打电话去电台问“功课”,1号,怎么看?五号,怎么看?8号好像要跑出?大哥,我们不是赌马啊!不是扁低别人,你自己想一下吧,你去问的时候,你是很认真的去问,但我告诉你,人家只是随便的回答,他第二天都不记得自己说过什么了。你就信以为真,但你死了,人家都不知道你死了。所以我经常说,请不要打电话问功课,如果你喜欢长江实业,你就去研究长江实业。那些不是数字,那是一间实实在在的企业,他有资产负债表,纯利,有管理层等许多东西,不要当他是数字,这不是六合彩。可以这么说,任何东西,你要成功,你一定要做功课。其次是我经常说的大趋势。我在其它研讨会经常说的“有智慧不如趋势”。如果趋势是逆着你的,不管你是李嘉诚,你一样要死。公元2000年他请我吃饭,问我怎么看3G,我可能不是很会做人,我说:“我看淡”。他说,你看淡,我看好啊。我说,李生,你看好和我看淡,都改变不了3G的趋势。今年他跟我老板林生吃饭,他说,老曹是对的。李嘉诚也是改变不了3G的趋势。当趋势形成了,没有人可以改变,这是邓小平所说的,大气候与小气候不因人的主观愿望而改变,所以你就不要去做英雄改变时势,通常是时势令你成为英雄。这几个都是人的性格影响你投资是成功还是失败。

顺便在这里跟大家研究一下什么是大趋势,说起大趋势,就要说一下故事了,1780年,工业革命在英国开始,在英国工业革命我们发现经济是分五个阶段,我想所有读经济系的都明白,大部份社会开始的时候是传统的农业,人的生产力是很有限,交通不发达,贸易很少,依靠手工业。这是我们最喜欢说的“安贫乐道”阶段,这是18世纪全世界的现象。随后英国发明了蒸汽机开始工业革命,蒸汽机的发明引发了强大的生产力,强大的生产力引发了原料的需求,能源的上升,交通贸易等各方面的配合,这是经济第二阶段(经济起飞期,GDP向上增长)。第三阶段是工业的成就带来贸易的上升,人的财富一步步增长,产生了所谓的专业人士研究科技,法则,技术的改进。因为科技的改进,法例的改进等令到经济继续增长。第四阶段是各方面成就产生了所谓的金融需求,银行,保险等各方面需求,房地产的兴旺,人开始大量消费,这是经济成熟期。跟着大家都想消费不想生产,生产成本增加,工业开始减弱,这时的经济依赖于金融和房地产,这叫经济第五阶段,也就是所谓的衰退期。英国这个经济五阶段在全世界各地不断地重复又重复。英国在1930年进入经济第五阶段,美国1850年进入经济第一阶段,而美国现在也进入经济第五阶段,日本在1880年进入经济第一阶段,香港1950年就进入第三期。而现在香港也进入了经济第五阶段。而现在还停留在经济第二阶段,第三阶段的只有中国和印度。我相信到达某个阶段,全世界都会进入第五阶段,全世界进入衰退期。因为经济有这样的特色,英国的模式能帮助我们去分析美国的经济模式,而在美国发生的模式又可以帮助我们去分析日本的模式,日本发生的事情也可以用来分析香港特区和中国。因为中国起步迟,所以我们现在看到高增长期。英国由于没前人可借鉴,五个模式走了150年,美国借鉴英国的经验,只用了100年时间,到了日本只用了80年时间,亚洲四小龙完成五个模式只用了60年。香港最繁荣的时代是1967-1997年,这是我强调的黄金30年。当时恒生指数同1967年的64点到了97年的16820,升幅是250倍。这是投资黄金30年,无论你买股票,买楼,做生意,就像在肥沃的土地的播种一样,加上气候适宜,每年都大丰收。

很幸运,我在1967年开始工作,碰上这个黄金30年,不是你聪明,而是社会令到你的财富急促上升,1万元的财富30年间上升到250万,而这还是一般,如果你在高峰的时候抛货,低的时候再买入,这样的回报是500倍。可惜我们跟我们的祖先亚当、夏娃一样不知道我们住在伊甸园享受上帝的祝福,跑去偷吃了禁果。上帝说,吃了禁果,男的必须努力工作才能获取食物,女的更惨,为了生孩子,痛苦一生,所以的痛苦一生是指包括没有孩子之前每月流血一次,生孩子的时候痛得要命,生完孩子牵肠挂肚,养儿一百岁,长忧九十九。这是因为我们的祖先不听上帝的话,跑去偷吃禁果。而我们的现在也吃了禁果,从现在起投资必须努力工作获得回报。从1997年到现在,股市只有波幅却没有升幅,从97年的16800点到05年都只有14000点,恒生指数不是反幅上升而只有波动。在一个上升周期,你只要持有一些股票,你都可以发达。最坏也只是跑输别人,但在一个波动中,你每一次买错股票,都是痛不欲生。97年7月到现在能赚到钱的人都是努力工作去获取食物,而大部份人就像我们的妈妈一样,为了生育孩子而痛苦一生。不劳而获这四个字是很吸引,到了今时今日,很多人还是喜欢去马场,喜欢去澳门和何生(葡京赌场的老板)聊天。不劳而获这个想法是深入每个投资者的心里,而事实上在1967年到1997年这三十年股票市场提供了不劳而获给我们。对不起,我要告诉你,当你摘了禁里,你一定要很努力工作才能获得食物,由1997年到今天,投资已经变得逆水行舟,事倍功半,进入“二元经济”,20%投资者是成功的,而80%是失败的,现在玩的不是财富增长,而是财富大转移,你的财富的得,是其他投资者的失。而且是1:4,5个投资者才会产生1个成功的投资者。因为香港的物业市场由1997年进入熊市,股票市场在2000年进入熊市,未来是上上落落,再不是一口气的上升。因为我们的经济已进入发展的第五阶段。中国大陆比香港特区好,因为香港的黄金投资期由1967年开始,而中国由1980年开始,甚至80年成立深圳特区到今天也都已经25年了,可以这么说,中国的黄金投资期都接近末端。还有过去的历史没有告诉我们黄金投资期一定是30年,美国的黄金投资期由1932-1966年结束,前后34年。日本黄金投资期由1964年开始,1990年结束,前后26年。根据俄罗斯经济学家康迪夫的理论,长周期是55-65年,因为制造业带来的财富上升只有15年,例如香港由1950年开始到1966年,当时香港的繁荣来自制造业,然后就进入所谓的投资带动的黄金投资期,通常是25-35年,而后来证明香港1967-1997年,总共30年。1997后就开始动荡。如果我们参考美国和日本的所谓的第五周期,美国1966-1982年才进入知识产权型的经济,总共16年,如果没估错的是,2003年刚刚结束痛苦期,前后14年。香港从1997年到现在也是8-9年,未来可能也是升升跌跌的状态。如果用250天移动平均数来恒量,每一次低过250天移动平均数的10-15%,通常是入市的时机,每一次超高250天移动平均数10-15%都是离市的时机。

在这里我澄清一件事,因为我看了许多分析员将250天移动平均数作为牛熊分界线,我看了全世界这么多的财经书藉只有香港有牛熊分界线这东西,因为牛市熊市理论是道氏理论,是1900年出现,那时候是没有移动平均数,所以250天平均数绝对,绝对不是牛熊分界线。它只是轴心,当股票市场在经济第一周期、第二周期的时候向上,它是阻力线,也就是说每一次当它接近250天平均线时是入货的时机,破了250平均线就可能急跌。但大多数都是在250天平均线左右。在1997年之后,我们进入了经济循环第五周期的震荡期,250天平均线就成为了轴心,市场围绕平均线转动,低于平均线越多,股市反弹的机会就越大,高于平均线越多,股市回落的机会就越大,因为我们不是反覆上升,我们是在炒震荡。在震荡中,不同的行业有不同的表现,所谓的盛衰循环周期。举个很简单的例子:1997年-2003年是房地产的衰退期,经过了6年的衰退,通常反弹跌幅的1/3也就是2年,2003年6月左右到2005年6月左右结束,这是最小升幅,如果大家看过波浪理论都会明白。最大反弹在50%左右,也就在2006年左右就结束,确切的结束日期不要问我,因为我也不知道,

但这个周期是接近结束了。航运业比房地产更惨,它从1975年一直到2002都是那么差,低迷了十多年,所以它的反弹强一点点,2002年开始反弹,但我也很担心它今年也接近结束,因为我们现在是在炒盛衰市。另外一方面,因为利息的回落,银利股有所上升,我也很担心差不多结束。以前人家问我,我随便就介绍人家买汇丰银行,因为我相信利息会低,所以90年代人家问我,我都叫他买汇丰银行,因为这样说不用用脑想,但是2004年6月开始,利息上升,我很担心汇丰银行都进入了上落市而不是按年上升,买汇丰银行发达的日子在2004年结束。

我崇拜的另外一个女性载卓尔夫人,她有一句话,我很记得,在这里和大家分享一下。“It’s Funny over”,很有趣。你现在看一下,这个世界真是挺有趣的,我们每个人都以为自己是理性分析,但我们所有的行为95%都是非理性的,大部份人买房子是“我喜欢”而不是深入分析。我也取笑过一些地产商,“你们真是厉害”,地产商问为什么。我答,“我开车开到‘法国南部’(注:香港一楼盘,这里指在路上被楼盘的广告吸引到去买房子)”。今时今日买楼,他们推销的是你的想象能力,而不是你的负担能力。我和林森池是老朋友,他经常说,老曹你告诉人家要分析啊。我说,你放心,没人分析的,没人用眼去看股票的,他们用耳,耳耳代目,一个流言对股价的影响大过你林森池开个讲座告诉人家买中移动,中石油。为什么?因为我们喜欢先行而三思而不是三思而后行。大部份人买完一只股,才问人,“这股票好不好?”而不是问了别人“这股票好不好?”再去买股。像我们这些老家伙,经常想啊想,想一下又怕,想一下又怕,股价就升到高位了,自己还在想。

这个世界分两类人,一类是像我和林森池一样的所谓资深分析师,经常在想而不去买。第二类人,你问他怎么看,他说看好,你信不信,第二天股市跌了,你问他,他就说不会看了。原来另外一些分析员,今天看多,明天就看淡。因为他自己都不知道自己是看好还是看淡。所以我同意载卓尔夫人的“这世界越来越有趣”。另一个是投资入门看的书,Paul A. Samuelson(保罗.萨缪尔森)写的,1971年出版的《Enconomics》,(经济学)[这本书应该不是1971年出版的],许多经济学专业的学生看的第一本书都是这本,Paul A.Samuelson在接受访问时都说,“我们现在进入了一个迷幻的经济世代”,连这样老资格的都被现在的经济迷惑。现在Hong King教育只教我们学习,不教我们做决定,甚至连教我们的大学教授都经常作出错误决定,大有大错,小有小错,大家一起错。

作决定有几步曲:一、先进行资料搜集,二、反复研究,三、作出理性分析。举个简单例子,中学毕业时你想到外国读书还是在港学习,读哪间学校,学费多少,什么专业。你最好想清楚,和父母商量一下财政能力,作出分析后做决定,一步步将自己的理想去实现,就千万不要这个月去了澳洲,下个月去了非洲,又去了欧洲。如果你每个月去一个地方读大学,那么肯定就一事无成。现在许多人买股票的也是这样,一月买汇丰,二月买中移动,三月就不知买什么好,买到自己都乱了不知道买什么好,还以为自己是投资专家。不应该这样,买股票之前应该想清想楚,想清想楚后买错了咋办?有个方法,就是我经常说的止损。当一个股票买进入后跌了10-15%,你应该考虑一下自己是不是看错市,如果再跌,就”no question ask”(不要再问问题),就像你到了非洲读书,发觉不对劲,就快跑了。止损是作为买保险,不要经常用啊!就像你买人寿保险,我真希望你不能拿,因为拿的时候就是死人啦。止损只是一种买保险的行为,而不是作为炒股票的安全网。所以当你做决定的时候,请先理性分析,如果事件的发展和你事前的估计不一样才行使止损,而不是买了股票就止损或止赚。止损是为了保护你自已“over-confidence”(过份自信)作出的错误决定的最后防线,不要乱用。另一方法是针对我自己的。年轻人太冲动,老人家想东西太多:定“时间底线”,当你看好一个行业时,你最好给两个星期时间自己去深入考虑,和朋友互相了解,两个星期后无论如何都要作出决定,不要只想不作决定。你不要跟我说,你看好的,但没买。这是没用的,你要看好并且买了才能赚到钱,所以你怎么看是不重要的,你怎么做才重要。我希望作决定这方面不要过份冲动和过份迟疑。就拿我减肥来说,减了十年,还是原地不动,

我们很多时候都给借口自己去做错事。当你买了股票之后,除了止损之外很多人教你止赚,其实止赚是不用别人教的。很多人赚了10%利润后,就止赚,因为我们忍受不了眼前的利益而忘了长远利益。我有胆说,今天很多人甚至看我日记的人手上持有黄金的人都很少了,因为黄金从250美元一安时升到现在的460美元,所有相信我持有黄金的人在280元美元抛了,320元抛了,“有人说不是,不要冤枉我!我360元才抛啊!”(这里可见曹仁超说话幽默)我们很喜欢止赚,其实当大趋势是对的,何必根根计较所谓的短线波幅而牺牲了长期利益。今时今日,我终于向我老婆承诺,每个月减一磅体重,我希望我可以坚持。减肥和止赚同样是很辛苦,当你有10-15%利润时,就如老外所说,“that’s snake in your heart”们心里有一条蛇咬我们,引诱我们去干坏事(获利回吞),然后就看着股票颠升,还说我看好它啊,我买了啊。别人问,那么你发达了?不是啊,我很早就获利回吞。大部份人都是这样,我自己在1991年持有汇丰银行,在1997年受不了获利回吞的引诱卖了,于是在2004年不断骂自己怎么那么笨!止赚这引诱和行使止损是很痛苦的学回来。今时今日,很多人问我,“你手上的黄金怎么样啊”。我答:“forget it”(忘记它)。你不要经常想着我手上黄金赚了多少。我只知道止赚是很难去掉的恶习(好股票为前提),我十年都去不掉这恶习。基辛格有个名言也很有趣:如果你自己人没目标,就很容易迷失方向。我不知道各位的人生目标是什么,但来这里听我讲座的恐怕跟我一样都是“发钱寒”,你怎么去完成“发钱寒”这目标呢?如果你是一名将军,现在带领一队军队去打仗,但说,“对不起,我没有策略,喜欢打就打,不喜欢打就跑”。这样的军队就永远不会打胜仗。所以,如果你为了“发钱寒”来参加这个研讨会,你需要制定一个策略去完成这个目标。另一方法:七个臭皮匠胜过一个诸葛亮,多找两个朋友商量是很有帮助的,但找很多朋友商量,你就一定迷失方向。还有一个方法是我妈妈教我的,但很不幸我妈妈两年前去世了,现在不能再教我。她以前说:“你不知道怎么能发达,就看已经发达的人怎么做,他怎么做我们就怎么做,那些不发达的就不要再模仿了”。也就是名师出高徒,就像林森池,我看着他从几万到现在这么富有(捐给香港大学的钱都捐1亿了),所以他说什么,我们就跟着做好了!有些什么的分析员,我看一下他的资料是负资产,那么就不要跟了。跟就跟个聪明的师傅才对。聪明的人在自己的失败之中吸取教训,笨了一次没所谓,笨两次就是你有问题了。更加聪明的人就从别人的失败当中找教训,甚至一次都不笨。另外我们经常所说的:自古成功在尝试。不要因为一次失败或者一次亏损就怕了投资,投资本身是需要不断尝试不断失败才达到成功的阶段。有人可能说,“这样死了天都还没亮”,对,失败是有许多定义的。也就是我所说的,“old soldier never die”(老兵永远不会死),因为他见惯了战场,见到飞机大炮就会闪。所以所谓的“失败”是小败,当你的投资本金亏损15%时,市场是没有错的,是你看错市。回去思考清楚,股票再跌5-10%时,你不走我就走,我从来不和钱作对。当你买入股票时,股票升10-15%时,别人叫你止赚时,就让人家赚,你不要赚。因为利润是越来越高的,老外说,“let profit run”(让利润往前跑),这个世界止赚的人都没有发达的。

在投资时保持平常心,不要认为自己了不起,也不要过分懒惰。几个老朋友共同研究是有用的,但打电话问功课,看报纸买股票(好像不应该说,因为林生经常说我拆他台),看电视买股票的人,我是没见过这样的人发达的。因为所有发达的人都是经过自己精心研究,制定自己的策略并将自己的策略实行才有成就。还有的是,我告诉你听,专家是很贵的,没有多少不收钱的专家,不收钱的专家通常是随便乱扯的,因为他自己都是没经过深入了解的。听他和不听他都是没关系的。最后的是,制定人生目标并严格执行。希望经过这次聚会能令大家在投资时减少10%损失,获利能力提升10%,这样本人就满足了。顺便在这里我要向证监说句对不起。因为他叫为大家做到的“成功投资你都行”,我是没办法答应大家的投资都顺利。因为从1997年开始,股票市场进入大起大落的年代,输家永远比赢家多。当然我希望我所有的读者与听我话的人成为赢家的少数,但这不容易。

我对未来的看法是:我自己很相信,从去年3月开始起,香港像60年代的美国一样,有的股份上,有的股份下,没规律可言。到了2006年,增长股越来越难求,现在见到的都是周期上升周期下降的股票,而没有真正的增长股。因为从1997年到现在的香港的GDP也是一时好一时坏。很不幸因为我们已吃了“禁果”,从97年开始,持有股票,持有房产发达的年代已过去,未来,男生要成功就必须努力工作,女生要成功就必须承受痛苦(指生儿育女,美满家庭)。

Credit Cards? No, thanks

Fed up with the financial woes that he got mired into because of his unchecked credit-card expenditure, Mr Ryan Soh decided to get rid of his six credit cards. Now, he uses only debit cards.

'That was about four years ago. I incurred a credit-card debt of $40,000 over a four-year period. I was careless with my expenditure and did not really look into the credit-card charges,' he said.

'So I have decided I do not need credit cards. Now, I have two debit cards. It is better to have money debited straight from my bank account. I now spend what I can afford.'

Having learnt how to manage his finances the hard way, Mr Soh, 30, now wants to help others. Last year, he set up a financial firm, Young Entrepreneurs' Secrets, with two friends. His personal investment in the firm was $150,000. They launched a MoneyTree programme which promises to inculcate money management skills in children and young adults, aged nine to 22.

So far, the MoneyTree programme has trained more than 2,000 youth via face-to-face coaching sessions, boot camps, workbooks and an e-learning portal.

Besides Singapore, the programme has been conducted in Malaysia and Hong Kong.

Being an entrepreneur is not something alien to Mr Soh. His father owns a construction firm and his mother ran her own optical shop for 23 years before becoming a housewife. He recalled helping out at her shop when he was just six. When he graduated from the Singapore Polytechnic with a diploma in mechanical engineering in 1998, he joined his father's firm as a project coordinator for a year before striking out on his own.

He is planning to marry Ms Jamie Siew, 30, a manager at a statutory board, in December.

Q: Why did you want to be an entrepreneur?

Having read widely on self-improvement books and exchanged views with many like-minded entrepreneurs, I have become a firm believer in multiple sources of income and I believe that earning a fixed pay cheque every month is never the only option. The challenge of running a business motivates me and hypes me up. This spirit is seldom found when you work for somebody.

Q: What are your money habits?

I used to be careless with my credit-card expenditure but I have since got rid of them and now use only debit cards. I spend only when necessary, with the occasional indulgence to 'reward' myself.

When I have a goal in mind, I focus on earning the money to get me what I want. This is a more proactive approach to getting on with life rather than

'living within one's means'. Of course, this is not to say that we should all be mercenary and pursue the finer things in life. Ultimately, we should be responsible in keeping a healthy financial balance. At least 10 per cent of my income goes into savings.

Q: What financial planning have you done for yourself?

My main focus now is on building my businesses. As I have a conservative risk appetite, I am now looking into investing in financial vehicles like real estate investment trusts (Reits) and unit trusts. I am in the process of comparing things like risk, return and time frame.

Q: What is your investment philosophy?

I believe the only person who has a genuine interest in building one's wealth is oneself. Therefore, I have second thoughts when bankers or consultants forecast promising returns and do not highlight the risks clearly to investors. At the end of the day, one has to be responsible and exercise due diligence on the wide array of sophisticated investment instruments before investing.

Q: Any other investments?

I started an Internet marketing business two years ago and it is generating a steady income of $1,000 to $2,000 a month. Early last year, I set up an information technology business, the main focus of which is to create corporate websites based on Web 2.0 technology. It is giving me annual returns of up to 20 per cent.

Q: Money-wise, what were your growing-up years like?

I come from a family of five and I am the middle child. When I was seven, my dad's construction business ran into some financial difficulties. We had to tighten our belts and we moved from our terrace house in Pasir Panjang to a rented three-room flat. Even our three meals got simpler. They consisted mainly of porridge and black soya sauce for two years. It was a big contrast to enjoying bird's nest soup when his business was doing well.

Dad's business managed to turn around when I was in my teens. It was a period I would never forget and the switch in lifestyle left a deep impression on me. Coupled with my credit-card woes later, I learnt that money can come and go without proper management and a right mindset.

Q: What has been a bad investment?

An investment made six years ago. It was a health-care business and I lost around $80,000 over four years because of running overheads and cash-flow problems. I learnt that having multiple sources of income is important, which is why I have started to develop small channels of business for income.

Q: Your best investment to date?

My current business, MoneyTree. MoneyTree is my flagship business, established to teach financial wisdom to kids and young adults. It was founded with two friends, Mr Low Chiu Hwa and Mr Jacky Chong.

We saw many kids with straight As, who became high-fliers, but ended up bankrupt. We want to make a point that keeping money is as important as earning it, and that positive habits have to be built from young.

It costs between $600 and $900 a person for either a two-day course or a weekly modular course for six months.

Q: What is your retirement plan?

To be financially free at the age of 40.

Would Benjamin Graham buy financial stocks now?

Inquiring minds want to know: What would Graham do?

This column, named after Benjamin Graham’s classic book on value investing, launched only two weeks ago — and several readers have already asked whether Graham would be loading up on financial stocks now. Unfortunately, I can’t ask the great investor directly. Graham died in 1976. But a close look at his writings suggests that the answer is unambiguous: No.

That may seem surprising. After all, by mid-July, the Dow Jones Wilshire Financials index was down 46% from one year earlier. It’s such big red numbers that get value investors licking their chops.

Even after rising over 30% in the past week, the 1,001 financial stocks tracked by Dow Jones Indexes are trading at an average of just 1.1 times their book value (assets minus liabilities). Before bank stocks climbed part way out of the crypt, you could buy Wachovia Corp. for 51% of reported book value. If that isn’t Ben Graham territory, what is?

To see why I think Graham would sit on his hands, you need to understand his crucial distinction between investment and speculation. “An investment operation,” he wrote in his first book, Security Analysis, “is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and a satisfactory return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative.”

Trained as a mathematician and Greek and Latin scholar, Graham crafted his definition with the stark rigor of a Euclidean theorem. He wanted no weaseling about what he meant. All three, not just one or two, conditions have to be met: Your analysis must be thorough, your principal stay safe and your expectations be reasonable. “Thorough analysis” demands “the study of the facts in the light of established standards of safety and value,” while “safety of principal” means “protection against loss under all normal or reasonably likely conditions or variations.”

You cannot even pretend to be protected against loss while real estate prices — the wobbly foundation for most financial stocks — are still crumbling.

Nor can you study the facts when it’s unclear what the facts are. Each quarter, the banks set money aside in reserve against losses on their loan portfolios and say they believe those reserves should be adequate. The next quarter, they find out they were wrong. Loan-loss provisions at Washington Mutual, for example, have mushroomed from $967 million to $1.5 billion to $3.5 billion to $5.9 billion over the past four quarters.

The banks aren’t lying; they’re guessing. Whenever bankers talk themselves into believing that their assets are as liquid as stocks and bonds, they end up holding some stuff so rotten that you might not be able to unload it for a nickel at closing time in a fish market. That’s why Graham warned decades ago that bank stocks are “a dangerous medium for widespread public dealings,” prone to “absurd overvaluation” and “violent fluctuations.” That’s exactly the sort of warning people forget in financial boom times, as we had until last year – and in any bounce off the bottom, as we had earlier last week.

Financial CEOs could cast a vote of confidence in the future of their companies — and give an immediate boost to the value of each share — by buying back stock massively at these levels. Instead, share buybacks in the financial sector have fallen by two-thirds since the beginning of last year, to just $14 billion in the first quarter of 2008. Stuck in what Standard & Poor’s analyst Howard Silverblatt calls “a state of shock and dismay,” the heads of financial companies lack the cash or the confidence — or both — to buy in their own shares. If they can’t or won’t buy, why should you?

Don’t get me wrong. I’m not saying there’s no money to be made on financials in the next couple of years. But the potential for further losses is at least as great as the odds of big gains. When bankers themselves have no clue what their own assets are worth, there’s no way most outsiders can determine which stocks are undervalued and which cannot be valued.

Graham warned that speculation is most dangerous when you delude yourself into thinking you are investing, take it seriously and risk more money than you can afford to lose. Many people who stampeded into financials over the past few days may end up wishing they had heeded Graham’s advice. For many banks, the nightmare has only begun.

If you are still tempted to bottom-fish for financial flounder, at least diversify. Consider Vanguard Financials or iShares Dow Jones U.S. Financial Sector. Each of these exchange-traded funds holds hundreds of financial and real-estate stocks. VFX charges $2.20 in annual expenses per $1,000 invested; IYF charges $4.80. (Disclosure: Dow Jones, publisher of this newspaper, receives a portion of IYF’s expenses as a licensing fee.) Whatever you do, use only the money you were salting away for that trip to Las Vegas.

Record 13,400 homes to be completed next year

Next year is likely to be a bad one for landlords.

A bumper crop of newly completed homes is scheduled to flood the market, making more apartments available for rent and pushing down rents, which saw record rises last year.

And with lower rents, private home prices - which industry observers say have reached their peak - may drop further, especially those in the prime districts.

A massive 13,399 new private homes will be ready for occupation next year. This is double the average in recent years and the most in a single year, according to property consultancy CB Richard Ellis (CBRE).

Official supply numbers show 10,500 completions next year and 11,800 the year after, but CBRE's analysis, based on construction progress and delays, reveals more completions next year.

It expects this new supply to depress rents by 5 to 10 per cent on average next year, coming on top of a global economic slowdown that might lead firms to hire fewer expatriates, the main source of tenants.

In the prime areas, rents could slide up to 15 per cent next year, on top of a decline that has already begun this year, predicted CBRE.

Popular rental areas such as the East Coast and Orchard will be among the worst hit as keen demand for homes there in recent years led developers to build aggressively.

An 'alarming' 3,341 new homes will be completed in the East Coast next year, double the number this year, CBRE said. Major projects in the area, which covers Katong and Marine Parade to Bedok and Changi, include the 562-unit One Amber and the 556-unit Casa Merah.

In the prime districts 9, 10 and 11, some 4,240 homes will be ready in areas such as Orchard, Holland, River Valley, Tanglin and Newton. RiverGate, with 545 units, is the biggest condominium scheduled to open its doors.

Suburban areas will also see a large jump in finished homes next year. In the north and north-west, for example, there will be 10 times more than this year.

But this is unlikely to result in a glut or lower rents as most suburban home buyers intend to occupy their units.

Property experts warn that many major prime projects to be ready this year and next are those that had attracted investors rather than owner-occupiers, which means their units will add to the rental supply.

'Some big condos in the downtown areas have a higher proportion of investors,' said Mr Colin Tan of property firm Chesterton International. These include the 1,111-unit Sail @ Marina Bay, which will be fully completed by the end of this year, and the 312-unit Clift in McCallum Road, expected next year.

'We don't even have to wait for the 14,000 homes next year; rents are already moderating and should come down in the third quarter,' he said, adding that landlords are lowering their asking rentals.

He cited the case of The Sea View in Amber Road, whose 546 units were completed this year. 'I asked someone there, how are the rents? He said: 'I'm not sure really, there's no demand'.'

This will be welcome news for renters, who have had to face ever-increasing rents over the last two years.

Rents have shot up 60 per cent on average since 2006 and even doubled in some places, thanks to an influx of expats and a shortage of rental homes.

For example, in Cuscaden Residences in the Tanglin area, a typical 1,485 sq ft unit could fetch $9,200 in monthly rents last year, from about $6,500 in 2005. This year, it has fallen to $8,100, according to recent reports. Next year, it could fall by another 10 per cent to $7,300, if CBRE's predictions come true.

Entrepreneur Sebastien Dechamps, 29, who came here from France three years ago and started a website for expatriates, said high rents have seen more expatriates moving away from the city to places in the north and the east.

'The fall in rental prices is definitely good news. It might encourage expats to move to the city, which is great because they can put more vibrancy back into the city and into its nightlife,' he said.

A fall in rentals generally leads to a fall in home prices for two reasons: landlords, less able to service their mortgages, are willing to let go of their units more cheaply, while would-be investors will only pay as much as a home can fetch in rents.

The supply situation is not likely to improve beyond 2010: The latest official data shows that apart from the 21,000 or so homes to be completed over the next two years, there are another 20,000 homes scheduled to be built in 2011.

But Savills Singapore's director of business development and marketing, Mr Ku Swee Yong, is still optimistic.

He expects higher than average housing demand during 'the next few years of growth', and believes that after accounting for demolitions of collective sale estates, the 'net supply should be balanced by demand'.

小心陷阱

最近上升,我不知是否熊市或大調整的完結,但個人不是太樂觀。

炒業績,可說是最近的遊戲。機構投資者可以先在早輪跌市分段入貨,然後再出一些非常悲觀的預測,炒業績好過預期。例如:假設A公司的中期業績每股虧損0.5美元,就出個預測為0.8美元,只要業績好過預期,就有得炒。散戶見業績好過預期,就跟手入貨,因為覺得業績比預期好,市場過份悲觀。最後,機構投資者見大市連升4,5日,就分段沽出獲利。

我一向不理任何大行分析。只要公司盈利增長,估值便宜,就要入。經濟好,入貨價要高一些;經濟差,入貨價要定得低一些,趁火打劫。

巴菲特很早前就說,他會等股價很便宜時才買。道理就是,每次overvalued過後就出現一次undervalued (而不是reasonably valued),一次大跌後會出現一個更差更差的消息,令股市跌穿第一次大跌的底。過去幾十年的泡沬爆破後都是如此。林森池的fans 可看多一次平民資本家 (筆者也在看,獲益良多,亦更堅定小弟的信心。),自己做分析的可看多些香港股史歷史的書.

Saturday, July 26, 2008

大师们对价值投资的不同理解

林奇强调投资需用闲钱,最好投资者要有房子,以及所有的价值投资大师,或者价值投机大师,都强调耐心,其实都是从不同侧面反应了对精确定位的否定。如果不是闲钱,决不可能有悠游的心态去等待。一旦估测错误,便如坠入人间炼狱。

用时间和安全边际共同弥补定性测量的不精确是大师们的基本手法。

同时,林奇强调要跟踪,但不要频繁跟踪,是建立在事物是永衡运动以及事物的变化需要一个过程这两个哲理的基础之上。
巴菲特强调如果企业根本性恶化就不要抛弃它,这是因为在事物发展是一个曲折的螺旋式过程。阶段性的挫折是事物发展的常态,因此费雪说过,因阶段性挫折而导致股价的非理性下跌,是建仓的好机会,因为这不是事物发展的主要趋势。这种暂时性挫折,只会带来更好的安全边际。也许会延长价值回归的时间。

投资者可衡量大概的等待时间以及大概的安全边际,进行取舍。
价值投资一个卖出的基本原则就是:有更好的投资机会。这个更好的投资机会,因人而异,因投资者的盈利期望、分析能力以及等待能力都不一样。所以“机会成本”因人而异。错过他人能把握的机会,并不一定是羞耻的,因为也许这对他人是机会,对自己可能是灾难。
  
价值投资,就是以定性为主,以定量为辅的投资,即便通过定量计算,也要给出足够的冗余,才能保证计算结果不会犯定性的错误。

巴菲特为什么喜欢业务简单的企业,因为业务一旦复杂,影响因素就呈几何级数增加,即便抽提出每个业务的主要影响因素,对于企业这个系统而言,输入还是太多,每个变量之间的相互作用关系只能估测,那么会造成巨大的误差,从而导致定性的错误。
不是导致安全边际要求太高而失去投资的机会,就是安全边际估计不足,导致投资风险剧增。我很容易理解为什么由诺贝尔经济学奖获得者坐镇的基金用精确计算来指导投资会一败涂地。我也认为人类情绪的预测比天体运行轨迹的测算要难很多,根本不是一个数量级的。牛顿算不出没有什么羞耻的。

战胜股市两个要素

不要试图战胜市场
巴菲特认为,如果所有人认为经济衰退的阴霾很快就会结束,其程度也不会太厉害时,事实往往相反。他说:“目前,我不会有一毛钱的投资是基于宏观经济预期的,我也不认为投资者应该基于宏观预期而买卖股票。”

巴菲特说:“不要指望投资者从今天所看到的东西影响其投资策略。我们的投资者应当基于以下因素:
第一,即使知道经济总体的发展趋势,也并不意味着你就知道股市会如何发展演变
第二,投资者不可能在选股上比别人优秀很多。股票只有在持有相当长时间之后才会称得上是个好东西。”

巴菲特称,他对美国经济的长期走势依然充满信心,但必须清楚地意识到,美国经济不可能在每年、每月或者每周都表现良好。他说:“如果你不认同我的这个观点,最好不要投资股市。我认为美国经济的生产率每年都在提高,这在长期而言是绝对正面的消息。投资者失败的主要原因是过高的手续费和总是试图战胜市场。”

避免一次性买入
对于非专业投资者,巴菲特建议,如果你不想成为一个主动投资者,那么最好选择指数型基金,特别是低成本的指数基金,而且应该在一段时间里持续买入。

他说,个人投资者可能无法选择最优的价格或者最合适的时机买入,他们最需要避免的是以错误的价格、买入错误的股票。个人投资者需要记住这么一点:你应当拥有美国公司的一小部分权益,而不是某个时间一次性全部买入。

投资者有两件事情可能做错:你可能买入了错误的股票;或者你在错误的时间买入或卖出了股票。正确的事情是:你基本上不需要卖出你的股票。巴菲特说:“我一再声称,投资者应当在别人贪婪时自己谨慎,别人谨慎时自己变得贪婪。如果你在别人贪婪时比别人更贪婪,在别人谨慎时比别人更谨慎,那么你最好不要有任何投资。”

闭着眼睛投资股票

拿的是至少能闲置3年的钱,不改变生活水平,不改变生活方式,原来怎样过投资后照样怎样过,原来做什么投资后照样做什么。

价值投资者只坚信一点,那就是股价上涨的唯一理由是公司利润增长。

价值投资者是谦虚的投资者,不奢望赚尽天下所有的钱。

价值投资者只寻找和自己品性一致的公司即谦虚的公司,它们聚焦于某一块自己擅长的业务,持之以恒,矢志不渝。至于那种认为自己做好了某一项业务后,就狂妄地认为自己可以做好很多业务进行多元化的公司,是价值投资者远离的公司。

找到你的梦中王子或白雪公主,用至少5个月的时间跟他(她)恋爱,对你的梦中情人(目标公司)了如指掌。算出你目标公司的内在价值,等待机会来临。股价超过价值时,我们耐心等待,就是知道还会走高,我们不买进,我们不赚泡沫的钱,一定是低买高卖,不赞成做短期波段,而是股价过分超估才抛售。

市场的暴涨和暴跌源于人性的贪婪和恐惧,众人参与的市场,其贪婪和恐惧是理性的人无法预测的。投资要看得长远,不能看市场的眼色行事,要有自己的眼光。不要跟着市场情绪跑,要利用市场的情绪以便宜的好价格买进好股票。

那些想从短期波动中赚钱的人,不管是在上升行情还是下跌行情中,他都会很痛苦,想要把握市场的波动的想法一定会让你抓狂,扰乱心绪,最终摧毁你的自信。
我以为用那么多时间去关注市场行情,还不如多跑几个公司或商场或专卖店,了解自己所投资公司的实际销售行情更有用,也让你心里对这个公司的价值更有信心。

如果你手头上的公司是值得投资的公司,一定不要被眼前的恐慌情绪扰乱了阵脚,要坚定你当初的理性决定。短期的损失本来就是过眼烟云,不必在乎,毕竟你手头的钱足够你日常花费,你投资的钱并不是要拿出来急用的。

只要所投资公司的利润在每年增长,就是在熊市,其股票价格也会稍微上涨。公司利润增长股价长期必将上升几乎和万有引力定律一样确凿。

现在很多好公司股票的价格都到了值得买进的时候,虽然我们无法预料股价是不是还会下跌,但是只要我们关注的公司到了合适的价位,我们就会买进,我们不奢望买到最低价,就像我们不奢望卖到最高价一样。

现在抛售好公司廉价筹码的投资者,那是你自己在戕害自己,这种“带血的筹码”,除非你自己交出,没有人能逼迫你交出。今天卖出好公司廉价筹码的人在不久的将来将会痛恨自己,最终会在股价上涨一阵后再买进来。

在当前中国的股市里,对于价值投资者来说,留足生活费,闭着眼睛把你研究透了好公司买进来就是了。

Friday, July 25, 2008

借貸

現時借錢買《滙豐》,可得更多好處,這是十年難得一遇「借錢有息收」的時機…錯,不是十年難得一遇,應該是經常都遇上,過去01年的911事件、03年的沙士時期及今年的次按大騙案等,真是八年三遇。

我經提到孖展,因為太重要,但此亦是最不喜歡的話題,因為牽涉到數字,而且要反復推算,難以說得明白,現在亦不準備仔細談論數字等問題,只對借貸作一些補充,有關孖展炒股之事,可見於『炒股十八年』中:

10年10倍,廿年百倍
一直以來『財來有方』(見『炒股十八年』~財來有方)是我的投資方向、「十萬股《滙豐》」是我明確目標,但以資產增值來說還有一個「10年10倍、廿年百倍」的預期,只要買到優質股票,找到入巿良機,加上孖展威力,要做到「10年10倍」之計並不難:先用孖展把本金擴大3倍,再配合股票的四倍上升,就可完成目標。但更真實情況是:只要10年中股票上升2至3倍已可達標,因有股息的收入及再投資,而且10年中必再遇上股價大跌時機,利用相對上一次危機時上升了不少的股價,加大孖展額,很快股份會重上升軌,帶來更大利潤;10年間2至3倍的股價上升主要是由業績帶動,而非由大牛巿的情緒帶動,因有業績支持,投資者更有能力長期持有股票,賺盡升幅,相反10年間即使股價不升,也不會跌到哪裏,因此投資者可以大手買入,與一般股民只小注投資,又怕大升股份回吐而急於出售,未能賺盡多倍相比,此計劃就簡單可行得多。要出現最差情況,《滙豐》倒閉或10年間股價原地踏步的可能性是相當微,因此這是一個穏中求勝、求大勝而非小勝的計劃。

套利交易
「10年10倍」計劃中,孖展明顯是一個倍數器,把收益擴大,除此以外,當中還有套利交易成份,現時銀行同業拆息約1.5%,很多國際大證劵行提供拆息加1厘的借貸利率,即約2.5%的借貸息率,(可惜只為800萬港幣價值的投資戶口服務,)假若以全借貸資金買入5厘股息回報的《滙豐》,每年就有淨股息收2.5%,代入1倍本金,2倍借貸情況,就是每年有10%回報,(這個回報是相對孖展客投入的本金,即ROE),10年就是100%回報,還未計算利用股息再投資《滙豐》及股息的每年增長。

套息交易(或套利交易)是很普遍,特別在外滙、商品及債劵巿場,甚至是跨巿場的交易,例如沽日元,買《滙豐》,大型投資銀行可以為客戶提供所需股務。對某些投資者來說套息是主要的考慮,例如畢菲特於03年時取高股息的《中石油》而棄當時剛初次派息的《中移動》,相信與套息考慮有密切關係,其時美國利率正是戰後最低水平。

轉換時空
我對於能否發達,完成10萬股《滙豐》或「10年10倍」的計劃沒有懷疑,但本人能否消遙生活、享受財富就是一個大問題,可能六個月後就染上急病,與世長辭,若現在盡情消費,享受生活,又怕一旦長命百歲,老來拿不出入住老人院的費用。唯一的解決方法就是努力投資,同時借錢消費,利用將來得到的財富支付現時累積的債務。

借債不還錢
2003年10月中,本人需用資金8萬元,原計劃沽出股票套現(800股《滙豐》x$100當時巿價),最後利用孖展戶口套現8萬,計劃5年後才出售股票,歸還借貸款項,5年來800股《滙豐》所收取的總股息是多於8萬元借貸需付的總利息,即最終我並無為借貸付出利息,而且《滙豐》的股價由當時的$100上升至現時約$135,帶來了35%帳面增值,似乎我應把歸還8萬元的計劃再推遲5年,或者是50年,又或是乾脆不還,相信將得到更多淨利息收入及更大比例的股份增值。

保護資產
富翁甲君喜好遊樂,鍾情遊艇、名車,他把所有「玩具」注入信託公司,亦購買必需保險,但仍為信託公司立下一紙借據,表明甲君為合法債權人,一旦公司清盤,需向甲君清還債務,這樣甲君就有多種保障,保護資產。

本人亦利用孖展把資金抽離投資戶口,當中没有出售股票,只是債項加大了,但由於股票的價值已上升了,問題也不應太大,一旦股巿反復,完全超出預計,損失也將是巿場上賺回來的資金,而絶非本金。

股民了解借貸,除有助本身的投資理財外,更可了解巿場及企業運作,必有助選擇時機及股票.

香港首富李嘉誠提點股民應量力而為,切忌借錢炒股;全球首富畢菲特曾言:「現金是安全,債務是危險」。很多大企業或個人都因債務而走向絶路,兩位商界奇才,大財主之言不無道理。可是現實中,他們都是借貸高手:

百佳
1999年超巿家樂福撤出香港,李超人被傳媒質問百佳是否有打壓對手,壟斷巿場,當時李超人表示,旗下百佳利潤甚微,一百元生意只得一元利潤,經營超巿只為社會就業率著想。

可是1%的純利率不等於百佳是一盤利潤微薄的生意,百佳貨品全出於供應商,供應商亦會提供一個先賣貨,後收錢的付款期限,即百佳只是代售或轉售,需要先出資買入貨品的比例很低,近乎0%,假若百佳銷售$100貨品的成本比例是5%,(所指包括租金、電費、工資等),就會得到以下結果:

銷售的純利率:$1/$100 = 1%

百佳的資金回報率:$1/ ($100 x 5%) = 20%

簡單講,百佳出資$5的回報是$1,一個相當不錯的比例。但這只是少部份利潤,由於銷售後的貨款($99)不需急於交回供應商,給百佳一個「借雞生蛋」的機會,把資金買入高息稳健股票(如《中電》、《滙豐》等)、或美國債劵,就可得到約$5(5%)的回報。綜合來說百佳用$5的股東資金,可得利潤是$1+5=$6,回報率是120%,毫無疑問百佳是現金流極強及利潤深厚的企業。無怪超人只望分拆3G而不願分拆百佳。現實中,百佳的資金會被「借」給長和系的3G等業務,減少向外借貸及節省利息。這樣百佳的巨額利潤會被隠藏,年報中無需提及,百佳仍是利潤微薄的生意。

保險業
《巴郡》旗下的保險業持有大筆保險金,畢菲特曾表示,保險業並不賺錢,百份之99的保金終會賠償去出,1%的保金用於經營成本、行政費用等,而其真正收益是透過持有保金的時間,買入債劵、優先股或高息股票,若每年有利息收人5%,三年就是15%,若找不到高息及穏健股票,就簡單買入國債,再保險業務需要至少於事故發生後三年,才完成調查及責任分配等問題,再作出賠償,即持有資金的時間必定多於三年。保險業就是利用這段時間賺取利潤。

百佳的銷售及《巴郡》的保險業務都運用了借貸概念,分別借入供應商或投保人的資金,這些資金比向銀行借款還安全,除了不用付出利息外,更無需擔心債主(銀主)突然撤回資金,這是借貸中非常重要一環,華爾街上曾自誇為第五大行的《貝爾斯登》就因未能處理好這個問題而被大鱷所擒。

叧方面,企業的賺錢能力應以ROE計算,即股東資金的回報率,而非鎖售額的純利率(profit margin),只有善用借貸才用可把表面利潤微薄生意變成獲利巨大的企業。

銀行業是叧一個與借貸息息相關的行業,它不單是放債人,提供資金,亦同時是一個舉債人,由存款客戶或投資者「借」入大量低成本資金.

銀行業是與借貸息息相關的行業,以資金配置情況看,銀行與股票巿場的孖展客無異:

銀行情況:股東資金 + 客戶存款 = 資產

孖展客狀況:本金 + 借貸款項 = 資產

1. 銀行與孖展客同樣借入大量資金,一般國際銀行的一級資本率不足10%,總資本亦不足15%,而股票巿場孖展客的按金比率是25至50%,銀行可說是非常大的孖展客。

2. 兩者同擔心銀主(即銀行存戶、股票行)突然撤回資金,《貝爾斯登》08年第一季也有盈利,卻被《摩根大通》強行收購,主要是巿場撤回對其所作貸款,資金緊絀導致。07年終時《滙豐》的整體存款為10,960億美元,同比增長22%,這是驚喜數字,特別是在(07年)資金緊絀的巿場環境,很多大基金及投資銀行都要積極籌集資本。

3. 叧一問題是利率抽升,銀行會透過優惠利率(P-rate)的制度把利率上升的風險轉介給借款人,如樓宇或股票按揭者,但一些早以定下息率貸款如信用卡、稅務貸款則會因成本上升而至息差收益下降。反觀孖展客則不能轉移利率上升的影響。

4. 銀行與孖展客只要善用借貸買入資產,都能享有息差收益,銀行的息差是主要收入,佔約50%或以上,若孖展客只著重資產升值,可能放棄股息收入的機會,這是各人策略問題。

5. 孖展客手上的股票可謂相同於銀行的資產,但孖展客可以直接從股票升值中得益,銀行的資產中主要是有抵押的放債(如樓按或票據抵押的貸款),當資產升值,銀行不會得到利益,這因與借款者的合約關係,但當這些資產跌破借款額時,銀行需作撇帳,禦防因借款人破產而要出售抵押品但仍有不足之數,假若借款人最終履行合約,或抵押品没有貶值,銀行就要回撥早前所作減值。

6. 銀行一些直接投資,如股票、債劵等,也要因巿價下跌而作減值,但相比房產按揭,數目細很多,此又與投資銀行的情況不同。

7. 去年(07年)《滙豐》純利192億美元,而撥備是171億,可見撥備對盈利影響是非常大,假若07年的撥備全數回撥,或08年不再需要為相同資產再作撥備,可預期日後盈利大升。

8. 大型銀行把一些債項資產包裝,再賣給其他基金及小型銀行,導致近年銀團貸款減少,卻出現更多如SIV的票據買賣。銀行出售SIV,既可即時套現,又可把部份資產剝離銀行帳目,避免日後要為這些資產下跌而作減值,增加風險。

9. 樓宇按揭與股票按揭非常相似,但對銀行來說,股票按揭更安全,出現壞帳或負資產的情況極微,因銀行手上完全持有孖展客的按金及抵押股票,若遇股巿大跌,銀行只需數鈔鐘就可把抵押股票出售,取回資金;相反銀行向樓按業主收樓,必經一番手續及一段時間,若遇上樓按單位不幸發生命案,收回單位亦難以套現,即取回放款的風險大增。

10. 對於一些流通量細,或波動較大的股份,銀行可以減低按揭成數來平衡風險。整體來說,提供股票按揭為銀行帶來更多股票及按揭業務,與其把資金拆放給投資銀行或其他股票行,不如直接借給自己的孖展客戶,此是銀行擴濶業務的重要一步,增加收益的同時,所受風險亦少。

11. 樓按及股票都是全資產支持的貸款,對借貸雙方都是較安全,但有些貸款是無資產抵押,如信用卡、稅務貸款等,這些是以借款人的未來收入為參考,一般收取較高利息,款額亦少,用此等貸款作投資是較危險。(有趣問題,稍後詳談)

12. 信貸陷阱:很多借貸都以資產「巿價」來作評估,履定貸款數目,這是非常危險,無論是對借款人或放債銀行,因為「巿價」不能反映資產的真實價值,往往不是偏高,就是偏低,更常見是二者緊接出現,如97至03年的香港樓價就是一例,借貸雙方必須要很有經驗才可處理得宜。

13. 孖展比率提到:「1. 下跌風險:當手上股票非常優質…巿場已經歷巨大跌幅,再下跌空間應不會太大…。」

14. 大話西遊:「若技術分析是有效…那麼金融大鱷很容易聯想到「羊群」聚集之處..只要連破幾個阻力位,或支持位,羊群便會陣腳大亂,大鱷就會很容易捕捉到小肥羊過冬。」

15. 以上12、13提到的都是借貸者需特別注意,用之引證《滙豐》07及08年初的股價走勢是十分恰當,07年《滙豐》在$130以上顯示強大支持,但08年1月中被里昂及高盛藉《花旗》撥備大增之際,大力唱淡,當中涉及沽空,期指、場內(窩輪、期權)及場外(ELN、Accumulator)等衡生工具組成的投資組合,情況如97、98年索羅斯狙擊港股、港滙手法。(單邊狂沽)

16. 此是重要案例,見到大鱷處心積慮對付「羊群」,亦見到優質股票反彈之急,《滙豐》用約兩個半個反彈上$130(約25%升幅),特別在人心虛怯之時,可算是極短時間。

17. 借貸還涉及很多問題,如跨國企業把借款由高利率、強貨幣之處遷往低利率、弱貨幣之地,情況就如把工廠搬往成本較低地區,《通用電器》、《Sony》《西門子》在全球有投資,它們在德國、日本或美國借貸是同樣方便,聰明的財務官(CFO)必有計算。

借貸還涉及很多問題,難以盡錄。
當股巿不振,熊巿來臨時,股民可否借錢投資呢?此問題已在『炒股十八年』中有提及。過去我一直強調借錢投資的好處,但講到借錢,本人是極力反對向親友商借,作為一個成年的人,應為自己財務負責,無論是為了進修、結婚、買樓、創業,或是投資炒股,絶不應向親友借錢:

1. 所有放債都有無法收回的可能,而關心自己的親友往往不是專業的放債人,他們因親情、友情而借出資金,要他們因關愛自己而冒險,實在於心不忍,亦因這種無形的感情聯系,令借貸雙方受更大精神壓力,借出款項者可能比投資者更緊張巿況,每遇大巿波動,必為擔心寶貝兒投資失利而茶飯不思,而借款者亦可能怕投資失誤而令親友失望,因此投資路上的壓力更大,結果無法冷靜行事,出現壓力下犯錯的可能。相反若借款是由專業的金融機構提供,投資失敗的最差情況是申請破產,來一次「無債一身輕,四年後又一修好漢」。真正的金錢損失就由專業的金融機構承擔。

2. 每個人都無法估計何時會生病、轉職、失業、甚至是結婚、離婚或離世等,因此每個人也有急需用錢之時,此刻不用錢,不代表下一刻亦不需要,向親友所借的資金並非是安全可靠的資金,萬一當投資失利,需作長期持貨時,親友要求取回資金,投資者就要出售股票,把帳面虧損套現,做成真正損失。

3. 投資巿場常有很大變化,親友可能因找不到投資機會而借出資金,但當巿場逆轉而出現入巿良機,債主可否要求已在投資巿中場失利的債仔還債呢?情況實在非常尷尬,

總括而言,向親友借錢是大忌,應盡量避免。

叧一種不值得鼓勵的借貸是與信用卡或私人貸款有關:

1. 利息昂貴,如信用卡借款年利率約20%以上,其他私人貸款可能用特別的宣傳手法,,如以每月平息、或零利息(但收手續費)等手法把高昂利息掩飾,若投資的短期升幅追不上利息累積,問題就會相當大。

2. 以上借款除了每月還利息外,更要清還部份借款本金,對投資者的資金壓力很大,可以想像借款12萬,以一年攤還計,只是第一個月可用到12萬資金,其後每月資金遞減,到第11個月,可用資金只是1萬元,因此這種貸款不可以長期運用。

3. 由於利息成本昂貴,投資者必需較為進取,冒較大風險,爭取短時間達到目標,或若遇上巿況偏弱時,情況就會很危險,相反若情況進展付合預期,股民則可利用股票孖展,清還信用卡或私人借貸,不斷找尋便宜及穏定的貸款代替高息借貸。

長期持有

『實踐是檢討真理的唯一標準』。一直提倡選取優質股,長期持有,對於短期波動,處之泰然,就可得到真實的財富,財務上的自由及安寧!

《滙豐》是極優質股票,可惜已有不少股民因其股價不濟而棄之:

1. 《滙豐》由去年高位$153.5,下跌至近期的$104,跌幅約33%。參照過往歷史,跌幅並不持別,對熟悉股票走勢圖的股民來說,此種跌幅亦不會陌生,因近乎所有股票也有過類似情況。

2. 若因股價走勢不佳而出售股票是非常不智,即使AAA評級的《GE》、《美國銀行》、《巴郡》業績如何出色,也不能避免股價下跌。

3. 股神畢菲特主理的《巴郡》,由98年至2000年初下跌近50%,即使當時《巴郡》每年盈利也有增長,也難改變股價大跌的命運。

4. 《中國移動》在2000年時做出$80高位,但03年時卻跌至$20以下,其間業績並無不妥,盈利皆每年增長。以上兩股皆因巿場氣氛而股價受壓,遭投資者過度抛售,但兩者期間的現金流(free cash flow)收入非常強勁,令企業可以作出多項收購,不斷成長,此情況亦與《滙豐》相似。

5. 回歸平均值:近乎所有股壇大師,認為短期股價不能反映價值,往往不是偏高、就是偏低,但長線而言,股價必定回歸正常價值,即平均價值,『投資者的未來』作者西格爾(J. Siegel)認為正常價值是15年的平均PE值,所有巿場或企業在15年中,最少經歷一次經濟衰退或打擊。畢菲特亦以15年的平均PE作為參考,偏低PE的大型股份會被考慮。

6. 在『炒股十八年』中的『大茶飯』提到「股息翻一番,股價也翻一番」的推論,由於投資氣氛兩者會脫節,但長線來講,兩者必是同步增長,即西格爾所言的回歸平均價值。《滙豐》的派息情況,初步計算5年所得的平均息率是4.11%,可以推想若次按問題淡化,《滙豐》的息率回復5年的平均值4.11%,股價應在$161以上(07年股息$6.6322/4.11%).

股息反映企業的派息能力及現金情況,亦直接影響股東之現金流收入,因此股息比PE或巿賬率更有參考價值。

簡單而言,所有股份總有股價下跌時期,此時必有「巿場噪音」影響投資者,令其卻步,不能低位收集,股民應以業績為準及有作長線投資的準備。

家族企業, 中國民企不宜投資

1. 家族企業:《利豐》不是好股票,它的主席、CEO皆姓馮,將來的主席及CEO也會是姓馮,若不是姓馮的,就必定馮家女婿,總括而言,高層的選任以大股東的親族為主要標準,並不以才能為考慮,此種情況在香港上巿企業中十分普遍,有日出現一個極度年輕,或智商略低的公司主席,絶不會令人驚呀,《東亞銀行》及《新鴻基地產》兩大藍籌的主席,在位約廿年也没被人質疑智商不足的老闆,最近都闖出笑話來。

2. 《思捷環球》:新主席Heinz現時兼任主席及CEO,此做法不對,影響企業培訓人材,亦把權力過於集中,而且他已過65歲,一旦Heinz出錯或離去,對企業做成更大影響。人材對企業至為重要,企業要成功就要有培養人材,讓人材發揮的環境,此點是主席必需落實的工作。

3. 中國企業:中國民企不宜投資,數年前的《歐亞農業》主席楊斌就因涉足北韓政治而遭炒家,官方罪名是胡亂圈地,亂搞男女關係,投資於《歐亞農業》的股民血本無歸,可想到民企老總一旦政治不正確,楊斌的下場就會再次出現,股民亦會有損失。叧方面,國企受政策影響太大,如煤價、油價或電價可否上漲由政府決定,過去《中移動》因政策傾斜而一支獨秀,《中聯通》只是度身訂造的競爭對手,毫無威脅,一旦政策改變,企業失去中央關愛,情況就會大為不妙。國企老總只是幹部,必須配合國家整體利益,並不以企業利益為大前提,加上經常對調主事機構,做成企業老總只求無過,不求有功。我對中國企業有保留。

4. P/E下跌:一些新行業或概念股份,常受巿場追捧,做成高P/E情況,經過一段時間(約15年),P/E會慢慢下跌至一般水平,換句話即使企業盈利有顯著增長,亦只會符合預期,難以再把股價推高。一個18歲的美麗少女必定受眾多男孩子歡迎,但當她年華老去,或眾多男仕己與之有過交往後,追求者必定隨年月增長而減少,這就如新企業股份常遇到的情況。

5. 《滙豐控股》:《滙豐》股價表現很差,令股東大為不滿,但反觀其他國際金融股,《滙豐》已可算優異,若用業績衡量,更加出色,過去5年的盈利及股息皆有增長,再看過去十年《滙豐》在外滙巿場,信用卡巿場,在歐美、及新興巿場皆有大量擴張,這些都是國際銀行應該做的事情,《滙豐》真的把之落實,現在已看到好處,歐美經濟放緩没有令《滙豐》盈利倒退,雖然現時股價落後於中資或本土銀行,但「大笨象」是最有能力應符經濟不景,維持長遠而稳定增長的銀行。

6. 窩輪:我信奉十賭九輸的道理,不是不賭,只是盡量少出手,喜歡在大跌巿時才買入年期長的仙輪,避免胡亂入巿,一直成績不差,只是最近兩月手上仙輪有可能成為廢紙,但最快也是6個月後的事情。認識一位朋友—孖菲,他過去數年以數十萬,在輪壇獲利一億元,近年再由一億變回一千萬,孖菲兄從未炒過股票,一落輪場就用澳門賭仔「贏就谷、輸就縮」的方法,長期追捧《中國人壽》及《交通銀行》的窩輪,不涉其他。孖菲兄所謂「輸就縮」是不易做到,否則他亦不會由億元身家大跌9成,剩下千萬。

7. 十年十倍:仙輪的爆炸力驚人,仙股又如何呢?仙輪怕到期成為廢紙,全軍盡墨,相反仙股是没有到期問題,若企業不倒閉,股民賺錢機會應是很大。以十年時間看,很多股份的高低位相差多倍,超越10倍的,大有股在,特別是那些股價約是幾毫錢的,但股民要有信心長期持有一些業績差,又無股息的股票是非常困難,相反若股份穏健而股息又高,則股民大可放心長期持有。

8. 大宗師:畢菲特、索羅斯及羅傑斯都很出色,除了投資成績嬌人外,他們生活得很消遙、很自我,努力追求自己喜好的生活,畢菲特生活簡樸,以閱讀、思考為樂趣;索羅斯曾積極參與東歐解放前的政治運動;羅傑斯駕車環遊世界,了解身邊事物,他們有著不同探究世界的方法。可能他們的人生觀更值得了解及學習。

孖展
孖展可以助你快速完成目標,但會有很危險,可能會車毁人亡;步行很安全,最壞情況只是踏傷腳指,而且這個情況的可能性比食义燒飽哽死的機會更低。

畢菲特曾講過:「股票巿場是最容易賺錢地方。」

他的投資大要只有2點:穏定的複利增長及避開風險.

股票巿場是一個複雜多變,容易使人迷失的地方.
我什麼也不做,手上股票的息率也會不斷提高,『實踐是檢討真理的唯一標準』。一直提倡選取優質股,長期持有,對於短期波動,處之泰然,就可得到真實的財富,財務上的自由及安寧!
重點不是能否於兩3年間得到一筆大財,重點是能否得到長久而真實的財富、自由和安寧,
有思考的大綱,方向及次序,就可把問題化繁為簡,

一直以來很多人曾經得到很好的東西而不自知,他們作了正確的決定及行動,但他們不知道已經走對了路,情況就如過去發生在本人身上的事情一樣,結果3、5年後、或10年後就會出現了同樣情況:『忽然發覺,日夕追求的東西,其實早已在手,只是自己輕輕放過。

長期持有一些垃圾股可以有"自由和安寧"嗎?『富爸爸,窮爸爸』:「應該學會思考......你將一生享受自由和安寧。」

我們又如何在虛幻中找尋真實的財富、可以依靠的資產呢?
一個真實個案,本人就因一隻《百富勤》而錄得6位數字的 total loss,如果在97時買入國企或科網熱潮時的股票,都不知何日見家鄉。
如果買中百富勤是頭獎,那麼我就中了6合彩的頭23獎了,這些垃圾,我已經3年前沽清,集中到我的優質股票。
牛熊123期各有特徵,有些投資者會因應不同巿況作出部署。但對我而言,優質股票更重要,《思捷》連續13年保持增長,《滙豐》過去28年,只有3年盈利倒退,若非大幅高於應有價值,我不會隨便沽貨。
今日我的言行雖然不是大部份人可以接受,但我真的感到我走的路越來越容易,越來越接近財務上的自由和安寧。

「贏就谷、輸就縮」:
我非常反對止蝕的觀念,此實為2流分析員的遮醜布。因股價下跌而沽貨,實為非常不智的行為:
買到隨著時間而增值的股票,止賺或止蝕的問題,已經不存在。

今天斬左手,明天斬右手,最後發覺都是狠來了,左右手都是白斬的。
這實在是一個「為錢而工作」之法,太過勞累,要求太高,絶不是「錢為我工作」的方法

投資是一生人的事情,不是10年8載,更不是12個月的事情
古語云:「靜而後能定、定而後能安」,與其不斷炒賣,出賣勞力,不如努力建立穏健的「現金流」,一旦完成目標(例如10萬股《滙豐》),你就會發覺錢像是「天上掉下來、樹上生出來」。
股民生涯往往是大上、大落;3更窮、5更富,心情亦經常大喜、大悲,但卻遠離心神安靈。

技術分析只會令人破產,而且不只一次。

孖菲過去數年以數十萬,在輪壇獲利一億元,近年再由一億變回一千萬。
回望炒股日子,付出實在太多:金錢、時間、心血,想優悠生活,卻反成金錢世界的奴隸。也許,應該腳踏實地。
大姨媽十多年前買了匯豐都發了逹,發達是否需要大智慧呢? 她說:「把錢存入銀行,不如買銀行股,到時到候有息收,一年收4厘息,10年都收40厘。10年後,股價不升,也不會跌到那裡。」頓時啞口無言.
回想我在1988年,以十多萬元買了2萬股匯豐,2個月後,就因股價牛皮而沽貨換馬。假若持貨至02年中,就是
15,000股x$85=$1,275,000。(匯豐曾4股合1股,其後又1拆3)還未計算14年來的股息。

林森池先生說:窩輪就是開睹,我唔係精,又唔係呆,不過我叫“唔來”。

佛利民說:開公司的唯一目的就是賺錢。(我覺得投資的唯一目的亦是賺錢(安寧的),不是睹博,不是過癮。隨笈兄引述賭俠1999中名言:你你要過足癮輸,一話悶悶地贏?)

“我信奉十賭九輸的道理”,其實開賭者十賭十騙, 賭俠1999中多有示範, 千王之王2000也有。
窩輪:發行商可參與買賣,窩輪是zero sum game,發行商必定長期賺錢,小投資者可能短期贏,長期…Lose Money.

曹仁超, 陳新燊

有智慧不如趁勢
曹仁超乃信報專欄作家,深受讀者愛戴。好友『股壇Titanic』亦經常引用曹先生的名言:「有智慧不如趁勢。」,認為炒股炒氣勢,只要時勢一到,石油變神油、大象變飛象,與其長揸股票,浪費青春,不如順勢而行,多炒幾轉熱門股份,他更相信以其股海多年資歷,必可在泡沫爆破前功成身退,假若不幸被縳扮蟹,亦信他朝可以東山再起,更以開玩笑口吻:「出得嚟行,預咗要還。」

我雖有十多年炒股X街的資歷,但真不及Titanic的豪情壯語!

記得『富爸爸、窮爸爸』:「應該學會思考…你將一生享受自由和安寧。」我相信只有智慧(思考)可以幫我找到機會,避開危險,得到生活上的自由及安寧。

我對曹仁超了解不多,没有看過他的書,他的專欄亦不是常看,他的所謂:「有智慧不如趁勢」是否和股壇Titanic的解釋一樣亦不太清楚,實不應太多批評。但股壇Titanic經常把此語掛在口邊,令我有些意見,不吐不快。

我不反對順勢或逆勢而行,但事前必須仔細思量,計算利潤與風險,還有自己的應變能力,不可因別人一句話而貿然行動,曹仁超股票行出身,打滾多年,又是信報資料硏究部的主管級人馬,對股巿有硏究外,眼光亦長遠很多,此點正是股壇Titanic所缺乏的,只知盲目追逐眼前利潤是十分危險,投資巿塲上的大趨勢多以悲劇收塲,例如七、八十年代的金巿狂熱,九十年代的樓巿泡沫或2000年的科網熱,「趁熱」的投資大多損手離塲。

牛熊巿
曹仁超對牛熊巿況有硏究,但這種方法是有盲點,例如沙士後股巿谷底回升,曹仁超認為是熊巿短期反彈,到他確認巿況後才入巿,就會否錯失良機,如果以股票內在投資價值而買賣,就可以避開這個盲點,既安全又有較大的利潤。

止蝕唔止賺
曹仁超對炒股提出「止蝕唔止賺」,而我非常反對「止賺」、「止蝕」等觀念,

提倡此種觀念等同鼓勵別人輕率、隨便買賣,把事情的重點本末倒置,只要投資者做好買股前準備,小心計算,不因別人推介或一事衝動而貿然入巿,有很多損失是可以避免。即使有日沽貨離塲,亦不是因股價觸及止蝕價,只是股份質素改變或有其他更好的投資機會。

金巿
曹仁超幾年前已指出黃金將大升。曹仁超的功力可見一斑。但我對金巿並無興趣,主要是:

1. 黃金本身是商品,並無創富能力,價格升跌全因供求關係,可說是賭博而非投資。

2. 投機者因黃金大升而入巿,一旦金價末能再進,必引致大幅抛售。

3. 金巿的孖展比例相當高(約5~10%按金),持好倉需付利息,相反沽空黃金卻有息可收,沽家明顯佔上風,一旦巿況逆轉,跌勢不但急,而且可能潛伏一段非常長時間才重回家鄉,現時金價需創25年新高,但還末能超越歷史高位,可想一旦高位被縳,是相當痛苦。

4. 忽然想到陳新燊的名言:「十年黃金變爛銅」,當金價不斷上升,就會引發沽盤,沽家有息可收,可以以戰養戰,若能找到高位,似乎沽金的吸引力比較大。

曹先生股海浮沉多年,一定有其優勝之處。但投資者切忌人云亦云、或一知半解,若能小心思考,謹慎行事必可得到財富、自由和安寧。

Wednesday, July 23, 2008

谢国忠:世界经济挥不去的阴影

现在,世界经济已进入滞胀,通货膨胀居高不下,增长也开始下滑,预计这一阶段将持续两年。各主要央行正通过减息与注入流动性来稳定金融系统,但对金融稳定的偏重加大了通胀压力。要等到金融状况足够好的时候,央行才会将重点转向价格稳定。2009年下半年,主要央行将开始提高利率以反击通胀,这可能导致全球经济在2010年进入衰退。

全球经济通胀的信号
随着泡沫破裂,资金正在离开房地产和信贷市场,进入大宗商品市场。除供给约束外,这是推动商品通胀的主要力量。当商品通货膨胀推高各地生活成本时,工资膨胀就近在眼前,于是带来第二波通货膨胀。为挽救金融机构而采取的宽松货币政策更会火上浇油。房地产及信贷泡沫的破裂降低了经济增速,这确实可以从需求方面减轻通胀压力,但在成本方面,当前的货币环境是高度通货膨胀性的,从工业用金属、能源、农产品到劳动力,莫不如此。

2011年,下一轮经济周期或许就将开始。它会和上一轮周期(2003年到2007年)一样吗?我认为不会。过去20年的低通胀毋宁说是一个例外,而不是规律。未来,通货膨胀会更为频繁地发生。即便全球经济从当前的危机中恢复,因巨额债务而繁荣的商业,仍将步履维艰。

过去20年,全球通胀率一直稳步下降,金融市场将这一趋势归功于央行的政策。即便每次美国经济受到什么威胁,格林斯潘就削减利率、注入流动性,通胀率也还是下降。很多人都以为,格林斯潘对保持经济增长和低通胀有什么秘方。但我多年来一直认为,格林斯潘正领导美国和世界经济走上一条歧路。低通货膨胀率不是缘于美联储或其他任何央行的政策,而是因为“冷战”结束和全球化兴起。

与此同时,中国和印度也改变了经济发展的方向。它们本是规模较小的农业经济体,但随着制造能力扩大,它们的改变为世界所感知。特别是中国,在全球贸易增长中扮演了重要角色。过去30年,中国出口增加了150倍;2008年,中国有可能超过德国,成为全世界最大的贸易国。中国崛起的速度是史无前例的。值得注意的是,中国已经是全球制造业的价格制定者。并且,随着制造业企业不断迁往中国,它也对全球劳动力成本有巨大影响。

苏联解体引起商品价格长期低迷,中国增长压低生产成本,两者结合带来了全球低通胀。格林斯潘只是在正确的时间出现在了正确的位置上,不断降低的通胀与央行并没有多大关系。而且,以美联储为首的各主要央行认为,低通胀意味着允许宽松的货币政策,这犯了一个大错误。

宽松货币政策对资产价格有重大影响。前苏联和中国引发的通货紧缩力量,阻断了货币供应增长对消费品价格的影响,即货币供应增长没有导致CPI上升。于是,货币流入资产市场,引起资产价格上升。虽然债券价格上涨,但其收益率在上世纪90年代大幅下降。当债券市场不能吸收更多货币时,多余的货币就流入股票市场,形成科技股泡沫。2000年,科技股泡沫破裂,过剩流动性又通过新的信贷工具流向房地产市场。而在债券和科技股泡沫时期,由于金融成本降低,财富效应增加,房地产价格已经被高估。

房地产泡沫破裂给格林斯潘的声誉蒙上巨大阴影。出于自卫,格林斯潘今年3月17日在《金融时报》中发表题为“我们永远不会有完美的风险模型”的文章。他辩称,央行不能在事前识别经济泡沫,只能在泡沫破裂后放松货币政策,以减少影响;并且,房地产泡沫在许多国家都同时发生,因此,美联储是无法阻止的。但事实上,这两个理由都是错误的。

现代历史上,泡沫频频出现。当股市市净率超过3倍,房地产价格连续三年或更长时间比收入增长更快时,通常就是泡沫。当然,例外是有的,将来也还会有。但泡沫对未来经济发展有非常严重的影响,即使不能百分之百确定它是泡沫,央行也应该纠正资产市场。格林斯潘的逻¼却相反,他相信在不确定是否泡沫的情况下,央行应该尽可能容忍市场的上升趋势。显然,他的这种哲学并没有在眼下的繁荣与将来的潜在损失间保持平衡。

格林斯潘开出的药方也有问题。货币供给过剩通常是泡沫的一部分,当泡沫破裂时,印刷更多的货币会恶化通货膨胀。当然,没有人质疑格林斯潘的药方,因为到泡沫破裂时,通货膨胀问题就不是那么显眼了。但印钞票最终还是会导致通胀。印得越多,通胀越高。

格林斯潘论点的第二部分,即房地产泡沫在许多国家都发生,因此原因不在美联储,这一论断也是错误的。在所有央行中,美联储是扩大货币供给的领头羊。由于美元是全球贸易的基准货币,其他央行要么跟随美联储,要么就得承受本币升值的后果。大多数央行更关心自身的经济,于是选择跟随美联储。

全球化的一个副产品就是货币政策的外部效应。如果一个国家采取措施控制通胀,其自身的经济增长就会下降,同时有利于降低其他经济体的通胀。这种溢出效应使得所有央行都不愿意采取紧缩政策。未来两年,这一互动过程将对通胀走势产生重要影响。最后的结果会是,通货膨胀达到一个高位,令所有央行同时感到惊慌。

中国将引领全球经济通胀
当前,全球经济正处在一轮经济周期的末尾,其特征是泡沫破裂和低速增长。到一定时间以后,经济将会复苏,新的周期也会开始,但其转变过程非常重要。我相信,2010年下半年,央行会将重点从金融稳定转向价格稳定,并采取紧缩性政策。到时,全球经济很可能会经历另一次下降,其程度会比当前更为严重。

俄罗斯经济复苏,依靠的是石油价格上涨,这部分又是由于西方的货币政策。收入上升带来了俄罗斯自身对自然资源的消费增长。中东欧国家已加入欧盟,逐渐趋近西方生活水平。如俄罗斯在20世纪90年代遭遇经济疲软和弱势货币一样,1989年至1999年间,中东欧国家经济增长率仅为年均1.2%。但2000年以后,其年均增长率达到5%,规模也达3万亿美元。

俄罗斯和中东欧国家的名义GDP高于中国,其石油消耗是中国的70%。就资源消费而言,它们一度构成世界经济的巨大通缩力量——1989年至 1999年间,其石油消费的减少量是中国增加量的2倍。它们的复苏,将在能源市场上产生与中国需求同样重要的影响。就劳动力供给来说,中东欧国家的失业率比西欧低;而且,俄罗斯及中东欧国家与西欧一样,都经历着社会的老龄化。在我看来,它们的劳动力市场条件,也将推动全球通胀。

中国制造业的发展是保持低通胀的另一个原因。但这一低成本扩张已经走到尽头。四种重要投入品——劳动力、土地、煤和环境——都已经达到供给极限。在很长一段时间里,煤矿无利可图;沿海的装配工厂在不增加工资的条件下,就能招到内陆数以万计的工人;地方政府还通过提供廉价的工业用地和税收优惠吸引投资,却忽视环境保护。

以国际价格测算,中国能源消费成本已经超过GDP的10%。当然,价格控制和补贴使这一数字有所降低。但能源在 GDP中的份额仍然很高,其价格上涨将带来显著的通胀,因此,中国制造业发展的能源成本将显著提高。年轻劳动力已经短缺。这是中国劳动力市场的重要转折点。

中国住宅与商业用地的价格也大幅飙升。自2000年来,许多一线城市地价已经上升10倍或更多。地方政府依然试图控制工业用地价格,以留住现有企业,吸引更多企业。但土地价格膨胀通过生活成本提高,已经进入了总体生产成本,这需要工资的提高来抵消。许多企业在选择厂址时,已经将本地房地产价格纳入考虑因素。我估计,工资水平的一半是由房地产价格决定的。

最后,但并非最不重要的,是松懈的环境保护在中国的低成本扩张中占据重要地位。20年前,制造业发展初期,环境恶化程度较低,污染相对于环境的承受力仍然较少。但目前,环境恶化已经到达极限,累积污染非常严重。中国不得不采取严厉的环境保护标准以防止灾难的出现。这是生产成本提高的另一因素。

新兴经济体的通胀有很多原因。过剩货币的增加会导致货币贬值和通胀,但这不必然带来全球通胀。贬值和通胀对其他国家的影响可能互相抵消。例如,中国通胀率在20世纪80年代以美元计是4%,90年代已经是零。因此,对于世界来说,中国经济是通缩性的。但美元自2000年以来年均贬值达5.1%,高于美国的通胀率,并且这一趋势仍在继续。未来10年,中国也许将引领全球经济通胀,即由于人民币升值,中国以美元计价的通货膨胀率高于世界其他地区。

CS Maintains Singapore Market At Overweight

Credit Suisse maintains Overweight call on Singapore market, says bottom-up valuation suggests 20% upside from current levels (based on MSCI Singapore index).

"Singapore continues to demonstrate its defensive qualities in the current volatile markets;" notes Singapore market has substantially outperformed region since early May; down 10% vs MSCI Asia-excluding Japan, down 18%.

Broker maintains Overweight call on banks, transport, telecom, media sectors, Underweight call on real estate, capital goods sectors. Notes Olam, UOB, Raffles Education, SIA, SPH as top picks for Singapore; but Keppel Corp., City Developments least preferred.

Roubini: More Than $1 Trillion Needed to Solve Housing Crisis

Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson has been putting on a full-court press in the last 24 hours, making the case for his plan to shore-up Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

"I would rather not be in the position of asking for extraordinary authorities to support the GSEs," Paulson said in a speech Tuesday in NYC. "But I am playing the hand that I have been dealt. There is a need to support efforts that strengthen Fannie and Freddie's ability to continue to play their important role in financing mortgages and in our capital markets more broadly."

The timing of Paulson's speech -- and various and sundry media appearances -- is not coincidental. This week, Congress is expected to vote on housing legislation that includes Paulson's plan, which a GAO report said is likely to cost the government $25 billion.

But $25 billion -- or even the GAO's worst-case $100 billion estimate -- pales in comparison to the cost of doing nothing, says Nouriel Roubini, NYU professor and chairman of RGE Monitor.

"We have to find a solution where government intervention prevents a disorderly outcome" in the housing market that leads to a "systemic banking crisis," Roubini says.

The housing bill, which earmarks $300 billion to backstop mortgages after lenders agree to lower mortgage payments, is "a step in the right direction" but "doesn't do enough," he says, predicting the government will ultimately need to spend more than $1 trillion.

Roubini's main concern stems from a view that the "housing recession is not bottoming by any standards," in contrast to hopeful comments from Paulson on Fox News and Barron's last weekend.

The economist believes U.S. home prices will ultimately fall 30% from their peak -- vs. 18% to date according to the S&P Case-Shiller Index -- "before bottoming out some point in 2010."

In the interim, the negative wealth effect of declining home values and increase in "underwater" mortgages will lead to more Americans walking away from their homes. Such "jingle mail" threatens to ultimately cost $1 trillion in credit losses, wiping out 75% of the capital of U.S. financial institutions, Roubini warns.

It is that "disorderly" outcome Roubini says the government cannot afford to let happen. With "the charade" that Fannie and Freddie weren't already government agencies over, he believes a nationalization of the 50% of mortgages not owned or guaranteed by Fannie and Freddie will be necessary, and the Frank-Dodd Bill is a small step down that road.

From Roubini's view, nationalizing housing avoids the government having to nationalization the entire banking system, making it the lesser of two evils.

8 indicators which suggest a rally?

ML Strategist, Mark Matthews,identify 8 indicators which suggest a rally should take place over the next couple of months:

1) US financials have bounced from an important support level last tested in 2000. They are up 26% from their lows of July 15, while Asian financials, which have fell just as much year-to-date, are only up 8%.

2) According to Investor Intelligence, the number of US bears over bulls is at its widest margin since 1994,

3) US small caps generally lead Asia - the Russell 2,000 has bounced 9% from July 7, while Asia is flat over the same period,

4) Net fund flows out of Asian markets of USD13bn year-to-date suggest an extreme in redemptions,

5) Asia is close to 2 standard deviations from the mean of its 200-day moving average, in the past this deviation extreme has been followed by rallies, on average of 3.0% over the next 1 month, 10.0% over the next 3 months, 8.3% over the next 6 months and 21.4% over the next 12 months.

6) The Relative Strength Index (average gain relative to average loss over 14 days) has turned up from its low of 17 in early July, to 44 as of yesterday,

7) Oil speculators have begun to reduce their positions on NYMEX and oil has reverted below USD130/b,

8) The region is now trading on 15x trailing earnings, below the average of 16.5x of the past 5 years.

Two-pronged strategy makes sense for bombed out old hot China favourites

Today may well mark the start of an “Olympics” rally for China stocks on SGX.

Last year’s hot favourites especially mid to big cap stocks with sound fundamentals and proven earnings track record have crashed from around two-thirds to 75% from their peaks with many below their IPO prices – the benchmark Shanghai SE Composite Index has crashed 58% from its Oct record 6124 high to 2567 early this month.

It makes sound strategy for players to move perhaps even aggressively into these stocks both for short term trading as well as investment as gains can be made on technical rebounds which we are witnessing today and as medium to long term investments for chances of making 30-50% gains within the next one year should be bright with limited 5-15% downside risks.

It is highly unlikely that the major China indices would lose two-thirds of their values – we have already seen 58% crash from peak to recent “bottom” which means at worst the downside would be around 2200-2300 on SCI (today at 2837).

It is also unlikely that China would crash more than Vietnam, which was down 67% from 1111 to 364 last month on the Ho Chi Minh stock index but is recovering well now, up 22.5% from bottom to 446 today, still down 60% from peak.

The 3 China stocks on the STI – Cosco, Yangijiang and Yanlord – would easily come to mind as “safer” bets but there are many former hot stocks including FerroChina, Fibrechem, Sino Techfibre, Synear Foods, China Hongzing and Li Heng, which deserve a fresh look.

Cosco ($3.20) crashed 66% from $8.20 to $2.79, should recover further to around $3.50 and $3.70-90 in the short and medium term. YZJ (80 cents) down a massive 73% from $2.87 to 76.5 cents can recover to 90-95c once resistance at 84-85c is overcome.

Yanlord ($2.12) which has lost 63% from $4.40 to $1.65 has short term hurdle at $2.30 but medium term $2.70-80 should be a fair target.

FerroChina ($1.22) has also crashed from $2.87 to $1.02, down 64%, should overcome $1.30 and move to $1.50-60.

Fibrechem (63c) down 72% from $1.90 to 53.5c, should rebound to 67-68c and later to 74-75c.

Sino Techfibre (56c) has recovered from its 44.5c low, down 74% from $1.73 peak and should be able to move above 60c to 64-65c.

Synear Foods (45.5c) lost 85% from $2.52 to 37c, and should rebound back to this month’s 50-52c high.

China Hongxing (51c) down 72% from $1.45 to 40.5c, should recover to 58-59c and later to 68-70c.

Li Heng (61c) has lost 44% from 87c to 49c, and is below March IPO price of 80c. Its strong rebound from 49c on good volumes imply likely test of 65-68c resistance.

VIX會否因普及而失效?

「Buy and Hold」投資策略,過去令譚甫屯賺取超過200億美元身家,亦令畢非德一度成為世界首富。隨着2007年10月美股大牛市結束,上述策略風光日子不再,應改為利用VIX去捉熊腳(7月15日極有可能係熊市二期內第二隻腳)。但捉熊腳唔係人人啱玩,各位要小心。

物超所值項目愈嚟愈難搵
世上愈來愈多「價值投資法」信徒,响咁情況下,要搵到物超所值投資項目機會愈來愈細,除非擁有超人智慧(但大部分人都冇)。

換言之,美國6月份CPI雖然上升5%,但人民面對係「通縮」!曾經歷過1997到2003年香港人應該最明白,每年樓價回落10%合共六年滋味,消費力自然萎縮,相若環境將喺美國重演,再加上金融業大裁員(金融業係OECD國家人口中最高收入行業),美國人將面對收入下降。所以我老曹擔心係美國同歐洲進入九十年代日式衰退,最終拖垮油價甚至金價,而毋須再要聯儲局加息,只有新興經濟國先至係進入滯脹。

上周由美國證監限制拋空而引發三天補倉潮,如客觀形勢未改善,完成補倉後,美股成交將十分靜。五窮、六絕、七翻身,到7月份股市已累積唔少淡倉(7月15日VIX一度見30),引發平倉潮並唔奇。問題係7月完成平倉後,8月及9月業績公布期股市又點?

VIX(喺美國CBOE交易)已愈來愈普及,當佢上升,代表投資者驚慌;當佢回落,代表投資者信心十足。職業投機者便反其道而行,今年5月喺孟買股票交易所更引入印度VIX。CBOE同台灣交易所、德國Eurex及Euronext達成協議,引入上述股市VIX。市場亦開始計算原油、黃金、外滙及利率VIX,形成全球一片VIX熱。VIX最後命運會否一如其他分析工具,因太普及而漸漸失效?

投資要朝秦暮楚

今年上半年美國股票投資回報率,係美國1930年以來最差半年,甚至畢非德巴郡亦令人失望。美國銀行、花旗、瑞銀等股價跌幅皆超過50%,更加唔好話地區性銀行,跌幅超過90%者比比皆是,令所謂「價值投資法」極受投資界質疑,响股市愈來愈有效率環境下,一般投資者能否再搵到物超所值項目?

入行四十年,我老曹學到嘢唔多。

第一項:
投資市場係最好僕人、最嚴厲老闆(較林行止兄更嚴厲)。如你做啱,它會獎勵你很多;如你做錯,佢會令你傾家蕩產。

第二項:
溝上唔溝落。持有winner,讓利潤往前跑;沽出loser,請快快止蝕,記住止蝕唔止賺。

第三項:
價值投資法只適合牛市起步時,唔適合牛市結束期(唔信?請試吓喺去年10月入市滋味)。你最大敵人係你自己感情,例如自大、睇唔起別人、戀上你投資等等。响愛情路上,我老曹主張尊一;投資路上,我老曹主張朝三暮四、朝秦暮楚、見異思遷。請永遠唔好同投資項目談戀愛。

第四項:
唔好預測。1990年我老曹曾預測日股將衰足十六年(靈感來自美股1966至82年),結果只衰足十三年,所以話千萬不可「亂測」。2007年10月,長達二十五年美股超級牛市已結束,相信有排衰,投資者宜朝秦暮楚,以及將投資重心由歐、美轉向中、印。相信中、印股市進入V形走勢(即跌得快、跌得重,但日後升得急、升幅大,極有可能係2009年)。有如我老曹响1997年棄港往英一樣,唔好再留戀歐、美矣。

油价不可能回跌

屋漏偏逢连夜雨,用来形容今天全球的经济情况最恰当不过。美国次贷风暴未平息,对金融市场的冲击越来越大,原油价格继续看涨,而“成本推动型”通货膨胀正严重冲击亚洲经济增长,持续时间越长,造成伤害就越大。今年亚洲地区的通胀率,将是1997年至1998年亚洲金融风暴以来最高的。美国金融市场的烂摊子,最终还是必须由美国政府通过纾困措施抢救。但油价没有立即解决的方案,油价牵动所有的经济活动,最后的结果是令人心烦的连夜雨,变成一场世界性的倾盆大雨。油价高涨有两个说法:油价有可能下降吗?下降幅度会有多大?今天油价的高涨有两个说法,一是投机炒作,另一个是求过于供。国际大炒家索罗斯(George Soros)早前将矛头指向投机活动,有些分析师认为炒作成分不到15%;股神巴菲特(Warren Buffett)认为供求紧张刺激油价狂上,持有相同看法的专家也不少。唯一可以肯定的是,油价还是会屡创新高。曾任布什政府能源顾问的Simmons & Co行政总裁的西蒙斯(Matt Simmons)指出,全球产油量已于2005年见顶,并将于不久之后大幅萎缩。这位石油财经专家说:“到了2015年,假如我们能够维持每日6000万 桶产量,已是相当幸运(目前每日约8500万桶);我担心届时只剩下每日4000万桶。”巴菲特近日接受CNBC访问时指出,原油供应过去数十年来,一直大量超前实际所需,直至最近一两年增产空间已所剩无几,才会导致油价节节上升。而投机活动并非高油价主因,若禁止原油期货买卖,高油价问题也不会有什么改变。有“末日博士”之称的麦嘉华(Marc Faber)也认为,全球原油供给远小于需求,油价未来将上看每桶300美元。麦嘉华最近受邀到台湾演讲时表示,亚洲有36亿人,每天原油需求量2200万桶,美国仅3亿人,每天却需要2200万桶,且原油进口率从过去23%一路 提升到现在的73%;中国和印度过去需求量已大增一倍,未来12至15年,需求量会再增加一倍,这些因素将会使得原油供应不足。他也表 示,1988年以前,每年发现新原油蕴藏量均大于需求量,甚至在1964年发现最大新原油蕴藏量为480亿桶,当时需求量仅120亿桶,不过目前每年原油 需求量为300亿桶,新发现原油蕴藏量仅50亿桶至60亿桶,需求远大于供给,未来油价不可能下跌,甚至有机会达到每桶300美元。

专家预测--世界产油量今年见顶

2005年4月间,油价突破每桶60美元,当时有市场已预见石油产量快见顶,很多专家和知名的分析师都加入成为“百元油价俱乐部”会员,认定油价将会无可避免地冲破每桶100美元。“产油量见顶”是指全球石油产量升到最高点后掉头下跌。而近两年来,油价一直在高价位盘旋,上涨至150美元只是时间问题。当时,全球顶尖能源分析家西蒙斯在英国爱丁堡一个石油会议上发出警告,中东国家的石油蕴藏量可能远低于官方数字,国际油价可能在三年内冲破每桶100美元,虽然石油需求不断上升,但“产油量见顶”的局面正迅速来临,触发石油危机,令全球经济崩溃。在90年代,石油低价推动了经济繁荣,但相反的,紧随在石油危机之后的往往就是经济危机,美国历史经验已告诉了我们这个残酷的事实。因此,如果这次石油价格继续上涨,必然会拖累美国经济乃至世界经济。亚洲国家及其他新兴国家近年来对石油的需求大增,以中国为例,目前中国每日的石油消耗量已接近2000万桶,相信在未来五年,来自亚洲国家的需求会超过4000万桶,令全球每日石油消耗量持续上升。50年代创建“石油顶峰理论”模式的哈佛大学教授金·胡伯博士(King Hubbert),在“The Impending World Oil Shortage”一书中,曾准确预测美国的石油产量在70年代会达到高峰,世界石油产出在2005-2010年达到顶峰,之后会逐渐下降直到枯竭。金·胡伯于2004年再次指出,世界产油量将在2008年见顶,其后产油量将急速下滑。他更预测,石油蕴藏量将在30年内完全被消耗,这个预测也得到实例的证明,例如目前14%被发现的新油田都是位于14个古老的大型油田附近,而余下的85%被发现的新油田则属于小型油田。另一个事实是,陆地的油井也快开采完,石油商纷纷将目标转向海上,这造成钻油台的订单大增。油井逐渐枯竭是眼前的事实,全球将要面对的是油井枯竭后造成的长期影响,甚至引发灾难性后果。按这种供求趋势,油价即使下降,幅度也是有限的。近年随着石油需求的猛增,金·胡伯预言就快成真,能源界和各国政府已在为未来如何应付能源危机而担忧。而能源危机迫在眉睫,各国对能源的争夺可能是未来导致冲突的主要原因。

高油价冲击汽车业和制造业

油价飙涨使得全球汽车业重新洗牌,耗油量大的大型车在美国车市滞销,省油小型汽车看俏。美国汽车龙头通用公司六天前刚宣布业务大整顿方案。卡车和休旅车向来是通用的金鸡母,金鸡母下不了蛋,约有160亿美元债务的通用,股价这个月初已跌破10美元,为50年来头一遭。油价成倍上涨,使得过去数10年成为“世界工厂”的中国生产成本日益上升,不少生产商已搁置在中国的增产计划。中国除了面对重大的通胀压力,土地和工资成本已不再便宜,油价的大幅飙升,更使厂商必须考虑到运输费用,而当年把北美厂房关掉的美国企业,开始把生产线搬回北美本土。全球制造业很快将再次掀起大挪移。为了降低因油价飙升而不断上涨的运输成本,厂商会考虑把制造基地搬到距离消费者更近的地点,因此会把进一步扩大海外生产的计划冻结。这将使过去30年来将生产线转移到海外的情况出现一次大逆转。从亚洲运输一个40英尺的集装箱到美国东岸,目前成本已是八年前(当时油价20美元一桶)的三倍,若油价飙至每桶200美元,运费还会再增加一倍。因此将生产线设在成本更低的地区,已是不可取的做法。离开最终消费市场越远的生产基地,生产成本再便宜,也抵不上运输成本。油价继续上升,运输成本在最终价格中所占的比例将更大。美元的疲弱、中东政局紧张及油公司的劳工问题,将对已经高胀的全球油价造成更大推升压力,油价更没有下跌的理由,很快,我们将看到更多行业受到重创,航空业是其中之一。

循環周期影響股市

7月21日,周一。恒指升658.71,收22532.9;成交696.4億元。7月期指升631點,收22605點;8月期指升597點,收22578點。短期展望阻力漸現,但中期睇法,呢一潮升市可維持到8月下半月才完成。請參考以下分析。五窮、六絕、七翻身。以RSI睇,踏入7月份已出現背馳;以循環理論(cycle theory)睇,7月9日起下跌浪完成,上升浪開始。7月16日恒指20988.74係咪熊市二期內第二隻腳?今天恒指升穿由5月5日開始嘅下降軌,即類似今年3月至5月嘅熊市二期反彈由7月16日開始,估計可維持四十五天左右(由7月9日起計)即。用VIX指數睇,7月16日係另一隻熊腳機會極大,即股市進入中期睇好期。

循環周期影響股市
捉熊腳並非一般散戶可應付嘅遊戲,需要高度技巧,並能克服個人心魔才行,一旦形勢轉為不利,便應立即止蝕離場。你能做得到咩?去年有幾多所謂投資專家能掌握去年10月股市高潮而減持?循環理論我老曹1974年11月開始學習(當年有關書籍由行止兄所贈),但至今仍少見一般分析員利用此法分析(cyclical analyst),理由係掌握上述理論必須有幾深嘅數學基礎才掂。

其中最微細嘅浪約九至十一天(此乃移動平均數係十天之理由);大一D係二點三個月約十周(此乃50天移動平均數出現嘅理由)。再大一D係五點七六個月二十五周(即一百二十五天);再大係十七點三個月七十五周(三百七十五天)。完成一個大浪需要五十一點九二個月二百二十五周(一千一百二十五天),此乃二百二十五周移動平均數出現嘅理由。

上述循環互為影響,而形成股市韻律(rhythms),常見韻律有十七個月(或七十五周),即由低至高再返回低點需時十七個月;第二種係四點三二年(二百二十五周)。一個經濟盛衰影響通常需四點三二年才完成,再大一D係八點六四年、十七點二八年及三十四年半。

對股市影響最大係四點三二年同十七點二八年嘅循環周期;四個四點三二年組成十七點二八年。以香港1984年年中起步,第一個四點二五年係1988年第三季、1993年初、1997年8月、2001年下半年。第一個四點三二年嘅波浪係十七年大浪中嘅上升浪,即1984至88年第三季,上升日子多、下跌日子少;第二個四點三二年嘅浪亦係十七年浪中嘅上升浪,亦係上升日子多、下跌日子少(如當地經濟向上,第三個四點三二年浪亦係,此乃港股响1997年8月見頂嘅理由)。第四個浪便難逃一跌,至2001年年中,完成十七點二八年周期。當然,真正嘅cycle theory十分深奧難明,必須懂得計幾何者才可以學習。簡單D講,如你喺1984年已明白十七點二五年周期,便可避過1997年入市及2001年下半年加入大舉拋售行列。

不過,點解另一個四點三二年周期無法將恒指由2001年中到03年上半年呢兩年內推上?就係受三十四年嗰個更長更大嘅周期所影響。根據三十四點五年周期,2001年起已進入下降周期,呢個大周期壓抑住四點三二年小周期向上嘅力量,令今次呢個十七年周期升市由2003年4月才開始。

上述教cycle嘅書,1974年11月由行止兄所送,唔知家吓市場上係咪仲有售。各位可試試上網搵搵,呢本書叫做Investing for Profit with Torque Analysis of Stock Market Cycles,作者係William C. Garrett。香港投資者已經相當成熟,學習cycle分析相信亦唔會走火入魔(但數學基礎差者不宜學習)。

Tuesday, July 22, 2008

趁熊市建立高股息组合

最近一家英文财经日报形容目前的股市,为一场“完美风暴”(A PERFECT STORM),意思是说这场风暴是由所有不利因素凑在一起形成的--石油价格暴涨,次级房贷余波荡漾,国内政局充满变数,所有这些因素,不约而同,在同一个时间内出现,导致股市人心惶惶。

再加上一些投资研究机构和预言家,预测股市会跌破1000点,使投资者有“股市末日”之感。

有人问我:“股市还会再跌吗?”。坦白说,我不知道,我也不认为有谁会知道。

所有的猜测,都是根据目前已知的宏观和微观因素作出的。而这些因素分分钟在变,当这些因素改变时,预言家的预测,可能马上来一个180度的转变,所以,如果你根据预言家的预测作出投资决定的话,你会疲於奔命。

逆向投资
反向投资者必须养成一种习惯,当所有的人都看坏股市时,就应该从相反的角度去看股市。

股市中的每一宗交易,其实都是一半人看好,一半人看坏的具体表现。如果所有的人都看好的话,就不会有卖家了,同样的,如果所有人都看坏的话,就不会有买家出现了。目前股市仍相当活跃,说明了有人看好,有人看坏。所以所有报章上出现的预测,或是预言家的猜测,只是股市中无数看法中的其中一种看法而已。所以,任何的预言,只能作为参考,切勿尽信。

造成目前熊市的罪魁祸首是油价,油价在短短的一年中暴升一倍,是不是纯粹因供不应求造成的?有可能长期持续下去吗?

历史经验告诉我们:其进锐者其退速。抛向天空的铁球,一定会跌回地面,因为铁球不可能在“空”中找到支撑点,支撑点必然是在“实”地上。油价如果不是供求失衡造成的,则总有一天会暴跌,届时国际经济的景观就不同了。

洪峰已过
次级房贷闹了整年,已沉寂下来,相信“洪峰”已过,把眼光放远一点,就不会那么悲观。

至於国内政局,我始终认为,这是两线制这个婴孩诞生前的阵痛。国家独立五十年,人民早已过了“不惑”之年,看事情已更理智,只要执政党和反对党遵循宪法,国家的稳定将持续。

所以,以反向的角度看,这场“完美风暴”提供了有胆识者一个机会,以合理价格买进五星级股票的机会。

经过一轮的大跌,投资风险已大减。目前的企业已更健全,财务管理已更小心翼翼。更重要的是,绝大部份好股都没有负债或负债率不高,1997年金融风暴的情况不可能出现。因为大家已系好完全带,渡过“完美风暴”,绝对不成问题,业绩表现虽然参差不齐,但基本上应可保持平稳。

在牛市中,股价大涨,周息率(股息收益率Dividend Yield)只有3-4%。经过这一轮暴跌后,许多五星级股票的毛周息率,高达7-8%,已比银行定期存款的利息高一倍。

这实在是一个建立高股息股票投资组合的良好机会。

高股息五星级股票的股息收入,也比屋租更高,买进作为长期,比买屋更划算。

Monday, July 21, 2008

Gauging Sentiment with the Volatility Index

More and more investors are using options prices offered up by the Chicago Board Options Exchange's Volatility Index, or VIX, to help determine market direction. Here we'll look at what VIX is, how it is developed and how it is useful to investors.

What Is the VIX?
The VIX is one of the investment industries most widely accepted methods to gauge stock market volatility. The first version of this index was developed by the CBOE in 1993 and was calculated by taking the weighted average of implied volatility for the Standard and Poor's 100 Index (OEX) calls and puts. However, in Sept 2003 they revised it to give a more accurate depiction of broad market volatility. In essence, VIX is a gauge of investors' confidence or non-confidence in market conditions.

It is important to understand that the VIX does not measure the volatility of a single issue or option instrument, but uses a wide range of strike prices of various calls and puts that are all based on the S&P 500. What is formed is a more accurate measure of the markets expectation of near-term volatility.

Determining Market Direction
Incorporating a wide range of S&P 500 index options truly makes this index a cross-section of investor sentiment. The VIX has an inverse relationship to the market, and a chart of the indicator will usually be shown with the scale inverted to show the low readings at the top and high readings at the bottom.

A low VIX, a range of 20 to 25, indicates traders have become somewhat uninterested in the market and generally indicates a sell-off. The value of VIX increases as the market goes down and decreases when the market moves in an upward direction. A rising stock market is seen as less risky and a declining stock market more risky. The higher the perceived risk in stocks, the higher the implied volatility and the more expensive the associated options, especially puts. Hence, implied volatility is not about the size of the price swings, but rather the implied risk associated with the stock market. When the market declines, the demand for puts usually increases. Increased demand means higher put prices and higher implied volatilities.

For contrarians, comparing VIX action with that of the market can yield good clues on future direction or duration of a move. The further VIX increases in value, the more panic there is in the market. The further VIX decreases in value, the more complacency there is in the market. As a measure of complacency and panic, VIX is often used as a contrarian indicator. Prolonged and/or extremely low VIX readings indicate a high degree of complacency and are generally regarded at bearish. Some contrarians view readings below 20 as excessively bearish. Conversely, prolonged and/or extremely high VIX readings indicate a high degree or anxiety or even panic among options traders and are regarded at bullish. High VIX readings usually occur after an extended or sharp decline and sentiment is still quite bearish. Some contrarians view readings above 30 as bullish.

Conflicting signals between VIX and the market can yield sentiment clues for the short term, also. Overly bullish sentiment or complacency is regarded as bearish by contrarians. On the other hand, overly bearish sentiment or panic is regarded as bullish. If the market declines sharply and VIX remains unchanged or decreases in value (towards complacency), it could indicate that the decline has further to go. Contrarians might take the view that there is still not enough bearishness or panic in the market to warrant a bottom. If the market advances sharply and VIX increases in value (towards panic), it could indicate that the advance has further to go. Contrarians might take the view that there is not enough bullishness or complacency to warrant a top.

In this chart of the VIX indicator for the 20 months preceding Aug 2002, you can see by the three red down arrows that the market sentiment was bearish and implied that volatility was extremely high. A black up-arrow shows the market turning somewhat more bullish and less volatile in Apr 2002. Knowing the events of the preceding six months, it is not surprising that the VIX would move sharply back to a bearish sentiment not seen since the disaster of Sept 11, 2001. You can see that in the last few weeks shown on the chart that the sentiment wanted to turn a little more bullish but there continued to be a bearish hold on the markets.

This is an indicator that is rarely out of step when it is viewed from market directions on a broad scale and will more than likely help investors see the bottom forming and the next strong bull market develop.

Mysterious VIX Divergences

A fascinating and mysterious daily anomaly occasionally occurs in the celebrated VIX Implied Volatility Index. It is always quite odd to witness in real-time as it occurs, and it never ceases to leave me puzzled when I see it. I am not alone either, as even though these anomalies are rare whenever one spawns I inevitably receive e-mails from other speculators around the world sharing my curiosity at the event.

With several of these odd VIX anomalies transpiring in recent months, an amount that kind of intuitively just felt like a high frequency, this week I would like to take a look at this strange phenomenon, which I call VIX Divergences.

Anomalies are always interesting in the financial markets. The entire art of speculation rests on the idea, which sometimes works and sometimes doesn’t, that past market performance can yield valuable clues about future market direction. Whenever apparent anomalies arise, speculators have to decide whether they may have predictive power or not.

An anomaly with apparent predictive power can be extremely valuable to speculators. If the markets generally usually do one particular thing after an anomaly transpires, speculators can trade accordingly in the future whenever that particular anomaly spawns again. On the other hand, the vast majority of market anomalies generally lack any predictive power. They are probably the product of essentially random market factors that simply do not grant a speculation edge to those who observe them.

Are these mysterious VIX Divergences the precious predictive kind of anomaly, valuable to speculators, or the random kind, essentially useless to all but the fanatical market nerds like me interested in arcane market trivia? In order to gain an idea of which way the VIX Divergences would slide on the grand predictive/random scale, we allocated some research time this week to investigating this curious phenomenon.

In order to understand the VIX Divergences, you first have to understand the VIX itself.

For over a decade now, the celebrated and widely followed VIX has been the implied volatility index for the elite S&P 100. Implied volatility refers to the index’s calculation methodology, which is rather complex and involves computing what the volatility would be on a hypothetical 30-calendar-day at-the-money OEX (S&P 100) index-options contract. The math behind the VIX is pretty intimidating, but fortunately speculators don’t need to understand the calculations in order to actually use the VIX in their own trading.

At a practical level, the VIX is in effect the de facto “fear gauge” for the US equity markets. When investors and speculators are scared, they tend to get frightened into trading more and volatility, along with the VIX, soars. When investors and speculators grow complacent and content, they tend to trade less and volatility, and the VIX, withers.

Therefore the VIX is extremely useful to contrarian speculators looking to trade opposite of the thundering herd, as I have documented in many past essays including “Trading the NASDAQ Bust 2” and “Trading the Relative VIX 2”. A really low VIX often signals a major interim top in the markets, the very time to sell long positions and throw short. Conversely a very high VIX virtually always signals a major interim bottom in the markets, the ideal moment to close short positions and throw long.

On an interesting side note, I would be remiss to fail to mention that just this past Monday, September 22nd, the VIX calculation methodology was changed substantially by its custodian, the venerable Chicago Board Options Exchange. This is big news for index speculators!

Now instead of being based off of the S&P 100 (OEX), going forward the VIX is now the implied volatility index for the entire S&P 500 (SPX), of which the S&P 100 is a massive subset. In addition, the range of options strike prices included in the actual VIX formula has been broadened, and individual options used as formula ingredients will now be weighted based on their distance from true at-the-money options. Options closer to being at-the-money will have a higher weight than those farther out-of-the-money.

It all sounds complicated, and it is, but at this stage in the game I suspect the changes will not materially affect the usefulness of the VIX for speculators. The S&P 100 stocks, the index for the original VIX, currently run about 70% of the market-cap of the entire S&P 500, the subject of the new VIX, so the original VIX already reflected the most important 70% of the new VIX. The benchmark SPX is a more relevant index for speculators than the OEX anyway, and the new VIX ought to better reflect its prospects.

That being said, only time and research will tell if the new VIX proves to be as useful to speculators in real-time as the original VIX has been. We are going to be watching the new VIX closely at Zeal, along with the original VIX which will now be calculated going forward under the symbol VXO. All speculators who use the VIX in their trading really need to go read the CBOE’s original announcement in order to gain a basic understanding of what the new VIX just introduced this week truly entails.

Back to the task at hand, thankfully the anomalous VIX divergences are far easier to understand than the VIX calculation methodology.

Because the VIX is effectively a proxy for general sentiment in the markets, it tends to move in lockstep opposition to the major indices. Whenever the stock markets are up, people grow complacent and fear wanes. This leads to a lower VIX. So the vast majority of the time, if the Big Three US stock indices are up, then the VIX will close lower on that particular trading day.

Conversely when the major stock indices slide lower, fear gradually begins to grow and fester within investors and speculators. Folks start getting scared and increase their trading, which vaults up volatility and leads to a higher VIX. Once again in the vast majority of the time, if the Big Three US indices close down odds are the VIX will head higher on that particular trading day.

This usual inverse relationship between the stock markets and the VIX is well known and heavily studied. The anomaly of the VIX Divergences arises when this relationship breaks on a material change in the stock indices. For example, what if the US stock markets and VIX are both up or both down by material amounts on the same trading day? These rare days do indeed occur and are the perplexing VIX Divergences!

In order to research these VIX Divergences, we used the S&P 500 as a proxy for the US stock markets as a whole. The S&P 500 is the flagship US index as well as the most important one on Earth, and its massive market cap encompasses the majority of the entire US equity-market capitalization.

Next we had to decide on what kind of move we would consider to be relevant in the S&P 500 on a daily basis, a threshold for uncovering VIX Divergences. Certified Public Accountants use a concept called materiality, the idea of ignoring small variations unless they reach a certain threshold that would make them meaningful to a financial statement as a whole. Since I originally hail from that strange CPA world, the many esoteric teachings of accountancy still ricochet around my skull.

As active speculators, my team at Zeal and I generally consider any single-day change of under 1% in the equity markets to be immaterial, not important. Internally, if the markets are either up less than 1% or down less than 1% on any given trading day, we call them unchanged. A sub-1% move most often seems to be purely random, attributable to general market noise, without much bearing on major trends in progress.

I decided to carry our practical 1% daily materiality threshold from speculating into our research this week. As such, for the purposes of this essay a VIX Divergence only occurs when both the S&P 500 and the VIX move by 1% or more in the same direction on the same trading day. If either the S&P 500 or VIX moved by less than 1% on any trading day, or they moved in different directions, that day could not be considered an official VIX Divergence.

We sub-divided these divergences into two categories, positive and negative. A positive VIX Divergence occurs when both the S&P 500 and VIX close more than 1% higher on the same trading day. A negative VIX Divergence is witnessed when both the S&P 500 and VIX close more than 1% lower on the same trading day.

How often do these VIX Divergences occur? We chose to initially limit our focus to the Great Bear market period since 2000 in this essay. The graph below shows positive VIX Divergence dates in green and negative VIX Divergence dates in red. These VIX Divergences are indeed rare events and it is no wonder that they leave speculators in awe and amazement when they transpire.

As you can see above, there have been exactly 13 VIX Divergence days since 2000, 6 positive and 7 negative. For reference there are 935 trading days shown in this chart, so a VIX Divergence day has only been witnessed 1.4% of the time in our Great Bear market to date! I don’t know about you, but a 1%ish occurrence of these odd anomalies is pretty darned rare in my book!

Of these 935 trading days since 2000, there were 403 days when the S&P 500 moved by more than 1% in either direction, 776 days when the VIX moved by more than 1% in either direction, and 380 days when both the SPX and VIX had absolute daily moves greater than 1%. Of the SPX absolute 1% move days, 53% were down. Regarding the VIX absolute 1% move days, 52% were down.

Of course in a Great Bear market we would expect the majority of 1% absolute move days in the SPX to be down, since there is a prevailing bearish downtrend, but then the majority of the VIX 1% absolute move days should probably be up due to the usual SPX/VIX inverse relationship. This wasn’t the case in the actual data though. VIX 1% down days were slightly more common than VIX 1% up days, kind of strange in a Great Bear market.

I suspect this is due to the asymmetric nature of the VIX. While it generally falls towards complacency slowly over time, fear often ignites rapidly as a stock-market waterfall decline accelerates. On the graph above the massive VIX spikes showing widespread popular fear soar into the heavens from nothing, towering spires on the chart. This rapidly ignited fear bleeds off slowly though, leading to more material VIX down days than up days.

Now if all these numbers haven’t put you to sleep yet, you are probably noticing a pattern. If these VIX Divergences are truly random, meaningless market noise that lacks a predictable future-activity quality, the distribution should be about equal. After all, markets can either go up or down and a random distribution of days would yield about 50/50 up days and down days, right?

On our grand predictive/random scale I mentioned in opening, the raw stats seem to lean towards the pure random side. Out of 13 VIX Divergences since 2000, roughly half are positive and half are negative. In addition, also about half of the SPX and VIX absolute 1% days are up and half down, farther exacerbating the sense of randomness. An even distribution of positive/negative VIX Divergences does not look hopeful in terms of speculators being able to actually successfully deploy future trades based on these rare days alone.

So can we throw these VIX Divergences out as meaningless trivia? Maybe, but upon closer visual examination they offer even more insight than their underlying statistical distribution would suggest.

For example, if you examine the 13 VIX Divergence dots on the chart above, all but 2 are above the S&P 500 line. They tend to occur at higher points in the SPX, or observed another way, they generally tend to occur when the index is poised for a pullback or outright waterfall decline. The 8/13/2002 red negative divergence dot, by the way, really should appear above the SPX line as it happened when the index was trading near 885, far above the July 2002 interim lows under 800.

So out of these 13 VIX Divergences, 12 occurred near higher points or times preceding a significant decline in the S&P 500. The only outlier that truly occurred on an interim low was the negative VIX Divergence of 9/21/2001, which transpired on the V-bounce low only weeks after the 9/11 attacks. On that peculiar day of market history the S&P 500 fell by 1.9% to carve a new interim low but the VIX also fell 1.6% to a still very high level of 48.27.

So with the exception of the strange post-9/11 action, 12 of the 13 VIX Divergences tended to occur anywhere from a few days to a few weeks before minor pullbacks or even major downlegs. Both positive and negative divergences occurred, on average, at relatively low VIX levels marking complacency. The average positive VIX Divergence occurred at 23.5 on the VIX, while the average negative VIX Divergence happened around 33.1 or so, which is still not super high in VIX terms. Average negative VIX Divergences ran at VIX levels 41% higher than average positive VIX Divergences.

As you can see above, our latest three VIX Divergences were all positive, with the most recent happening in early September. Even during a strong bear-market rally, these VIX Divergences seemed to herald minor pullbacks in the S&P 500. Our most recent VIX Divergence of September 2nd happened when the SPX closed at 1022, only about 1.7% below its latest interim high of 1040 or so achieved last week. Perhaps this particular VIX Divergence heralds a pullback or outright major decline too. Only time will tell!

For another perspective on these VIX Divergences, we graphed the same 13 shown above
against the Relative VIX, a hybrid measure of the VIX relative to its 200-day moving average. This helps us gain a better sense of where the VIX was trading in relation to its current 200-day baseline when these VIX Divergences arose out of the market mists to captivate speculators.

Once again, both positive and negative VIX Divergences tended to occur when the VIX was relatively low. The average positive VIX Divergence day occurred at a Relative VIX around 0.81, while the average negative VIX Divergence day was seen around a Relative VIX of 1.26, about 56% higher. Even the negative VIX Divergences were fairly low though, as an extremely high Relative VIX reading will challenge 1.80, lofty levels that have never witnessed a VIX Divergence day with the notable exception of the post 9/11 V-bounce 9/21 negative VIX Divergence at a Relative VIX level of 1.72.

So apparent statistical randomness aside, is there a pattern emerging here? Perhaps. These VIX Divergence days, with the exception of 9/21/2001, seem to tend to occur around complacent moments in market time. It is almost as if traders are indecisive near high points so they are trading in a method unconventional enough to drive both the S&P 500 and VIX 1% or more in the same direction on the same trading day.

While the markets don’t immediately slide right after a VIX Divergence day by default, they certainly appear to slide more often than not within days or weeks of this rare indecision and decoupling of the VIX and its usual relationship with the S&P 500. If I had to make an interpretation of these VIX Divergence days, I would have to say that the odds are slightly bearish after they occur, either for a temporary short-term pullback or a serious Great Bear downleg.

Nevertheless though, since these odd VIX Divergences are not overwhelmingly mapped right at major interim tops or major interim bottoms, at this stage in the game I don’t think there is enough evidence to lean heavily on VIX Divergence days for trading cues. While the visual distribution of these anomalous days is provocative and leans towards a bearish interpretation, the statistical data underneath is running close enough to 50/50 across the board to tilt the scales away from predictability and towards randomness.

VIX Divergences aside, the VIX and Relative VIX themselves are offering a great deal of insight for speculators today. This weekend I will be working hard on the upcoming October issue of our monthly Zeal Intelligence newsletter, to be published in the middle of next week for our subscribers, which will discuss the current index-speculation scene and outline our current strategy and tactics for playing it. Naturally the volatility indices will factor into this discussion on index-options trading strategy moving forward for the remainder of 2003 and beyond.

The bottom line is the mysterious VIX Divergences quite a few speculators have observed in recent months are certainly intriguing, but at first glance the evidence is not compelling enough to trade directly upon. Naturally there are countless variations of this line of inquiry which could affect the results, including defining materiality at different levels, but at 1% absolute moves the VIX Divergence day distribution remains tantalizing but not conclusive enough to speculate upon.

While these mysterious VIX Divergences may indeed wield some predictive power, the element of randomness in their statistical underpinnings is too powerful to ignore. Nevertheless, we will continue noting these odd days when they occur in the future and perhaps some useful and actionable trading information will yet emerge out of the VIX Divergences.