Time

Wednesday, December 15, 2010

Richard Russell’s Wisdom: Rich Man Poor Man

Richard Russell has been writing and publishing the Dow Theory Letters since 1958, and never has he missed an issue! It is the longest newsletter service continuously published by one person in the investment business. Richard is now 80 years old, and writes an extremely popular daily e-letter, full of commentary on the markets and whatever interests him that day. He gets up at 3 am or so and starts his daily (massive) reading and finishes the letter just after the markets close.

He was the first writer to recommend gold stocks in 1960. He called the top of the 1949-66 bull market, and called the bottom of the bear market in 1974 almost to the day, predicting a new bull market. (Think how tough it was to call for a bull market in late 1974, when things looked really miserable!) He was a bombardier in WWII, lived through the Depression, wars, and bull and bear markets. I would say that Russell is one of those true innate market geniuses that have simply forgotten more than most of us will ever know, except I am not certain he has forgotten anything. His daily letter is loaded with references and wisdom from the past and gives us a guide to the future. (You can learn more – and subscribe! – at www.dowtheoryletters.com.)


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By Richard Russell

For the average investor, you and me, we’re not geniuses so we have to have a financial plan. In view of this, I offer below a few rules and a few thoughts on investing that we must be aware of if we are serious about making money.

I. The Power of Compounding

Rule 1: Compounding. One of the most important lessons for living in the modern world is that to survive you’ve got to have money. But to live (survive) happily, you must have love, health (mental and physical), freedom, intellectual stimulation — and money. When I taught my kids about money, the first thing I taught them was the use of the “money bible.” What’s the money bible? Simple, it’s a volume of the compounding interest tables.

Compounding is the royal road to riches. Compounding is the safe road, the sure road, and fortunately anybody can do it. To compound successfully you need the following: perseverance in order to keep you firmly on the savings path. You need intelligence in order to understand what you are doing and why. You need knowledge of the mathematical tables in order to comprehend the amazing rewards that will come to you if you faithfully follow the compounding road. And, of course, you need time, time to allow the power of compounding to work for you. Remember, compounding only works through time.

But there are two catches in the compounding process. The first is obvious — compounding may involve sacrifice (you can’t spend it and still save it). Second, compounding is boring – b-o-r-i-n-g. Or I should say it’s boring until (after seven or eight years) the money starts to pour in. Then, believe me, compounding becomes very interesting. In fact, it becomes downright fascinating!

In order to emphasize the power of compounding, I am including the following extraordinary study, courtesy of Market Logic, of Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33306.

In this study we assume that investor B opens an IRA at age 19. For seven consecutive periods he puts $2,000 into his IRA at an average growth rate of 10% (7% interest plus growth). After seven years this fellow makes NO MORE contributions — he’s finished.

A second investor, A, makes no contributions until age 26 (this is the age when investor B was finished with his contributions). Then A continues faithfully to contribute $2,000 every year until he’s 65 (at the same theoretical 10% rate).

Now study the incredible results. B, who made his contributions earlier and who made only seven contributions, ends up with MORE money than A, who made 40 contributions but at a LATER TIME. The difference in the two is that B had seven more early years of compounding than A. Those seven early years were worth more than all of A’s 33 additional contributions.

This is a study that I suggest you show to your kids. It’s a study I’ve lived by, and I can tell you, “It works.” You can work your compounding with muni-bonds, with a good money market fund, with T-bills, or say with five-year T-notes.


RULE 2: Don’t Lose Money.This may sound naive, but believe me it isn’t. If you want to be wealthy, you must not lose money; or I should say, you must not lose BIG money. Absurd rule, silly rule? Maybe, but MOST PEOPLE LOSE MONEY in disastrous investments, gambling, rotten business deals, greed, poor timing. Yes, after almost five decades of investing and talking to investors, I can tell you that most people definitely DO lose money, lose big-time — in the stock market, in options and futures, in real estate, in bad loans, in mindless gambling, and in their own businesses.

Rule 3: Rich Man, Poor Man.In the investment world the wealthy investor has one major advantage over the little guy, the stock market amateur, and the neophyte trader. The advantage that the wealthy investor enjoys is that HE DOESN’T NEED THE MARKETS. I can’t begin to tell you what a difference that makes, both in one’s mental attitude and in the way one actually handles one’s money.

The wealthy investor doesn’t need the markets, because he already has all the income he needs. He has money coming in via bonds, T-bills, money-market funds, stocks, and real estate. In other words, the wealthy investor never feels pressured to “make money” in the market.

The wealthy investor tends to be an expert on values. When bonds are cheap and bond yields are irresistibly high, he buys bonds. When stocks are on the bargain table and stock yields are attractive, he buys stocks. When real estate is a great value, he buys real estate. When great art or fine jewelry or gold is on the “giveaway” table, he buys art or diamonds or gold. In other words, the wealthy investor puts his money where the great values are.

And if no outstanding values are available, the wealthy investors waits. He can afford to wait. He has money coming in daily, weekly, monthly. The wealthy investor knows what he is looking for, and he doesn’t mind waiting months or even years for his next investment (they call that patience).

But what about the little guy? This fellow always feels pressured to “make money.” And in return he’s always pressuring the market to “do something” for him. But sadly, the market isn’t interested. When the little guy isn’t buying stocks offering 1% or 2% yields, he’s off to Las Vegas or Atlantic City trying to beat the house at roulette. Or he’s spending 20 bucks a week on lottery tickets, or he’s “investing” in some crackpot scheme that his neighbor told him about (in strictest confidence, of course).

And because the little guy is trying to force the market to do something for him, he’s a guaranteed loser. The little guy doesn’t understand values, so he constantly overpays. He doesn’t comprehend the power of compounding, and he doesn’t understand money. He’s never heard the adage, “He who understands interest, earns it. He who doesn’t understand interest, pays it.” The little guy is the typical American, and he’s deeply in debt.

The little guy is in hock up to his ears. As a result, he’s always sweating — sweating to make payments on his house, his refrigerator, his car, or his lawn mower. He’s impatient, and he feels perpetually put upon. He tells himself that he has to make money — fast. And he dreams of those “big, juicy mega-bucks.” In the end, the little guy wastes his money in the market, or he loses his money gambling, or he dribbles it away on senseless schemes. In short, this “money-nerd” spends his life dashing up the financial down escalator.

But here’s the ironic part of it. If, from the beginning, the little guy had adopted a strict policy of never spending more than he made, if he had taken his extra savings and compounded it in intelligent, income-producing securities, then in due time he’d have money coming in daily, weekly, monthly, just like the rich man. The little guy would have become a financial winner, instead of a pathetic loser.

Rule 4: Values. The only time the average investor should stray outside the basic compounding system is when a given market offers outstanding value. I judge an investment to be a great value when it offers (a) safety, (b) an attractive return, and (c) a good chance of appreciating in price. At all other times, the compounding route is safer and probably a lot more profitable, at least in the long run.

II. Time

TIME: Here’s something they won’t tell you at your local brokerage office or in the “How to Beat the Market” books. All investing and speculation is basically an exercise in attempting to beat time.

“Russell, what are you talking about?”

Just what I said — when you try to pick the winning stock or when you try to sell out near the top of a bull market or when you try in-and-out trading, you may not realize it but what you’re doing is trying to beat time.

Time is the single most valuable asset you can ever have in your investment arsenal. The problem is that none of us has enough of it.

But let’s indulge in a bit of fantasy. Let’s say you have 200 years to live, 200 years in which to invest. Here’s what you could do. You could buy $20,000 worth of municipal bonds yielding, say, 5.5%.

At 5.5% money doubles in 13 years. So here’s your plan: each time your money doubles you add another $10,000. So at the end of 13 years you have $40,000 plus the $10,000 you’ve added, meaning that at the end of 13 years you have $50,000.

At the end of the next 13 years you have $100,000, you add $10,000, and then you have $110,000. You reinvest it all in 5.5% munis, and at the end of the next 13 years you have $220,000 and you add $10,000, making it $230,000.

At the end of the next 13 years you have $460,000 and you add $10,000, making it $470,000.

In 200 years there are 15.3 doubles. You do the math. By the end of the 200th year you wouldn’t know what to do with all your money. It would be coming out of your ears. And all with minimum risk.

So with enough time, you would be rich — guaranteed. You wouldn’t have to waste any time picking the right stock or the right group or the right mutual fund. You would just compound your way to riches, using your greatest asset: time.

There’s only one problem: in the real world you’re not going to live 200 years. But if you start young enough or if you start your kids early, you or they might have anywhere from 30 to 60 years of time ahead of you.

Because most people have run out of time, they spend endless hours and nervous energy trying to beat time, which, by the way, is really what investing is all about. Pick a stock that advances from 3 to 100, and if you’ve put enough money in that stock you’ll have beaten time. Or join a company that gives you a million options, and your option moves up from 3 to 25 and again you’ve beaten time.

How about this real example of beating time. John Walter joined AT&T, but after nine short months he was out of a job. The complaint was that Walter “lacked intellectual leadership.” Walter got $26 million for that little stint in a severance package. That’s what you call really beating time. Of course, a few of us might have another word for it — and for AT&T.

III. Hope

HOPE: It’s human nature to be optimistic. It’s human nature to hope. Furthermore, hope is a component of a healthy state of mind. Hope is the opposite of negativity. Negativity in life can lead to anger, disappointment, and depression. After all, if the world is a negative place, what’s the point of living in it? To be negative is to be anti-life.

Ironically, it doesn’t work that way in the stock market. In the stock market hope is a hindrence, not a help. Once you take a position in a stock, you obviously want that stock to advance. But if the stock you bought is a real value, and you bought it right, you should be content to sit with that stock in the knowledge that over time its value will out without your help, without your hoping.

So in the case of this stock, you have value on your side — and all you need is patience. In the end, your patience will pay off with a higher price for your stock. Hope shouldn’t play any part in this process. You don’t need hope, because you bought the stock when it was a great value, and you bought it at the right time.

Any time you find yourself hoping in this business, the odds are that you are on the wrong path — or that you did something stupid that should be corrected.

Unfortunately, hope is a money-loser in the investment business. This is counterintuitive but true. Hope will keep you riding a stock that is headed down. Hope will keep you from taking a small loss and, instead, allow that small loss to develop into a large loss.

In the stock market hope gets in the way of reality, hope gets in the way of common sense. One of the first rules in investing is “don’t take the big loss.” In order to do that, you’ve got to be willing to take a small loss.

If the stock market turns bearish, and you’re staying put with your whole position, and you’re HOPING that what you see is not really happening — then welcome to poverty city. In this situation, all your hoping isn’t going to save you or make you a penny. In fact, in this situation hope is the devil that bids you to sit — while your portfolio of stocks goes down the drain.

In the investing business my suggestion is that you avoid hope. Forget the siren, hope; instead, embrace cold, clear reality.

IV. Acting

ACTING: A few days ago a young subscriber asked me, “Russell, you’ve been dealing with the markets since the late 1940s. This is a strange question, but what is the most important lesson you’ve learned in all that time?”

I didn’t have to think too long. I told him, “The most important lesson I’ve learned comes from something Freud said. He said, ‘Thinking is rehearsing.’ What Freud meant was that thinking is no substitute for acting. In this world, in investing, in any field, there is no substitute for taking action.”

This brings up another story which illustrates the same theme. J.P. Morgan was “Master of the Universe” back in the 1920s. One day a young man came up to Morgan and said, “Mr. Morgan, I’m sorry to bother you, but I own some stocks that have been acting poorly, and I’m very anxious about these stocks. In fact worrying about those stocks is starting to ruin my health. Yet, I still like the stocks. It’s a terrible dilemma. What do you think I should do, sir?”

Without hesitating Morgan said, “Young man, sell to the sleeping point.”

The lesson is the same. There’s no substitute for acting. In the business of investing or the business of life, thinking is not going to do it for you. Thinking is just rehearsing. You must learn to act.

That’s the single most important lesson that I’ve learned in this business.

Again, and I’ve written about this episode before, a very wealthy and successful investor once said to me, “Russell, do you know why stockbrokers never become rich in this business?”

I confessed that I didn’t know. He explained, “They don’t get rich because they never believe their own bullshit.”

Again, it’s the same lesson. If you want to make money (or get rich) in a bull market, thinking and talking isn’t going to do it. You’ve got to buy stocks. Brokers never do that. Do you know one broker who has?

A painful lesson: Back in 1991 when we had a perfect opportunity, we could have ended Saddam Hussein’s career, and we could have done it with ease. But those in command, for political reasons, didn’t want to face the adverse publicity of taking additional US casualties. So we stopped short, and Saddam was home free. We were afraid to act. And now we’re dealing with that failure to act with another and messier war.

In my own life many of the mistakes I’ve made have come because I forgot or ignored the “acting lesson.” Thinking is rehearsing, and I was rehearsing instead of acting. Bad marriages, bad investments, lost opportunities, bad business decisions — all made worse because we fail for any number of reasons to act.

The reasons to act are almost always better than the reasons you can think up not to act. If you, my dear readers, can understand the meaning of what is expressed in this one sentence, then believe me, you’ve learned a most valuable lesson. It’s a lesson that has saved my life many times. And I mean literally, it’s a lesson that has saved my life.

Why REITs and Business Trust are not always good investments

valuebuddies.com is probably the place you want to be if you are into fundamental analysis. And the most interesting discussion that I was informed taking place is a discussion on REITs valuation.

One respected forumer d.o.g. made some great comments and I just find that I need to highlight them to investors that never had to experience what happen in the credit crunch in the 2007-2008 bear market.

Back then, a lot of REITs did rights issue because the cost of getting debts refinancing is so high that it doesn’t make sense for REITs.

It soft of highlights a lot of negatives of REITs. But the general idea d.o.g. is driving across is that REITs can be good or bad, depending on how an investor evaluates fundamentals and valuation. The general consensus is that REITs exist to benefit the sponsers to cash out on it to get money and lessen risks rather than benefit the owners.

Generally, no business trust will pay down its debts, because it is not in the interest of the trust manager to do so. The trust manager is paid as a percentage of assets, not equity. Therefore, the incentive is to borrow as much money as possible to raise the assets under management, thus raising fees, and never pay down the debt except under duress from banks.

An investor in a business trust has to understand that the trust structure is basically a packaging gimmick. It is given tax incentives by the authorities to encourage a more “sophisticated” capital market. Essentially, the original owner of the assets can enjoy tax savings if he owns the assets through a trust instead of within a normal corporate structure. With an IPO his ownership decreases, but he then enjoys the management fees. As a result he gains several advantages:

1. The management fees are economically an inflation-indexed annuity;
2. Partial asset divestment through the IPO raises cash for other higher-return projects;
3. Reduced ownership reduces the amount needed to fund a future rights issue; and
4. Trust distributions are taxed at a reduced rate (normally 10%)

Net-net, the overall income decreases slightly as the reduced share of trust income is partly offset by the management fees, but the potential liability decreases greatly. It is a huge risk-reward improvement.

Investors should not harbour any delusions that REITs are created primarily for their benefit. REITs are created first and foremost to help owners dispose of unwanted assets.

As a general rule, the best assets do not get sold into a REIT, they are held forever by the original owner. From a purely rational perspective, REITs are simply a convenient dumping ground to offload undesirable assets to a gullible public. An outright sale would be difficult since the buyer would likely do due diligence and negotiate a discount for lousy assets. But the public can be convinced to buy anything in a bull market. In fact very little convincing is needed – the public is happy to convince itself, especially in today’s low-interest rate environment.

Sponsored trusts are created to help owners divest unwanted assets. The management fees are just a bonus.

Non-sponsored trusts are created primarily for the management fees.

Growth:
Since a trust seeks to grow by buying the type of assets it already owns, its own assets and unit price are likely to be marked down at the same time that bargains are available in the market. Therefore it can’t buy these assets since its currency (its units) is also marked down. In a bull market its units are priced higher, but so are the targets, so we are back to square one.

This is true regardless of whether or not there is a sponsor. Where the sponsor can help is to market/hype the trust to get its units overvalued against the physical market e.g. if the cap rate in the market is 5% and the trust yields 4% then yield-accretive acquisitions can be done.

A sponsored trust can rely on the bigger marketing budget of its parent to help hype the units. A non-sponsored trust has only the limited resources of its trust manager. So all things being equal, the sponsored trust has a better chance of becoming overvalued and thus able to grow.

Ideally one would buy a sponsored trust at a low valuation. Then, while waiting for the hype/revaluation, one can still enjoy the higher dividend yield. The sponsor wants to unload their assets to the trust, so they have an interest in getting the trust units overvalued.

Of course, the sponsor’s hype machine doesn’t always work – see Hyflux Water Trust. The trust never traded at a sufficiently low yield to be able to overpay for projects from Hyflux. Eventually Hyflux decided to kill it and find a Japanese buyer for its projects instead. But due credit to Hyflux management for their intelligent attempt to (ab)use the capital markets.

This is precisely why non-sponsored trusts exist – because people want to own a REIT manager. It is no accident that while there are plenty of listed REITs, there are very few listed REIT managers.

The fact that REITs and business trusts are created to benefit either asset owners who wish to divest, or managers who wish to create an income stream, is neither good nor bad. It just is.

Investors simply have to understand this when doing their due diligence and not invest based on the yield alone. Management behaviour (rights issues, debt refinancing, acquisitions etc) can and will drastically change the future yields.
Just because the structure of REITs encourages value-destroying behaviour (debt-funded acquisitions in bull markets) doesn’t mean that all managers behave this way. The sensible ones keep gearing low. At the right price, such REITs can be fantastic investments.

In the 2008/2009 stock market crash/recovery, some of the biggest capital gains were recorded by REITs. IIRC one of the big winners was CDL H-REIT. In the bear market, one could have safely bought all the REITs with strong balance sheets, and obtained both high income and good potential for capital gains. As a group, they were low-risk, high return investments. Note the past tense!
Conversely, some of the worst losses were also recorded by REITs. Essentially, everyone who did a rights issue destroyed shareholder value e.g. CMT, CCT, MLT, K-REIT (twice), Starhill, Fortune etc. With the exceptions of Starhill and Fortune, all of them had horrible balance sheets that were train wrecks waiting to happen.

Starhill was unusual in that the management actively chose to destroy value – despite low gearing and their debt not being due for over a year, they raised cash at the bottom of the market, then let it sit around until they bought the Malaysian properties much later. Ditto with Fortune – the purchase of the Cheung Kong properties was a massively DPU-negative transaction.

As for normal companies, the division between ownership and management also encourages value-destroying behaviour, since managers are paid salaries and bonuses before shareholders get dividends. Therefore the temptation is to take maximum risk, since if it works there is a big bonus waiting, and if it doesn’t work the shareholders cough up for the rights issue.

Does this also mean that one should not invest in stocks at all? Of course not. But it behooves the investor to inform himself of the risk/reward equations faced by the key managers so that he can understand how the managers are likely to behave.

Again, not all managers behave badly. Normally the owner-managers are better behaved, since they are the biggest shareholders and must cough up money in a rights issue if they screw up. Notice that the family-run UOB and CDL did not have any rights issues during the crisis, in contrast to the professionally-managed DBS, Capitaland and NOL.

There are of course bad owner-managers and good professional managers. But my experience has led me to favour owner-managed companies.

Tuesday, December 14, 2010

分享锦集:盯紧盈利莫放松冷眼

股票投资,其实有许多准则可以遵循的。问题是,准则太多了,要付诸于行动,难之又难。

就以选股来说,每个人都知道本益比、周息率、每股资产价值等准则,但真正将这些准则应用在投资上的,恐怕不多。

准则越简单越好
不要说对股票投资略识之无的股友,即使像我这样在股市中征战数十年的沙场老将,在应用这些准则时,也未必能做到得心应手,故股票投资之道,知之匪艰,行之维艰呵!

研究股票数十年,在股市中实践数十载,到了古稀之年,我有一种越来越强烈的感觉:选择股票,准则越简单越好,组合管理,则动作动少越妙。

投资者所犯的最大错误,是他相信自己可以应用各种既艰深,又复杂的方法去战胜股市,从而赚取暴利。

实际上,这一类投资者,成功致富的少之又少,真正成功的反而是那些根据很简单的准则进行投资,而动作又很少的投资者。

抓最重要最实用
我们与其去采用一大堆华而不实,知而不能行的准则,倒不如去芜存菁,抓住最重要,最实用,而又最易实行的一点,身体力行,更能产生实效,达到创造财富的目的。

如果你阅读别人的股票分析,听取别人的主张的话,你反而会无所适从。

所以,与其去到处询问别人的意见,倒不如依循一两个简单的准则,脚踏实地的走自己的道路。

当你听到一只股票是否值得投资,众说纷纭,莫衷一是的时候,你只要回答一个最简单的问题,就马上可以作出决定:“这家公司赚钱吗?”

如果答案是“不”的话,就不必再去考虑买进,因为主张买进的人,是根据似是而非的“意见”,并不是根据事实作出推荐。

股票价值建在盈利基础
你的投资概念,必须是建立在一个基础上,那就是股票的价格趋势。

长期来说,必然是跟股票的价值成正比。而股票的价值,主要是建立在盈利的基础上。

简言之,只有盈利,才能创造价值,只有价值,才能确保股价的长期上升趋势。

一家公司的股票,如果没有盈利的支撑的话,其股价不可能长期向上。

一家盈利长期向上的公司,短期其股价容或随股市大势而有起落,但长期的趋势必然是向上的。

星狮、玻璃市种植、吉隆甲洞、联合种植、大众银行、健力士等公司的股价,短期是有起落,但长期来说是向上的,因而为投资者创造了财富。

投资者把资金投入一家企业,需冒丧失资本的风险,还要花精神,竭心智去经营,盈利是他应得的酬劳。

正如雇员把时间、精力卖给雇主,他应该得到薪金一样,是天公地道的事。

盈利是投资保障
有了盈利,员工职业才有保障。

有了盈利,才有股息。

有了盈利,公司资产才会增加。

有了盈利,公司才有能力增加投资,扩展生意。

盈利,是企业的生命。

盈利,是你的投资的最佳保障。

低买长期收稳赚
既然如此,投资者要作出投资决定,易如反掌,那就是只买有盈利公司的股票,没有盈利公司,无论“消息”多么好,一概不买。

盈利长期稳健上升的公司,是最好的公司,低价买进长期收藏,稳赚。

所谓“有盈利”的公司,是以全年,而不是以一季为标准。

一家公司的业务,受到意想不到因素的冲击,在一两季中蒙受亏损,是很平常的事,只要不伤及元气,逆境过后就重振旗鼓,重获盈利,就应归入“有盈利”的公司。

在经济大风暴中,企业蒙受亏蚀,情有可原,只要长期盈利纪录标青,将来赚钱的能力完整无损,就仍有资格列入“有盈利”公司。

实际上,好公司短期受挫,导致股价暴跌,正是买进的良机,这正是反向思维者用武之好时机。

举例说明:亿维雅
亿维雅(Hevea Board)的主要业务是在森美兰的马口设厂制造碎木板(Chipboard)和傢具,由2005至2008盈利日走下坡,但金融海啸后盈利猛力回弹,去年每股净利23仙,以目前64仙的股价计算,本益比仅2.77倍,为上市公司中最低者之一。

该公司在今年9月底时负债1亿6700万令吉,等于股东基金的91%,属债高公司之一,在金融风暴中,该公司曾被银行追债而几乎陷困,后来借助法庭庭令才渡过难关。

为了减轻债务,该公司已在今年5月委任顾问,研究将具有良好盈利纪录的子公司亿维雅太平洋(Heveapac)上市,以套取资金减低母公司的负债,该公司也发凭单给股东,凭单长达10年,由今年3月算起。

盯紧第四季盈利
该公司本财务年每季都有可观盈利,首三季每股已取得19.55仙的净利,如果第四季能保持第三季的纪录的话,全年盈利可达25仙,以目前63仙的股价计算,本益比才2.5倍。

假如你购买这只股票的话,我建议你应盯紧该公司第四季的盈利。

如果未来几个季度能保持本财务年首三季的盈利额的话,就说明了该公司已走出了金融海啸的阴影,债务问题亦可迎刃而解。

Saturday, December 11, 2010

Time is Money. Money is Time.

Time is Money
Most people make most of their money by "selling" their time. Some are able to "sell" their time at "obscene" super high price while sold theirs at dirty-cheap price. Their price difference can be amazing XXX times the lowest paid person in the same company.

Unless you have Bank of PaPa or Bank of MaMa behind you, the greatest financial asset generator is our time. We either "sell" it at higher price or "sell" more of it at lower price for the same absolute amount.

So this sense: Time is Money!

Money is Time
When we spend more of our time in making money, we will have more money. But, if we really think or correctly estimate/forecast that we may not need so much more money, then it follows that we will have more time, more time to pursue other things or activities, other than making money.

Money is LIMITLESS; but our time is LIMITED and FINITE. We only live ONCE.

Since we only have that much of our time so it is up to us and ourselves to argue that more money is needed to buy more of the stuff to find pleasure in them is more precious than the time spent on other activities that may not actually require spending of more money? There are some inexpensive ways or you may change the ways to find that your own little pleasures. Seek and you may find them.

Friday, December 10, 2010

Frasers Commercial Trust (FCOT): Trading at an unwarranted discount

High quality assets, strong sponsor.
Frasers Commercial Trust (FCOT) owns 10 properties across three countries with retail and office components. FCOT derives some 52% of its gross revenue from Singapore, which comprises China Square Central, 55 Market Street and Alexandra Technopark. These assets are either high-quality commercial property located near the heart of the financial district or high-tech business space development at the fringe area of the central-region of Singapore. FCOT
also owned four commercial properties in Tokyo & Osaka. Other asset includes Central Park (Perth) which is a premium grade office tower and the tallest building in Perth. Located on St Georges Terrace, Central Park is a pre-eminent business address, in the heart of the CBD and shopping precinct. Its sponsor is Frasers Centrepoint Limited (FCL), subsidiary of F&N, giving FCOT rights of first refusal to a possibly rich pipeline of sponsorowned assets for future acquisition. In the near to middle term, StarHub Centre, Alexandra Point and Valley Point are possibly slated asset injection targets for FCOT, if they prove yield-accretive to unitholders.

Stable income.
FCOT also enjoys a number of blue-chip long-tenure leases (such as Commonwealth of Australia, BHP Billiton Petroleum etc.) and master leases that provide long-term income stability to the REIT along with potential for rental upside. Approximately 65% of FCOT's revenue is derived from such leases. 25% of its gross rental income also has built-in annual rent step-ups. We also see scope to grow income through asset enhancement initiatives and acquisitions.

Trading at an unwarranted discount to book.
But FCOT is trading at a 57% discount-to-book compared to the broader Office REITs which are
trading at 30% discount-to-book. We believe that one reason could be a legacy issue; this being FCOT was formerly known as Allco Commercial REIT before it was bought over by FCL in 2008. However, given the current high quality assets, strong sponsor and stable income, we feel that the high discount is unwarranted. Instead, we apply a more reasonable 40% discount to our RNAV to derive a fair value of S$0.18. This translates to an estimated total return of 14.7% (Price Upside: 8.6%; Distribution Yield: 6.1%).

Maintain BUY rating.
Unit consolidation underway. Meanwhile, FCOT is looking to consolidate five existing units into one, which it opined will improve market perception and attractiveness of its units. It has already gotten in-principle-approval from SGX-ST for the proposal and is now awaiting
unitholders' approval.

Suntec REIT: Downgrade to HOLD on valuation

Private placement to fund MBFC buy.
Suntec REIT recently closed the book of orders for its private placement to partly fund the acquisition of Marina Bay Financial Centre (MBFC) Phase 1. (Recall that Suntec REIT has proposed to acquire a one-third stake in MBFC Phase 1 from Cheung Kong Holdings Ltd and Hutchinson Whampoa Ltd. on an agreed property value of S$1,495.8m, which includes rental support of S$113.9m over a 60-month period from the completion date of the acquisition.) The private placement of 313m new units was 3.1 times oversubscribed, with the issue price per new unit fixed at S$1.37 following an accelerated book-building process. The trading of the new units on SGX-ST has commenced on 9 Dec 2010. The gross proceeds from the private placement amount to approximately S$428.8 million - 97.5% of it will be used to partially finance the acquisition, while 2.5% will be utilized to pay for advisory, underwriting, selling and management fee as well as other estimated fees and expenses.

Tight initial yields.
Suntec estimated that the FY11 net property income (NPI) for the MBFC acquisition to be around S$60.6m. This gives a fairly tight initial yield of 4% on the acquisition. The acquisition will, however, further enhances the income diversification of Suntec and reduce its reliance of income stream on any single property (~75.9% of total NPI of existing portfolio is currently derived from Suntec City). The MBFC acquisition will also act as the trend-setter for the emerging "Premium Grade A" office space that is debuting around Marina Bay area, on the back government's commitment to pump more than S$1b into infrastructure works to support Marina Bay's growth over the next 10-15 years.

Downgrade to HOLD.
While the effective interest rate of 3.12% per annum for the S$1,105m debt facility came in lower than expected, we see the need to increase our cost of equity from 6.0%to 8.2%, as we further finetune our CAPM assumptions to account for the slightly heightened risk aversion in the equity market. This in turn raises our WACC rate from 5.08% to 6.09% and lowers our fair value from S$1.63 to S$1.50. Hence we downgrade our rating to HOLD on valuation grounds, given that its estimated total return is less than 10%, even though we continue to like the trust for its high quality assets and exposure to the Marina Bay area.

Tuesday, December 7, 2010

分享锦集: 富向冷中求

冷门股是指交投不活跃及每天成交量低的股票。

跟交投活跃及每天成交量高的股票,刚好相反。

在这一轮的牛市中,根据证券业人士的估测,到目前为止,活跃参与股票交易的,基本上还是来自投资机构,如公积金局、单位信托、资产管理公司等,股市中人通常称他们为大户。

至于散户,至今仍按兵不动,这种现象一点也不奇怪。

在所有牛市的初期,甚至中期,在熊市中搞到遍体鳞伤的散户,都心有余悸,他们惊魂未定,担心股市的外势只是虚有其表,恐怕进场后再度中计,因此多数采取观望的态度。

反向策略熊市进场
但是,江山易改,“赌”性难移。这些在鳄鱼潭边徘徊的股友,到股市疯狂时,在贪念的催促下,最终“忍无可忍”,还是跳进鳄鱼潭中,成为鳄鱼的点心,历届牛市历史都是这样重演着。
我一再提醒散户,采取反向策略,在熊市中进场,低价买进优质股,就不动如山,心如英语所说的:“坐着走过牛市”,以逃过股市大鳄的利爪,全身以退。

最好策略以静待动
四十年的股市实战经验告诉我,经验不足,财力薄弱的散户,绝对不是大户的对手,要想打败股市是不可能的,散户的最好策略就是以静待动;以不变应万变,不与狼共舞,紧握你的股票,最后一走了之,股市和大鳄都奈何不了你。

股市有如过山车,你在过山车的座位上,套上安全带,任由过山车向前窜高逐低,你就是抓紧栏杆不动,你就会安然无恙的到达终站,如果你自作聪明,企图搞花样的话,你准会被摔出车座送命。

大户在股市中,操作活跃,可以赚钱。因为他们具备散户所无法做到的优越条件。

散户如果跟着他们,闻风起舞的话,最终必定遭殃。

因为散户无论在市场情报、经验、资讯和人才素质方面,都不可能跟他们相比。

股市这个充满陷阱的地方,即使专职专业投资者也难免马失前蹄,何况是玩票性质的无知散户呢?

基金不能购冷门股
大户由于资金庞大,交易数量动辄以千万股计,他们通常只对交易量大及交投活跃的优质股感兴趣,对于交投不活跃,难以买到大宗股票的公司,完全不感兴趣,这也难怪,因为他们所管理的基金,投资者随时都可以退出。

当投资者把投资单位卖回给他们的时候,他们必须在短时间内付款给投资者,如果他们所拥有的股票是交投淡静的冷门股的话,他们无法将股票套现,无法应付投资者的“挤提”的话,他们的基金就有可能面对倒闭的危机,所以,基金不能购买冷门股。

冷门股价值严重被低估
基金对冷门股不感兴趣,往往导致冷门股价值严重被低估,跟热门股形成强烈的对照,热门股受到股票行分析师的青睐,不断的发表研究报告,即使是公司小小的变动,他们也会马上加以分析,作出评估。

所以,热门股,尤其是大资本的优质热门股,它们的价值,尽人皆知,根本不会有隐藏价值的存在。

冷门股就不同了,由于没有人加以分析推荐,交投又不活跃,长期被股市中人冷落,它们被忽略,价值往往被严重低估。

这种股票,只有深读年报,勤于挖掘的投资者,才会发现它们的价值,从而买进,作为长期投资,取得丰厚的回酬。

不买冷门垃圾股
避免投资机构热衷的热门股,把注意力转移至较不热门,长期被忽略的股票,深入挖掘,找出它们的价值,然后好整以暇地买进,作为长期投资,这类股票跌幅有限,上升空间很大,风险也就相应的较低。

但是,投资于冷门股,要特别注意,千万不要买冷门的垃圾股,因为一旦股市大跌,你无法脱售,而所拿着的股票的公司,又长期亏蚀,股票最终可能变成废纸。所以,千万不要买冷门劣股。

冷门股由于交投淡薄,甚至长期没有交易,在这种情形之下,跟非上市公司没有什么分别。所以,在买进的时候,就应抱着投资于非上市公司的态度,准备长期锁在保险箱中。

这种投资法,只有买进盈利长期上升,资产自动增值及负债低的公司,才有可能取得丰厚的回酬,你以低价(以每英亩的买进价格为标准)买进油棕成长股,长期持有,几乎是稳赚的。

有行无市怪现象
买这类股票,享受不到买热门股的刺激,但回酬往往是更可靠及更丰厚。

冷门股之所以会变成冷门,一方面是因为大部分股票操在大股东手中,不会轻易脱售,形成在股市中流通的股票越来越少。

另一个原因是买这些优质冷门股的散户,都是长期投资者,买进后就不卖,结果股市中的流离股进一步减低,形成了有行无市的怪现象。

还有一个原因,就是冷门股多数是资本小的公司,在股市中流通的股票原本就不多,若有人发现其价值,长期吸购的话,票数就更加少,成为冷门股中的冷门。

不可借钱购买
由于冷门股难买难卖,所以,千万不可借钱购买,否则的话,当股价暴跌时,你可能面对银行逼仓,银行不会理会股票的价值,他们的唯一目标是卖掉你的股票,收回债款。所以被逼仓的冷门股,跌幅往往惊人的大。

即使在目前的牛市中,仍可找到价值被低估的冷门股,他们的共同特点是有良好的业绩纪录,资产雄厚,更重要的都是拥有大量现金的公司。

它们每股拥有的现金为:格林尼(RM1.00);哈礼申(RM0.84);菲马机构(RM1.16);KESMI(RM0.76);RCI(RM0.53)。

格林尼的母公司为林威,该公司拥有大量未种植土地,每年增种新树整1万英亩;哈礼申是由印尼华侨控制,菲马集团(Kumpulan Fima)拥有菲马机构(Fima Corp.)约60%股权,KESMI是由新加坡人控制;RCI的母公司为美佳第一控股(MFCB)。

Monday, December 6, 2010

曾渊沧@股友通讯录-2010 年12 月份

11月的股市就像一个倒转的V字,先升后跌,打回原形 。美国联储局开会结果揭晓,将在明年第二季结束之前买入9000亿美元国债,其中6000亿美元是印出来的新钱, 另外3000亿美元是回收的钱。我之前已向大家解释过,过去一年,美国联储局实际上是不断地向市场回收资金而不是注入资金,这是静静地退市。现在,联储局总算清楚地告诉大家,新的注资额有多少、回收资金有多少及回收的钱再重新注入市场有多少。

今次6000亿美元的新增资金多吗?实际上只是市场预期的下限,10月中旬,股市出现调整时,市场所提出来的理由是什么?那就是当时市场突然收到风,说新一轮量化宽松的规模不会太大,大约只有5000亿美元,这与之前更多人以为会像去年那样注入近2万亿美元差得很远。

现在新一轮量化宽松的结果也的确与10月中旬市场所收到的风或者说预计的金额差不多,是属於市场较低的预期。有趣的是, QE2只有6000亿美元,与预期2万亿差得很远,只是市场预期的低位,11月上旬股市凭什么大幅上升?

原因只有一个,那就是大户已经控制了市场的情绪。大户不理QE2的规模,硬把股价炒上,试一试市场可以接受的短期顶位在哪里,股市一升,人的贪念就出现,人人争着买,股价就再升;QE2公布后,好消息已出尽,还有什么理由炒?好消息出尽,没了好消息,股市就会向反方向「创造」坏消息。是的,近日的坏消息,除了两韩
炮战之外,余者皆是大鳄精心炮制出来的。先是人为的制造中国加息的恐慌;然后是已沦为大鳄打手的美国评级
机构对欧洲几个国家的国债评级降低;当股市一跌,人的恐惧心就出现,不卖掉股票睡不着。如果你至今仍无法
克服贪婪与恐惧心,你肯定不可能是一名一流的投资者。

中国国务院推出4招來压通胀,分别为确保市场供应、完善补贴制度、加强监管及严惩恶意炒作,还说必要时要直接干预物价。这是一边放火,一边救火的作法,一手推动内需,增加老百姓的钱,制造通胀,另一手则压通胀。这对在新加坡上市的龙筹股带來压力。我一直认为,通胀不是大问题,如果收入高过通胀,通胀只是「快
乐的」问题。

台湾的五都选举终於结束了,这一次的选举,最大的特点是不论国民党或是民进党,都绝口不提台湾与大陆之间的独统问题, 大家集中话题於地方行政、论政积、地方发展蓝图… … 这是好事, 天大的好事。
2000年,民进党陈水扁上台后,台独课题就成了陈水扁的炒作,吸取选票的唯一方法,陈水扁对台湾的经济发展不关心,个人是大贪官。但是,为了争取选票,就不断地玩弄统独问题,把台湾民众撕裂、互相仇视,结果
社会严重分裂,终於民进党被陈水扁搞垮了。2008年,国民党重新上台执政,民进党痛定思痛之後,决定放弃陈水扁那一套,以理性、务实的态度重新定位。意味着两岸关系将维持相当长的一段良好关系,因为民进党已经改变了,变为务实得多的政党,不会无缘无故地像当年李登辉、陈水扁那样挑起事端、制造紧张。将来,台湾两党轮替,就算民进党再度执政,两岸关系也不会有太大的改变,极端思想已失去市场,务实思想成了主流。很肯定的,这对投资者而言是天大的好事。

南北韩局势突然紧张,过去许多年,每隔一段时间,北韩穷极就会发恶,目前就是要收点钱。北韩在打两百枚炮弹之前,可能早已事前在全球各地股市大量沽空。
南韩身娇肉贵,不想打仗。对中国而言,今日的中国也不会再打韩战了,因此当北韩闹事闹到差不多时,相信中国会出手制止北韩再胡闹。北韩也心知肚明,吓唬吓唬可以,真的大战,美军实力足以占领北韩,南北韩局势尽管紧张,但是不会真的变成大战。

股市走势依然飘忽,不要去猜,也不必猜。现在比较值得做的事是趁调整买入之前你想买而未买的股,经过了这一轮的调整后,部份股份的股价出现了相当大幅度的调整,PE下降了,我认为也许是时候考虑吸纳。我经说,投资要有耐性,当人人一哄而入,抢购PE极高的股时,你应该耐心地等调整。一场大牛市,股价不是天天向上,而是经历多次的调整,想买股,就应该坚守不买贵的原则,等股价出现调整,PE相对较低时才市。同时,也不可以有「捞底」的态,我们不可能很准确的以最低价买入,只要你认为PE值是相对低就行了,买入后股价是升是跌都不要理。

Tuesday, November 30, 2010

分享锦集:李小龙的双节棍

环绕着股票投资这个课题,写了四十年的文章,写来写去,都脱离不了基本面。

忠实的读者,对我写的东西都有“熟头熟脸”的感觉。这也难怪,因为基本面的道理,无非是那一套,根本不可能有新奇怪异的论调。看得多了,有老生常谈之感,也是再自然不过的事。

请不要以为你说我“老生常谈”,我会感到不高兴,恰好相反,我反而感到荣幸,有被恭维的感觉,因为这表示我的主张,数十年不变。

条条大路通罗马
四十年前悟出来的投资道理,四十年后的今天,保持不变。一种主张,经得起四十年的考验,说明了它的扎实基础,我对基本面深信不疑,是因为它以绩效证明它的价值。

条条大路通罗马。股票投资赚钱法,五花八门,各路人马在股市中各显神通;尽管法宝各异,但结果却大致相同,都赚到了钱。

假如你研究世界成功投资家的窍门的话,你会发现没有两个人所用的方法是相同的,但他们都同样成功。

通过股票投资,为他们自己或是他们所主持的基金,创造了财富,其中最著名的,当然首推巴菲特,他单靠投资股票,成为世界第二富有的人,仅次于微软的盖茨。

研究巴菲特的书,汗牛充栋,然而,世界并未出现第二个巴菲特。可见巴菲特所用的方法,只适用于他本人,别人模仿不得。尽管他的主张具有极大的普遍性,但别人应用起来,却不灵光。

就好像同是剑,在剑客手中,可以出神入化,但在普通武夫手中,却发挥不了威力。

模仿别人不明智
日前重新欣赏李小龙电影,发现一条双节棍在他手中舞劲,成为最犀利的武器;假如在门外汉手中舞动的话,不但不能克敌致胜,反而会敲破自己头。

可见模仿别人,并非明智之举。要在股市投资成功,惟一的可靠途径,是走自己的道路——一条独特的,适合你自己的路,然后坚定不移的走下去。造次必于是,颠沛必于是,这样,才有可能在股市中扬眉吐气。

每个人的性格、财务情况、人生观、环境、负担,都不一样,因此所形成的投资哲理,也必然完全不同。

例如性格稳健的人,最适合他的,应该是稳扎稳打的投资者,他只要发挥他的特长,在股市中买进基础扎实,盈利平稳的股票,比如种植股,长期持有,成功的可能性就大大的提高。

如果他不了解自己的性格,采取投机的投资概念,在股市中抢进杀出,企图快速致富的话,最后必然焦头烂额。

坚忍不拔精神
股票投资,不是单靠知识就可以成功的,要成功必须具备其他成功条件。

其中之一就是坚忍不拔的精神,股票投资,胜败是兵家常事,那些经不起失败考验,股市大跌时变得垂头丧气,甚至神经兮兮的人,不大可能在股市投资成功。

股市中另一种常见的,是“鸵鸟型”投资者,股市沸腾时他意气风发,股市崩溃时,他连看股市的勇气也没有。

成功的投资者,是无论股市兴衰,他都紧盯其股票,沉着应战,在险象环生的环境中杀出一条血路。

没有免费午餐
还有一种常见的失败者,是永远不会从失败中吸取经验的人,他一再重复错误,明知是错误的做法,却没有改弦易辙的决心,就这样一直错下去,奇怪的是他也不会离开股市,这种“长亏”型投资者,俯拾即是。

股市中没有免费的午餐,一分耕耘,才会有一分收获。许多人有一种错误的想法,以为股市是最容易赚钱的地方,实际上刚好相反,股市赚钱难,难赚钱。

惟有观念正确,肯下苦功做功课,有坚忍不拔的精神及极大的耐心的人,才有可能在股市赚钱。

孟子曰“梓匠轮舆能与人规矩,不能使人巧”《尽心篇》(白话:制作车轮、车箱的木匠,能把方法传授给他人,却不能使他人技艺巧妙)。

同样的,股票投资的基本法则并不难懂,但如何应用这些法则在股市投资成功,却还要靠投资者自己去领悟与摸索,没有人可以帮助你,这就是世界至今还没有出现第二个巴菲特的原因。

投资是个人化
股票投资是非常个人化的事,别人帮不了忙。所以投资大师邓普顿说:“最好的投资决定来自个人,并非来自一个委员会。”别人的意见,只能作为参考,却不可全盘照收,因为别人并没有为你赚钱的义务,你享受你的投资成果,所以你必须承担你的投资责任,要别人承担你的投资失败是不公平的。

根据自己的情况,建立自己投资理念,找出适合自己道路,择善而固执,坚决不移的走下去,只要长期能为你赚钱,就是走对了路,切勿轻易改变跑道。

记住,适合别人的,未必适合你。所以不要羡慕别人,只管沿着你的道路走下去,一定能走出一个春天来。

分享锦集:深读年报 寻宝藏

股票投资者在收到他持有股份的公司的常年报告书之后,能翻开来细读的,少之又少。

大部分投资者,对年报都不屑一顾,更不要说深入阅读了。

而他投资于这家公司的资金,可能多达百万令吉,投入这么大笔的资金,却对有关公司的实况,一无所知,这种草率的态度,实在令人费解。

大部分股票投资者,都申诉股票资料难找,实际上刚好相反。

上市公司都必须遵守上市条例,按时公布公司的营业状况,这就是公司每三个月发布一次的季报和每年发布一次的年报,他们所必须公布的资料都是上市条例所规定的,不得偷工减料,这些资料足供投资者评估股票的价值。

投资者只要细读,对公司股份的价值,即使不能深入了解,最低限度,也会有一个清楚的概念。

谣言出错高
可惜大部分投资者都不肯花时间、精神去做功课,反而到处打听消息,听信谣言,以此作为买进卖出的根据,根据不可靠的资料作出的决定,出错的机会当然较高,难怪股市中人,总是亏多赚少。

了解公司进展
在股票研究中,年报是主要的资料来源,其重要性不言而喻。假如你要长期在股市中生存,养成阅读年报的习惯,是最起码的条件。

一家公司的年报,习惯上只报告过去一年的营业进展,过去的略而不提。所以,要了解一家公司,一定要阅读多年的年报,对公司的进展,才能了然于心。

我们知道,所有企业的营运,都是连续性的,如果只读一年的年报,对过去一无所知,你很难对公司的业务进程,有清楚的认识。

年报了解演变
这种情形,就好像我们只读断代史,无法了解一个国家的演变一样。所以,投资者除了读当年的年报之外,最好是同时阅读历年的年报。

马来西亚股票交易所由2002年起,通过www.bursamalaysia.com,给投资者免费提供的年报、季报和公司的文告,2002年以来的资料全部完整的保存在该所的网站中,这些都是非常宝贵的资料,不好好的利用,实在可惜。

评价资产价值
年报中刊载了非常宝贵的资料,如果你深入阅读的话,你不难找到宝藏。

这些都是非常难得的“贴士”,善加应用,可能为你带来意想不到的财富。

大家都知道,评估股票价值的三个最常用标准为本益比、周息率和每股净有形资产价值。买进股票的其中一个考量是:有关股票的价值是不是被低估?而评定价值是不是被低估的其中一个标准,就是每股净有形资产价值是不是比市价高。

考虑前途展望
当然,每股净有形资产价值只是评估标准之一,一只股票值不值得买进,除了净有形资产价值之外,还要考虑其他的因素,例如前途展望。

所有的年报,都会提供该公司股票的每股净有形资产价值(Net Tangible Asset Per Share,简称NTA)。账目中所提供的数字,到底可靠不可靠?是比市价低还是高?

随手举一个例子说明:如果你翻阅刚出炉的第一控股工业(FACB IND)年报的话,你就可以找到答案。

轻易算出产业价值

每一本年报都有一个“产业表”,列出该公司所拥有的房地产的地点、用途、面积、年龄、地契年期(永久性还是租用期地契)、账面价值和估值年份。

从这些资料,你可以轻易的算出有关产业的价值,从而看出该公司的产业价值是高过或低过市价。

【例一】第一控股工业

就以第一控股工业来说,该公司在两个工业区拥有厂地和厂房:

第一个是在麻坡的丹绒阿卡斯工业区拥有约5英亩厂地,为梦乡床垫(Dreamland)的制造厂所在地(第一控股工业的前身为梦乡),这组厂房厂地在账目中的价值为312万6000令吉,或是每平方尺14令吉39仙,估值年度为1991年。目前在账目中的价值仍为19年前的价值。

19年来,这些厂地厂房的价值涨了多少倍?现在的市值是多少?我们无从估计,但有一点是肯定的,市值必然高过19年前的价值。

第二个地点是在雪兰莪莎阿南工业区的厂地和厂房,也就是该公司主要业务——白钢厂所在地,厂地20.144英亩,99年地契,到2098年届满,账面价值为3724万5000令吉,估值年度为1992年。

到底这18年来,莎阿南的工业地涨了多少倍?我没有足够的资料可以佐证。但常识告诉我们:18年前买下的厂地,现在价值肯定已上涨了几倍。所以,3724万5000令吉的账面价值,肯定是被低估。

所以,假如第一控股工业重估其地产的话,该公司的每股净有形资产价值,肯定比年报中的2令吉16仙为高。

【例二】金狮工业

金狮工业是另一个典型例子。该公司在巴生武吉拉查的60英亩钢铁厂厂地,在账目中的价值仅3160万令吉,那是1994年的估值,现在涨了多少倍?

该公司的地产多达30宗,分散在雪、甲、柔、槟等高成长区,估值年度由1991至2008年不等,市价肯定比账面价值高。

换句话说,金狮工业的每股净有形资产价值肯定高过年报中的4令吉25仙。

【例三】金兴工业

金兴工业(Kim Hin)是一家瓷砖制造厂。在古晋、芙蓉、上海、澳洲设有工厂及仓库。这些产业的估值年度为古晋:1992(31英亩);芙蓉:1989(15.15英亩);上海:1992(53英亩);澳洲悉尼:1995(4.87英亩);雪兰莪加埔:2005(5.98英亩)。

目前的价值,肯定比账面价值高几倍。如果重新估值,每股净有形资产价值肯定比3令吉08仙的账面价值高,难怪该公司大股东持续不断的从股市吸购该公司的股票。

该公司的每股现金及准现金(债券、单位信托等),几乎等于其股票市价。

【例四】东方实业

东方实业(Oriental Holdings)在年报中,以18页的编幅,列出该公司所拥有的房地产。

这些遍布大马各州及印尼的产业,用途包括园丘、工业地、酒店、商业地等,估值年度由1968年到2009年,但绝大部分是80及90年代的估值,除非全面重新估值,否则该公司董事恐怕也无法准确知道其价值。

但有一点是可以肯定的,这些房地产的市值,肯定比账面价值不知高多少倍。

换句话说,东方实业的每股净有形资产价值,肯定比在6月30日时的7令吉43仙为高。更值得注意的是,该公司在6月底时的净现金高达近20亿令吉,成为大马现金最充沛的上市公司之一。

我随手举几个例子,旨在说明一点:股价虽然已屡创高峰,实际上,许多上市公司的每股净有形资产价值仍比市价低一截。像这类公司,其实还很多,只要你深入阅读年报,你不难有所发现。

我要特别指出:每股净有形资产价值,只是评估股票价值是否被低估的标准之一而已。一只股票是否值得买进,还要配合其他的因素如本益比、周息率、现金流、前途展望等,才能决定,不能单看每股净资产价值。

但是,假如其他因素相同的话,每股净有形资产价值雄厚的公司,其股票更值得投资。

年报蕴藏着许多宝藏,等待你去发掘。有恒地深读年报,必有所发现。

分享锦集:莫做股市“过动儿”

去年8月15日,我在这个专栏发表一篇题为“不动如山两年”的文章,劝告股票投资者,握紧他们的股票为期两年,以博取厚利。

当时,大马综合指数为1,100点,15个月后的今天,指数已升至1,500点,那些坚守“不动如山”策略的股友,已取得非常丰厚的盈利。

次贷金融海啸于2009年第一季触底时,大马综合指数约为850点,在回升至1,100点时,许多股票分析师认为经济的复苏不可靠,股市回升得太快,纷纷警告股市将回跌,因此劝告股友套利离场。

我不同意此种看法和做法,因此才提出“不动如山两年”的主张,我认为散户应充份利用复苏机会,赚取厚利,太早离场,错过赚取厚利良机,未免可惜,毕竟金融海啸,恐怕10年也不会再现。

我主张“不动如山”,是我认为这是最适合散户的策略,可以减低风险,而获利最丰。如果散户自作聪明,不断的在股市中抢进杀出,愈买愈高,风险也愈大,所获盈利,未必比“不动如山”更多,倒不如以静待动,坐享其成。

抢进杀出
更重要是抢进杀出,精神受尽焦虑的煎熬,情绪不稳,影响健康、工作效率和家庭生活,所付出的代价太大,即使赚到钱,也是得不偿失,倒不如“不动如山”,安安稳稳赚钱,逍逍遥遥过活。

许多人对股票投资,有一种错误的想法,认为在股市中买卖越活跃,赚钱就越多,动作与盈利成正比。实际上刚好相反,在股市中越活跃,越难赚钱,反而是动作越少的人,赚钱越易,股市“过动儿”赚钱的少之又少。

动作要少
在这一轮的金融海啸中,不少人在谷底时买到股票,但大部份都在股价略为回升时就套利离场,所赚有限,无法弥补熊市中的损失。

在卖出后眼巴巴的看着股价以大涨小回调的形式上升,才为之痛心疾首,徒呼负负。

反而是那些在谷底买进后就紧握股票至今的投资者,取得惊人的回酬,充份说明了动作越少越好,这种做法,表面上看起来是老土,实际上是大智若愚。

在过去一年多中,世界经济发生了几件惊天动地的大事,首先是迪拜的倒账,接着是欧洲债市的濒临崩溃,悲观的经济学家及预言家,纷纷发出了经济“双底”论,认为世界经济将出现W的势。

这些论调,使在次贷金融海啸中惊魂未定的投资者,风声鹤唳,不敢在股市久留,结果错过了赚钱良机。

预言只可参考不能尽信
现在,再也没有人提迪拜事件、欧洲债务危机了。当然也没有人再提“双底”衰退了。我为今旧事重提,难免有事后孔明之讥,实际上,我是要藉以说明两点:

1.是经济学家和股市预言家的预言,失准的次数远多於准确的次数,因此,只可用作参考,切不可尽信。

2.许多事件,其严重性被过份渲染,甚至以偏盖全,误导对经济和股市认识不深的投资者,使他们对将来的趋势,以及前景,作错误诠释,从而作出错误的判断,坐失投资良机。

是的,现在毕竟已事过境迁,多说於事无补,目前大家所关心的是:将来的经济和股市走向如何?投资者该怎样做?当美国道琼斯工业指数回升至11,444点,而大马股市指数突破1,500点时,投资者是否应继续留在股市?手中没有股票的人该不该进场?

我的主张是:

1.手中已有股票的,应“不动如山一年”,一年以后审时度势再行决定去留。

2.手中没有股票的,应把重点转移至第2线股价尚未大幅度窜升,而价值仍被低估的股票,买进后紧握不放,等待牛市的出现。

股市难测
我没有预测股市动向的能力,也不认为任何人有这种能力,因为股市是不可预测的。无数的人企图采用各种的“工具”,预测股市动向,成功的巴仙率低之又低。

通常股市分析师都言之有理,问题是股市根本是不可理喻,因此一切的预言,不妨作为参考,切忌全盘照收。在这种情形之下,我们根据什么进行投资?

答案是:根据股票的价值。

在买进的时候,一定要作好心理准备:我们是认为一个牛市正在浮现,但是,万一我们的预测失准,那么,我们现在所买进的股票,是否物有所值?是否有前途?

反败为胜
如果买价合理,而公司前途亮丽,盈利会持续上升。

那么,即使股市逆转,股价回调,我们所买的股票价值与日俱增,暂时蒙受亏损,将来仍有机会回升,仍有机会反败为胜。

如果听信似是而非的传言买进劣股的话,一旦股市逆转,股价暴跌后,因公司蒙受亏蚀而使股价长期不振,投资者就没翻身机会了。

在无法预测股市的情况下,以“价值”作为买进的原则,是较为可靠的方法。

在买进时,一定要问自己:万一股价暴跌,我有胆识买进更多同一只股票吗?

如果答案是“是”的话,则不妨买进,如果是“否”的话,则最好不要买进。不敢在股价暴跌后买进更多同一只股票,说明了你对该股没有信心,而没有信心是因为你认识不够,或是对该股前途没有信心,切勿投资於你认识不够及没有信心的股票,这是股票投资不可妥协的铁则。

不动如山
美国经济复苏的步伐,已更稳健,大马周边国家如印尼、泰国、菲律宾的股市在外资炒作下,屡创新高,外资会移师大马吗?大马利息低沉,游资充沛,原产品龙腾虎跃,产业市场炽热,股市会长期蛰伏不动吗?1993年的牛市会重演吗?

在没有人能斩钉截铁地回答这些问题的情况下,散户最好的避险策略,就是不动如山。不动如山多久?去年8月我提出“不动如山两年”,一年已过去了,我现在建议“不动如山一年”。

建议选股标准:

1.股价合理(本益比10倍以下)

2.盈利有增长(来年盈利可望比往年高)

3.债低,若债高则必须现金流平稳。

4.周息率高於银行定存利息。

5.行业景气走上坡。

Monday, November 29, 2010

Suntec REIT May Fall On Private Placement News

Expect knee-jerk reaction to Suntec REIT''s planned placement of up to 320 million new units, as 3.5%-6.0% discount to S$1.43 last traded price may spur some selling; REIT selling units at S$1.34-S$1.38, raising up to S$428.8 million to part finance acquisition of one-third stake in MBFC Towers 1, 2, Marina Bay Link Mall, 695 parking spaces.

No details on management''s expectation for DPU accretion, but increased exposure to grade-A office space in upcoming Marina Bay widely seen as positive, with office currently hottest among Singapore property segments.

Deutsche Bank, which has Buy rating, S$1.65 target, estimates slight 2.8%-3.5% (0.25-0.31 cents) accretion to FY11 DPU from buy; when buy announced in October said "operationally, while retail continues to be relatively weak, demand trends for office are positive."

No details on when trade to resume; units likely to hold above issue price range.

Wednesday, November 24, 2010

塞思·卡拉曼:现金管理的意义

塞思·卡拉曼经常保持45%-50%的现金,但这并不妨碍他在20余年的时间里取得年均复合超过20%的回报率。

虽然沃伦·巴菲特曾说现金是垃圾,但卡拉曼深知,有时候现金就是最好的投资。以日本市场为例,由于日本隔夜储蓄市场的利率几乎为零,因此许多投资者从该市场退出并在其他地方寻找投资。2003年6月,他们接受了年收益率仅为0.44%的10年期债券。到了10月,这一债券价格从高于面值跌至面值的90%以下——使得收益率超过1.5%。于是投资者在这4个月中赔的钱是他们持有这一荒唐定价的债券整整10年获得的总回报的两倍还多。

现金就是最好的投资,不过,这一点却常常被投资者所忽略,其中也包括我个人在内。如果说许多投资者认为在市场下跌时持有现金尚且是难以容忍的,那么在市场上涨时持有现金更是考虑都不会考虑的策略——从这一点似乎可以折射出投资者是时不时地讨厌现金,这真是一件很有趣的事。这也难怪,对于他们而言,没有完全动用所有的现金,似乎就赚不到钱,因此应该将现金充分利用,使之最大化。还有他们过于看重相对表现,也就是回报与市场相比如何,这也是不能保持现金的重要原因。为了在某一个上涨的市场中避免表现不好,许多职业投资者甚至制定保持满仓的强制指令。

与大多数投资者相反,卡拉曼一直认为成功的投资要求必须认识到,持有现金是什么都不做直至极富吸引力的投资机会出现的安全投资之道。它提供了虽然很有限但是正的收益率、本金的彻底安全以及完全即时的流动性。一定要深刻认识到,在没有更好的投资选择的情况下,微小的正回报率并且几乎不存在风险的现金并不是一个一个很糟糕的投资对象。卡拉曼的看法是,没有极富吸引力的投资选择,投资者就应该持有现金,这不是因为他们做了一个由上而下的资产配置决策决定持有现金,而是基于从下而上寻找廉价投资得出的结果。包普斯特都是在最好的机会出手,否则就持有现金,即便现金占投资合伙企业资产的比重已经很高。

当卡拉曼的包普斯特基金投资时,都要将每一个投资和现金进行比较。如果一笔投资优于现金的程度足够高——该投资提供的回报高于适当的风险,那么这笔投资可以做。值得注意的是,做出这笔投资并不是因为现金不好,而是因为这笔投资很好。出于其他任何理由放弃现金都是危险的想法,并将大幅提高风险水平。

巴菲特也有类似的看法观点,虽然他曾说最差的投资就是持有现金。然而对于自己持有足够的现金,巴菲特解释说,这能让他不会在睡觉的时候感到担忧。但这并不意味着他喜欢将现金作为一种投资。“长期内现金是无利可图的投资。但你总要有足够的现金,以避免别人可以决定你的未来。”这几乎就是现金管理的意义所在。

不过,对于价值投资者而言,知道在没有更好的投资机会的情况下应该持有现金是一回事,真正将这种想法付诸实施则是另一回事。当许多人因为投机而大赚特赚的时候,你很难无动于衷。卡拉曼发现推动一个人投机的不是投机的诱惑,而是一个人想做什么的愿望。但是,什么都不做也是一种策略:什么都不做意味着寻找潜在的投资并排除掉那些不能满足你的投资标准。但是从情感角度来说,什么都不做看起来就像无事可做,这会让人觉得不舒服、没有作为、没有想象力、没有激情,并且可能在一段时间内的投资落后与大市。这就是人类一种奇怪的心理状态。

然而,也就是在这时候,或许才能真正知道特立独行是一种什么样的感觉,特别是当持有大量现金的时候。因此没有什么人能够这么做,当然巴菲特这样做了,卡拉曼也这样做了,不过肯定只有很少的人能够理解为什么会有人这么做。而且,相信未来将出现比目前更好的投资机会并不能保证未来真的出现更好的机会。谁知道明天的投资者

会愿不愿意为证券付出更高的价格呢?与为今天的证券支付更高的价格相比,等待未来出现廉价投资这一策略可能更好。不过,明天的估值水平可能会更高。另外,脱离满仓的大众很长一段时间是一个紧张、羞辱和消沉的体验,这几乎就是心理层面的东西了。

卡拉曼指出,许多投资者总是将现金可怜的当前收益率和股票收益率进行比较,而在比较中现金总是落败。因此,他们不管这些投资选择的绝对估值可能处于多么离谱的水平。如此看来,对于许多投资者而言,最紧迫的问题是他们的投资视距太短。关于投资,一个最大的问题是今天可以获得的投资机会并不是你应该考虑的投资机会的全部。仅仅根据今天的机会来选择投资对象如同在你高中的班级选择配偶一样地狭隘。卡拉曼说,准确预测未来投资机会的数量和吸引力很难,或许是不可能的,但是忽略它们不存在就愚蠢了。永远不要仅仅根据今天的机会来选择投资对象。

控房价、抑物价必使股市上涨

交换、购买是工业社会的核心,股市是经济的晴雨表,经济增长加快,股市上涨;经济衰退,股市下跌,这是工业社会人们早已熟悉的真理。商业社会是投资为主的时代,价值、投资是商业社会的核心,人们在商业社会始终都在寻找投资的对象,能够带来价值的商品是人们在工业社会后期形成的大量货币投资的标的物。

工业社会投资的品种比较单一,它是以发展经济为主的时代,所以投资品种基本就是股市,进入商业社会,发生了深刻的变化,人们的投资品种非常丰富,主要的投资是房地产投资,它能够带来社会价值(即社会支持),获得名誉。还有农副产品在工业社会的二元经济结构下,长期被低估,部分资金进入农副产品市场进行投资,获得人际价值。因此出现了人们担心的通货膨胀(物价全面上涨过快)和加速上涨的房价泡沫,也就出现了今天的控房价、抑物价。

按照人们学习的经济学理论,在提高存款准备金和加息的压力下,股市肯定是下跌的,也是不利于经济的发展(货币收紧)。但是从价值营销理论的分析中,正好得出相反的结论,控房价和抑物价,运用跳跃思维使所有投资的资金进入股市进行有价证券的投资,控房价和抑物价的政策越来越严厉,股市上涨的资金就会越来越宽裕,必将促使股市迅速上涨,在商业社会根本不用担心资金面(基本面)适当收紧给股市带来多大的影响,相反它只能证明政府抑制通胀的决心和能力,并非针对经济发展采取的政策取向。

Tuesday, November 23, 2010

World's Top Retirement Havens For 2011

As we move toward the start of the new year, it's time to take a look at the world map to identify the world's top retirement havens for 2011. Depending on the size of your retirement budget, here's where you should be looking to realize the adventure-filled retirement of your dreams.

Super Affordable
1. Nicaragua -- specifically Leon, Granada, and San Juan del Sur. Nicaragua is more attractive than ever for one important reason: It's a super cheap place to live. I've been a fan of this misunderstood country since my first visit nearly 20 years ago. Property values, especially for beachfront property along the Pacific, reached bubble status last decade. Today prices are more realistic and more negotiable. In the meantime, the cost-of-living has remained seriously low. And last year Nicaragua inaugurated a new and improved foreign retiree residency program. For all these reasons, 2011 is the time to put this country at the top of your super-cheap overseas retirement list.

2. Ecuador -- specifically Cuenca. Ecuador is well established as an affordable retirement choice. A friend calls it, "the cheapest place in the world where you'd want to live". This expat-friendly country also has a pleasant climate.

3. Colombia -- specifically Medellin. This moderately priced country is cultured and sophisticated. To live an expat-standard lifestyle in Colombia, I think you would need to spend more than you would in Nicaragua or Ecuador. Real estate, on the other hand, especially in certain areas of this country, can be a screaming bargain.

4. Thailand -- specifically Chiang Mai. This exotic and adventure-filled country can be, in parts, extraordinarily affordable and even peaceful.

Moderately Priced

1. Panama -- specifically Las Tablas, Boquete, and Panama City. Panama City has the best infrastructure in all of Central America, but it no longer qualifies as super-cheap. Other places in the country can be affordable. But the cost-of-living and of real estate in the capital and other more developed parts of the country has risen to the point where I wouldn't include Panama on our list of bargain havens.

2. Uruguay -- specifically Montevideo. Uruguay is safe and stable with a good standard of living.

3. Argentina -- specifically Buenos Aires and Mendoza. This is another country that used to qualify as super-cheap but has grown steadily more expensive. Still, Argentina has much to offer in the way of lifestyle.

4. Belize -- specifically Ambergris Caye and the Cayo. Ambergris Caye has white sand and the best diving in the Caribbean. This area isn't absolutely cheap, but it can be relatively affordable compared with the cost-of-living and of owning beachfront real estate on other Caribbean islands. Elsewhere in Belize can be far more affordable than Ambergris. The Cayo, for example, is a beautiful frontier where you can escape from the real world and create your own future. It's also an English-speaking country.

5. Malaysia -- specifically Kuala Lumpur and Penang. This is the most user-friendly and expat-friendly choice in Asia. Malaysia is the only country in this part of the world that makes it relatively easy for a foreigner to establish legal full-time residency.

Luxury on a Budget

1. Mexico -- specifically Puerto Vallarta. My recently-rediscovered top pick for living the good life on a reasonable budget is Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. This is a fully turn-key overseas retirement option that, unlike Ajijic and Chapala, has managed to retain its Mexico-ness. This charming town boasts great restaurants and nightlife. The beaches, marinas, and golf courses are beautiful. This is my top 2011 choice for a five-star retirement at the beach on a three-star budget.

2. France -- specifically Paris and Languedoc. France is a country of superlatives and one of the best places on earth to live well. Paris has the world's best luxury lifestyle options while Languedoc offers quintessential French country living.

Get started now, and you could be living the good life in your new home overseas by this time next year.

Monday, November 15, 2010

How to Protect Yourself from the Crash of 2011

There’s going to be a massive stock and bond market selloff in the first half of 2011.

Not only that, the selloff could cause a worldwide financial disaster, global market crashes and the destruction of wealth that will make the popping of the dotcom and housing bubbles feel like a mild inconvenience.

Why?
Because, quite simply, America is playing a dangerous game of “chicken” with its national debt. And the ramifications are extraordinary. I’m going to explain the situation and give you three ways to protect yourself from this mess before it’s too late…

Debt Doomsday: Coming in May 2011
America’s debt ceiling currently stands at $14.3 trillion. This is the level that, by law, the government’s debt is not allowed to exceed.

Trouble is, the government’s present debt has swelled to $13.7 trillion.

This means that at the current rate, we’re on course to smash through that $14.3 trillion ceiling around May 2011 (although it might happen a month or two later, depending on what budget cuts are enacted in the next few months and how quickly they’re implemented).

So what will the government do about this? Same thing it’s done almost every year since 1962: Raise the debt ceiling so America can pay its bills.

Congress really has no choice in the matter either. If the ceiling isn’t raised, we’ve got a problem. A very big one.

A Fistful of Dominos
Without Congressional approval for additional debt, the U.S government cannot pay its bills – most notably, interest payments on treasury bonds, bills and notes.

If America defaults on those payments, or even misses them by just one day, the domino effect would be brutal…

Domino #1: The country would lose its AAA credit rating and those bonds, bills and notes would no longer enjoy their status as the safest investments on the planet.

Domino #2: In turn, a lower credit rating would mean that the United States would pay higher interest on its bonds in order to attract investors. Result?

Domino #3: A tidal wave of selling through fixed income markets, driving interest rates higher still.

Domino #4: Social Security would be hit hard, as its funds are invested in Treasuries. Suddenly, Social Security would have far less resources than just a day or two earlier.

Domino #5: If money is pouring out of so-called “safe” investments, you can bet that in that kind of environment, the demand for riskier investments would be next to nil. Stocks and financial markets around the globe would plummet.
So why is this year’s Congressional raising of the debt limit different than every other?

To Raise or Not to Raise?
Simple: This year, some members of Congress have said they won’t vote to raise the debt ceiling. And they may be serious this time.

Earlier this year, 38 Republican Senators voted against raising the ceiling. However, they did so, knowing full well that they’d be outvoted and that the limit would be raised despite their “objections.” That way, they could return to their Congressional districts, claiming some semblance of fiscal responsibility.

Their vote didn’t matter so much back then… but with the Republicans having wrestled control of the House of Representatives last week, it sure does now.

It throws up an interesting dilemma. The Republicans – and particularly the Tea Party candidates who ran on a platform of cutting spending and the deficit – will have a very difficult choice to make. Either go back on their word and vote for an increase in the debt ceiling, or vote against it and run the risk of financial calamity.

It’s still early, but some Senators are already threatening to vote “no.”

Senator-elect Rand Paul of Kentucky has indicated that he won’t vote in favor of raising the debt ceiling.
South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint said he won’t vote to raise the limit unless it’s combined with some plan to balance the budget, return to 2008 spending levels and repeal President Obama’s healthcare plan.
When asked if he’d vote against a debt ceiling increase, even if it leads to a government shutdown, Utah Senator-elect Mike Lee answered, “It’s an inconvenience. It would be frustrating to many people and it’s not a great thing, yet at the same time, it’s not something we can rule out.”
And Republican National Committee Chairman Michael Steele told CNN, “We’re not going to compromise on raising more debt or the debt ceiling.”
This may be a dangerous political strategy…

History Repeating? Not Likely…
In 1995, the Republicans threatened President Clinton with shutting down the government if he didn’t agree to their budget. Clinton vowed that he’d never agree to it, even if his approval rating fell to 5%.

He won, too. The government did in fact shut down and the Republicans were the focal point of America’s anger. President Clinton’s approval numbers actually went up.

Flash forward to today. President Obama is likely aware of this history. And while he may be willing to negotiate on spending cuts, he will not repeal healthcare reform, which is the hallmark of his Presidency.

For Obama, though, the situation in 2011 will be much worse than it was for Clinton in 1995. I’m talking about a meltdown in the stock and bond markets.

Bill Busting… Washington Style
Bruce Bartlett, a former advisor to President Reagan and deputy assistant secretary for economic policy at the Treasury Department under President George H.W. Bush, recently stated, “You introduce even the tiniest little bit of doubt into the minds of ultra-conservative investors and that’s potentially disastrous. It hurts our ability to raise money without a risk premium.”

Representative John Boehner, the new Speaker of the House, appears to be more realistic than his colleagues in the Senate. He’s indicated that he’d vote for raising the debt ceiling as long as it accompanies spending reductions.

The bottom line, though, is this: The Senate likely doesn’t have the votes to defeat a bill to raise the debt ceiling, while the House does.

And in the end, it doesn’t matter. The bill doesn’t have to be defeated. A filibuster accomplishes the same thing. Don’t forget, this bill must be passed by the date we hit the ceiling, otherwise the government goes into default. It’s not something that can be put off until later.

So, in fact, a filibuster is even more powerful than a “no” vote. And the mere threat of a filibuster could spook investors badly enough to sell first and ask questions later.

You need to go about protecting yourself as soon as possible…

Protect Yourself From America’s Debt Showdown

There are a few investments that will likely do well in the chaotic environment I just described…

Gold: The resilient yellow metal should soar as the U.S. dollar sinks and investors flee to safety. If you don’t want to own the metal itself, you can buy the SPDR Gold Shares Trust (NYSE: GLD) ETF, which serves as a close proxy to the price of gold bullion.

Short Treasuries (Option 1): Consider the ProShares Short 20+ Year Treasury (NYSE: TBF), which aims for a 100% inverse correlation to the Barclays 20+ Year U.S. Treasury Bond Index.
Short Treasuries (Option 2): If you’re a more aggressive investor, take a look at the ProShares UltraShort 20+ Year Treasury (NYSE: TBT). It seeks to obtain results that are double the inverse daily performance of the Barclays 20+ Year U.S. Treasury

Bond Index. So if the index falls 10%, the ETF should gain about 20%.
Remember: From most crises comes opportunity. Investors who are agile and aware of the potential debt ceiling landmine can grab profits by getting into the right investments at the right time.

Additionally, the ensuing volatility may create buying opportunities for some of your favorite stocks, so be sure to put together a watchlist of stocks you’re interested in owning at lower prices.

Hoping your longs go up and your shorts go down,

Marc Lichtenfeld

Sunday, November 14, 2010

如果美国继续狂印钞票……

大量热钱涌入亚洲等新兴经济体推高资产价格,为世界经济埋下一颗最大的定时炸弹,当前情景让我们想起了10多年前的亚洲金融危机。

现在不只是美国在印钞票,英国也在静悄悄地印钞票,日本也是。当美英日大开资金闸门救经济时,热钱持续在亚洲乱窜,亚洲股市出现不同程度的涨幅,房地产价格压不下来,通货膨胀走高。如果最后美国经济还是救不起来,美国联邦储备局会继续印钞票,热钱也会继续流入亚洲,可能导致亚洲金融危机的历史重演。
热钱的规模过大,要通过征税、放慢资本流入等方式来管制、对抗和阻止都不是长久之计。根据估计,目前每天有20亿美元热钱流入亚太市场,最终热钱的规模可能高达5200亿美元。

情况与1997年不同
亚洲货币面临较大的升值压力,其中一个原因是亚洲如今已成为全球经济增长最快速的地区,当前的情况和1997年亚洲金融风暴时不一样,当年全球热钱涌入亚洲,导致楼市和股市泡沫化,当资金突然大量撤走时,危机就产生了,资产价格突然大跌。

当年7月,泰国中央银行在无奈之下宣布放弃实施了14年泰铢与美元挂钩的汇率机制,改由市场浮动决定汇率,泰铢对美元的汇率随即大幅下跌,由泰铢贬值为序幕的金融风暴迅速席卷东南亚各国。

亚洲各国从中得到了教训,也学到了功课,那场金融危机的中心地带——泰国,最近开始行动了,泰国政府本月初意外宣布对外资投资当地债券征收15%的收益税。

香港也推出一揽子管制措施,防止楼市出现泡沫化;新加坡也通过扩大新元汇率波动区间来应付通胀。而在那场金融危机中差点经济崩溃的韩国政府也表示准备采取相应行动,在韩元汇率出现激烈波动时干预汇市,以及取消对外资购买本国债券时的税务宽免。

当主要经济体采取新一轮量化宽松政策立场,亚洲等新兴经济体面对的是两难局面:一方面必须采取新的货币政策抵抗本币升值,同时又担心热钱大量流入会破坏各自的经济稳定。

如果亚洲国家采取极端的政策来阻挡热钱的流入,也会导致资金大量外逃,这样也会对经济的稳定发展产生冲击。

世界银行和国际货币基金组织也看到了热钱涌入所产生资产价格和通胀上涨的危险,世界银行呼吁亚洲各国采取预防措施,避免亚洲金融风暴重演;而国际货币基金组织也改变一向来反对管制资本的态度,要亚洲国家实行资本管制以阻止另一轮金融危机的降临。

美联储局即将启动第二轮量化宽松政策,美元会持续下跌,亚洲等新兴经济体的货币汇率升势不会停下来,干预汇率的作用不仅有限,而且还会提高全球的流动性,可说是采取什么行动都有困难,甚至白费心机。就像中国央行最近选择突然加息,给热钱流进中国带来无限诱惑,中国此时加息不仅需要勇气,还需要承担很大的风险。

我们更应该担心的是,这一轮全球金融危机后亚洲股市的升势,比90年代亚洲金融风暴后更强更猛,它反映出这回热钱的流窜性更大。

改变美元跌势 不是美国财长说了算
美国财政部长盖特纳数天前接受《华尔街日报》访问时暗示“美元已无需再贬值”,还强调美国无意实施让美元贬值的政策,我们不能因盖特纳的这个暗示之语,就乐观地认为在首尔举行的会议上,20国集团财长和央行行长会达成一致的汇率政策准则,要改变美元的跌势,不是盖特纳说了算。

但全球货币战风雨欲来,大家确实对G20会议有许多的情景推测,唯一可以肯定的是,各国财经首长正在努力化解分歧,希望争取达成共识降低爆发汇率战的可能性,因为在这场战争中,大家的代价都会很大。

Morgan Stanley says equities are "crazy cheap"

Global stocks are in the middle of a multi-year bull market that began in March 2009 and will last for at least two more years, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney's investment strategists said on Wednesday. "One of the great investment decisions someone could make today is to be invested in the equity markets, especially in the emerging markets," said Charles Reinhard, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney's global investment strategist at a press briefing on the the firm's 2011 outlook. The S&P 500 Index of large U.S. stocks has gained 79 percent since bottoming in March 2009, but Reinhard said there are still plenty of opportunities for investors. Company profits have grown by about 30 percent this year, and stock prices are "crazy cheap" relative to bonds and cash, he said. "There are great big companies trading like Rembrandts lying on the driveway in a tag sale," added David Darst, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney's Chief Investment Strategist. Investors in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis have poured into the safety of bonds33 and cash, driving yields to paper thin levels.

Meanwhile, economic worries and the May 6 "flash crash" has prompted investors to abandon U.S. stock funds. Morgan Stanley has been positive about stocks since April 2009 and continues to recommend greater exposure to these "risk assets." Reinhard advised investors to look at U.S. companies with exposure to emerging markets such as China. He pointed to the huge projected growth in the middle class in emerging markets and, as a consequence, rapid growth in demand for goods and services such as travel, fashion and food.

There have historically been two "friendly" periods to invest in equities, and investors are currently experiencing both, said Reinhard. One is the period between when the stocks bottom out and when the Federal Reserve begins to tighten monetary policy. The second is the period after U.S. mid-term elections. For the past 15 mid-term elections, the stock market has risen an average of 25 percent between the Sept. 30 before voting and Sept. 30 one year afterward, said Reinhard. "Markets don't like uncertainty and (after elections) some of the bad scenarios fall by the wayside," he said. Reinhard also does not see evidence of any of the conditions that usually kill off bull markets, such as a clear and immediate danger of inflation, irrational exuberance among investors, a looming recession that would hurt profits or overpriced stocks. "Bull markets don't die of old age, they die of assassins," said Reinhard.

Morgan Stanley Chief Investment Officer Jeff Applegate, who kicked off the outlook session, said there is a greater likelihood of a shrinking U.S.federal budget deficit following Republican party gains in last week's mid-term elections. A U.S. presidential commission on Dec. 1 is expected to issue a report on reducing the federal budget deficit. Applegate said the report could provide President Barack Obama ammunition for some unpopular moves, such as raising the retirement age and paring back entitlements. That's important, he said, because public equity valuations tend to rise when public sector debt falls relative to economic output. "I don't think the market has factored that in yet," Applegate said. The next Congress also is more likely to promote free trade and extend the Bush tax cuts, both positive for the U.S. economy, he said.

美国狂印钞票,关我们什么事?

最近,无论在平面媒体或电子媒体上,“量化宽松”(quantitative easing) 这个词频繁出现。什么是“量化宽松”?对一般人来说,这只是个令人看得一头雾水的词。

简单说,量化宽松其实就是印钞票的意思,它的学名叫做“量化宽松货币政策”,俗名叫“印钞票”。

谁在印钞票?当然不是新加坡。这是美国为了救市,却苦于没有钱,只好发公债,然而公债也没什么人要买,只好自己印钞票自己买。

美国果然是印钞机,要多少钱就印多少。这也就是美联储日前宣布,到2011年6月底以前,将购买6000亿美元美国长期国债,以进一步刺激经济,化解通货紧缩风险。而经济学家将美联储这一举动称为第二轮量化宽松政策(QE2)。

或许有人会问:美国狂印钞票,关我们什么事?当然有切身关系——从大人物到小人物,从白领到蓝领,从专业人士到家庭主妇,衣食住行都会深受影响,因为物价将因此进一步上涨。

这次是美联储重启量化宽松货币政策。第一次量化宽松货币政策是在雷曼兄弟于2008年9月倒闭后推出,当时美联储将其资产负债表由8800亿美元扩大至2.3万亿美元,此举稳住了金融市场,拯救了银行业,但是对就业、消费的帮助却不大。这一次,美国在就业情况不理想及面临通缩的状况下,推出第二轮量化宽松政策。

将导致全球通胀激增
毋庸置疑,美国第二轮量化宽松政策将导致全球通货膨胀激增,而在美国狂印钞票,美元不断流向全球市场,亚洲、新兴市场成为这波热钱的暂留地,股、汇、大宗商品等资产都被炒得红红火火,到头来就形成资产泡沫。所以,大家最好有个心理准备,在未来一段时间,整个金融市场会被扰乱,而且充满变数。

有专家就形容,美国这次是在“吹”史上最大的一个泡沫,而这个泡沫何时会破裂,应该不会是太久的事。有人还大胆预测:美国多印6000亿美元钞票,全球经济可能放缓20年。

亚洲、新兴经济体怎能不深受其害呢?新加坡人可能要高喊:“美国人搞出来的什么量化宽松,我们的心情可一点也不轻松啊!”

难道美国这次的举动是在“损人利己”?“损人”已经不言而喻,至于是否“利己”,则有待证明。

我们已顾不了美国这么做会不会“利己”,眼前最令人关注的是,接下来新加坡的通胀会加剧到什么程度?我们的食品价格会涨到什么程度?油价会涨多少?好不容易稳定下来的房市会不会再度升温?房价会再涨多少?不断飙涨的股市何时会崩溃?

这些担忧都是和一般小市民息息相关的。而另一个更令人担忧的问题是,新加坡的整体经济看来会受美国这次量化宽松货币政策拖累,好不容易从衰退中稳步走向复苏,并取得强劲增长的经济,很可能会被拖慢下来。

所以说,美国狂印钞票,不仅跟我们有关,而且关系很大。上个月,金管局预计,我国通胀将在今年底达到4%左右,明年上半年也会持续高通胀水平,直到明年下半年才逐渐回跌到2%。虽然政府已经尽最大的努力,通过让新元升值来缓和通胀压力,然而,现在给美国这一搞,通胀风险恐怕会加剧。由量化宽松货币政策引起的潜在高通胀风险,随时会出现。

中国央行行长要“筑池”防热钱
美国这种向全世界输入通胀的“量化宽松政策”已经引犯众怒,各国领导除了担忧,还能做什么呢?对如洪水般涌入亚洲的热钱,各经济体要如何应付?中国央行行长周小川的说法是,把短期投机资金放进一个“池子”,不让热钱任意泛滥到实体经济中。

这种“筑池防洪”之说值得探讨。我们是否也应该考虑筑个池来放热钱?但这个“池子”是股市、债市好呢,还是其他?照理说,债市的容量大,流动性好,而且交易主体是银行,资金势力雄厚,有能力应付市场波动的冲击。然而,所有热钱流向债市也不是好事。

至于股市,如果热钱的巨额资金投入股市,必然带来股市大起大落,对金融市场及一般股民不利。而握有美元的市民,买金、买银都好,就是别眼睁睁看着它们一天天贬值。

对于本地投资者来说,此时无疑是投资良机,如今股价涨、油价涨、金价涨、银价涨......涨声一片,全民弥漫在歌舞升平的气氛中,在泡沫未爆破之前,还是值得庆祝的。但不得不提醒投资者,要量力而为及小心管理风险,以免一旦泡沫爆破,资产价急挫,将重演九七、九八年亚洲金融风暴后的惨况。当时的黑暗日子,相信许多市民余悸犹存。

股价或许可以任意炒,房价可不能炒,否则到时可能要上演“美国重启印钞机,我们重启灭火器”的戏码了。

Tuesday, November 9, 2010

Buy: MBFC Acquired at 4% Yield, Growth Likely in 2014

MBFC acquisition to be financed via approximately 70:30 debt:equity
— Suntec REIT plans to finance the S$1,495,8m (total cost amounts to S$1,548.2m) acquisition of the one-third stake in MBFC with 1) proceeds from a private placement of new units and ii) a debt facility of S$1,105m. This would increase Suntec REIT’s debt/asset ratio to 41.5% from the current 33%. EGM is scheduled for 26 Nov 2010 and target date for completion of the acquisition is 31 December 2010.

 Initial yields from MBFC acquisition estimated at 4.0% — In the circular released, Suntec REIT disclosed that the net property income from MBFC is approximately S$60.6m for FY11. This includes dividend income, interest income and rental income support (net of all applicable taxes). Income support for FY11 is expected to be S$37.2m. As rental reviews and expiries will only begin in 2013, yields will be flat for the first three years. 10.1% of its lease will be subject to rental review in 2013 and 31.2% in 2014.

 Acquisition expected to be increase DPU by 1% — Based on Suntec REIT’s own projection, the acquisition will raise its FY11 DPU by approximately 1% from 8.611 cents to 8.699 cents. As our DPU estimates are higher for FY11, the acquisition will be DPU neutral in the initial years and accretive from 2014 onwards.

 TP maintained at S$1.69, Buy maintained — We have reduced our FY11 DPU estimates slightly by approximately 1% due to the slightly lower than expected NPI yield for the acquisitions of MBFC. Our TP remains unchanged the marginal decline in the initial years is offset by slightly higher NPI in 2014 and beyond.
BUY maintained

Valuation
Our target price of S$1.69 is derived from DDM. Inclusive of its 12-month forward DPU of 9.9cents, the stock should be worth at least S$1.79 per share.
We chose DDM as our valuation method as it is the most commonly used metric for valuing real estate investment trusts. We made the following assumptions in deriving our target price: 1) a risk-free rate of 3.4%; 2) an equity risk premium of 5%; 3) beta of 0.5; 4) a terminal growth rate of 0%.

Risks
We rate Suntec REIT shares Low Risk in accordance with our quantitative riskrating system, which tracks 260-day historical share-price volatility. We believe the following are key risks that could cause the shares to deviate from our target price. Downside risks: 1) A sharp decline in economic activity could weaken retail space demand, cutting occupancy and rental rates and thus DPU and valuations; and 2) A sharp rise in interest rates could increase the cost of debt, lowering its DPU while increasing cost of capital and lowering its DDM valuation; 3) A conflict of interest could arise as Suntec REIT is managed by ARA Trust Management, which also manages Fortune REIT, a Hong Kongfocused retail-property REIT listed on the Singapore Exchange; and 4) A large proportion of its properties are located in the same development making it susceptible to a downturn in the micro-property market. Other REITs have more diversified property portfolios.

分享集: 向前看向后望

在驾车的时候,我们习惯上总是不断的注意悬挂在挡风镜上方中央和车子两旁的后望镜,以了解跟在车子后面的车辆的动向,目的是避免发生事故。

如果发现跟在后面的车辆来势汹汹,就得当机立断,马上把车子驾到一旁,让路给后面鲁莽或逞强的车辆。

向后望,是要躲避风险,躲避风险,是为了向前走得更顺利,走得更远。

在人生的道路,每个人都会犯错,惟有不断的检讨自己,吸收经验,不重蹈覆辙的人,人生之路才能走得远,而且越走越宽广。

回首来时路,是为了走更远的路作好准备。

过去的,无论是做对还是做错了,都已无法补救,所以,沉缅於过去的人生,是灰色的。

未来是一个未知数,充满了挑战,也充满了机会,只有把眼光抛向远方,脚步从不停留的人,才能走向精彩。

人生之路如此,投资之路何尝不是如此。

小心误踏陷阱
就好像人生之路那样,投资之路从来就不是平坦的。

投资路上的陷阱,比任何其他的路更多,也更险峻,投资者需小心翼翼,以免误踏地雷,被炸得粉身碎骨。

其中的一个方法,就是细读公司多年的年报,从中找出有关公司历年的业绩表现,作为未来盈利预测的参考。

然而公司过去的纪录,不能作为将来盈利表现的担保。

企业所面对的环境变化多端,企业时时刻刻受到考验,过去业绩辉煌,不能保证将来亦能如此,故过去的纪录,只能作为参考,投资者切勿食古不化,否则,过去的纪录反而形成误导。

股票投资的成败,关键端在公司的前途,故向前看,毕竟比向后望更重要。

如果投资者刻舟求剑的话,可能会对一些难得的投资机会失之交臂,殊为可惜。

劣股已转优质
大部份投资者只着重细读成功上市公司的资料,对於过去表现欠佳的公司,虽然已扭转劣势,从浴火中重生,然有关公司是“劣股”的印象,仍深植一般投资者脑中,连正眼也不看一下,更不要说趁低买进了。

业绩表现杰出的公司,固然应细读其年报,以确保其佳绩能持续,这是长期投资者一定要做的功课。

但是,业绩表现欠佳的公司的年报,亦不妨多读,从中找出公司已脱胎换骨,重新上路的蛛丝马迹。如果发现公司已的确浴火重生,则不妨买进一些,作为投资,往往可以取得超常之回报。

在陷困的公司中,真正能重整旗鼓的,毕竟比一蹶不振的少。但是,只要你不断的跟踪公司季报和年报的报告,你不难在一些被认为是劣股中,找到有值得投资的股项。

表现认识正比
股神巴菲特说:你的投资表现,跟你对有关股票的认识深浅成正比,要沙里淘金,除了深入及恒常研究个别股项之进展之外,别无他途。

有些公司过去曾经陷入困境,但他们显然已从过去的失误中,吸取经验,经过重组及整顿后,实际上已转化为财务健全及前途展望不错的企业,利得、嘉利丹、菲马集团、马建屋都是明显的例子。

你要有足够的时间做功课,你才有可能在跳蚤市场中找到真古董,而取得超常的回酬。

如果你不会做功课,没有时间做功课,或是没有兴趣做功课,那么,还是锁定买五星级股票,较为安全。

Wednesday, November 3, 2010

曾渊沧@股友通讯录 - 2010年11月

股市由8 月中开始急升,两个星期前出现小调整。不少人一见调整就跟着抛售,他们认为这么做是锁定利润,将已赚到的利润放入口袋。这样做似乎是袋袋平安,但是,问题是:当你锁定利润,套利之后股价再突然急升,你追不追?

追的话,低价卖掉股票再高价追回,钱赚少了。不追的话,万一股价再上升怎么办?是不是将来得以更高价追入?

这就是为什么我曾经说在大牛市中,买了好股就不要理会股价的短期波动。过早套利只能赚粒糖,而且一定会逼你在较迟的时侯以更高价买回,得不偿失。只要你确定目前是大牛市,其间的调整算得了什么,由它去吧!
你所需要做的是不断地看看有没有股价仍未上升的好股;去发掘好股比天天去猜明天是升是跌好得多。

过去两个星期股价为什么会调整?因为市场传出消息说美国联储局在本月4 日公布的量化宽松政策的规模可能没有想象中的大,再加上锁定利润的心态,股市就调整了。
实际上,本月4 日公布的量化宽松的规模大小根本不重要,如果规模小,投资者仍然会期望将来还会再增加。

股市经过一年半的上升,现在,股市升至这个水平,便宜股不多了。航运股应该是相对依然便宜的股,因为一直到今年第二季,航运业似乎仍未见复苏。航运股的股价也就相对大落后。
NOL 的股价仍只有2007 年高峰期的三分一。

新加坡交易所宣布收购澳洲交易所。这是蛇吞象,因为澳洲交易所的市值与规模都比新加坡交易所大;新加坡交易所出价是每股48 澳元,这比公布收购消息前澳洲交易所的股价高出37%,不少人认为太贵,但是,不要忘记,新加坡交易所的P/E 值比澳洲交易所的高,高P/E 的企业收购低P/E 的企业, 将来合并后每股的盈利会比目前的新加坡交易所的盈利更高。这是因为合并后平均P/E 下跌了。

目前,在美国狂印钞票的影响之下,资源股吃香。澳洲有大量的天然资产,是矿业股的天堂。像必和必拓(BHP),力拓(RIO)都是闻名全球的矿业股,将来新加坡投资者可以直接买卖这些股,合并后的新澳交易所将有900 只资源股上市。

当然,在一片歌舞升平中,警号不是没有。9 月20 日,中国人民银行宣布加息0.25%。.这是中国经济过热,开始收紧银根的表现。不过,从过去的记录来看,第一次,第二次加息,什至连加数次息之后,对股市的打击不但没有出现,更是越加息,股市越涨,要加很多次息,加到投资者感到吃力,股市才会逆转。

Friday, October 29, 2010

新达信托以近15亿元 购滨海湾金融中心部分权益

滨海湾金融中心房地产包括滨海湾金融中心第一和第二商业大楼,滨海湾联通广场和695个停车位。
新达信托(Suntec REIT)以14亿9580万元买下滨海湾金融中心(MBFC)第一和第二商业大楼,及滨海湾金融中心内的购物商场——滨海湾联通广场(Marina Bay Link Mall)三分之一权益。

由香港首富李嘉诚部分拥有的新达信托,与Choicewide签署有条件买卖协议,购入BFC公司三分之一的股权,从而获得滨海湾金融中心房地产(MBFC property)三分之一的拥有权。

BFC最初由吉宝置业、香港置地和长江实业合资成立,着力发展新加坡滨海湾金融中心第一期工程。Choicewide由李嘉诚旗下的长江实业与和记黄埔(Hutchinson Whampoa)共同拥有。

滨海湾金融中心房地产包括滨海湾金融中心第一和第二商业大楼,滨海湾联通广场和695个停车位。

新达信托所支付的14亿9580万元中,包括1亿1390万元的租金收入支持,将分60个月支付。

每平方英尺2400元
不包括租金支持,新达信托的买入价格为13亿9770万元,相当于每平方英尺2400元。具体融资途径仍在审定当中。

新达信托总裁杨时杰表示,有机会投资到这项地标性发展项目,将加强新达信托在滨海湾未来增长的基点,这些资产的租用率很高,将提供稳定和可持续的收入来源,继而进一步让新达信托的收入多元化,并为信托单位持有者提供良好的长期增长潜力。

这是滨海湾金融中心首期发展股权一个月来第二次转手。不久前,吉宝置业(Keppel Land)按照与K-REIT亚洲的资产交换部分协议,以14亿2680万元(包括租金在内计算),将它在滨海湾金融中心第一期发展项目中的股权,卖给K-REIT亚洲(K-REIT Asia)。

完成交易后,新达信托的办公楼净可租用面积将从目前的190万平方英尺扩大至240万平方英尺,扩大该信托对新加坡日益增强的办公楼市场的投资。
  
交易预计将在2010财年最后一个季度完成。交易结束后,新达信托管理的总资产将增加至68亿元。

Friday, October 22, 2010

巴菲特:当初收购伯克希尔为了报复欺诈

股神巴菲特接受CNBC的采访时表示,迄今为止他作出“最愚蠢”的投资乃是1964年对伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的投资,收购意图更多是为了报复所受到的欺诈。

股神巴菲特在接受CNBC的采访时提及他以往的投资经历,他认为1964年他对伯克希尔棉织公司(Berkshire Cotton Manufacturing Co)的投资是最“愚蠢“的,这使得他损失了至少2000亿美元,理由是如果他不投资这家频临倒闭的棉织公司,而是投资一家好保险公司的话,他有把握获得价值2000亿美元的利润。

巴菲特同时谈到收购伯克希尔时,遭到当时的伯克希尔棉织公司总裁CEO 斯坦顿(Stanton)暗算的经历。他笑称斯坦顿的做法令年轻的他气愤至疯狂,最终成功收购伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司乃是为了报复收购中的欺诈行为。

从1962年起,巴菲特开始以合伙企业的名义购入伯克希尔股票,当时每股股价为7美元。几年后,当时的伯克希尔总裁斯坦顿向巴菲特保证,他要把伯克希尔剩余的股份以每股11.5美元的价格投标,但是三周后,该公司股票以11.375美元投标,这是巴菲特没有握手成交的一次交易。

巴菲特对斯坦顿的行为相当不满,于是转而向斯坦顿的妹婿,以及当时伯克希尔董事会的老主席Malcolm Chase购进伯克希尔股票。由于Chase不赞成斯坦顿的做法,因此卖出了手上大量的伯克希尔股票,巴菲特就在1965年,取得伯克希尔的控制权,并随即解雇了斯坦顿。

尽管股神自嘲自己“当年妄想成功管理一家纺织公司”,但毋庸置疑的是,这家曾为外界认为频临倒闭的“制造纺织品”的公司今天成为举世瞩目的“造钱”公司。据最新的“24/7 Wall St美国公司影响力每周排名”,伯克希尔公司名列第三,仅次于苹果和麦当劳公司。

随着经济的继续回暖,伯克希尔哈撒韦公司凭借着强大的运输和金融服务业务,俨然已经成为“经济复原梦想股票”的象征。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
“股神”刚出道的时候,情绪也不是很稳定!

在投资领域稳定的情绪比高智商更管用!

Thursday, October 14, 2010

巴菲特:是时候回归股票投资

美国东部时间10月5日下午,股神巴菲特在华盛顿倡议对富人实行加税。同时,他表示债券正处于泡沫阶段,目前明显地股票比债券便宜,是时候从债券投资回归到股票投资。

在结束为期4天的中国行之后,股神巴菲特在华盛顿参加《财富》的一项会议上表示,投资者购买债券是“犯了错误”,目前明显地股票比债券便宜,并且投资者对股市的信心正在逐渐地恢复中,因此他不能理解为什么有人想要购买国债。

高盛分析师同意巴菲特的说法,认为现在是时候从债券投资转为股票投资,因为经济的进一步发展将显明,股票将提供更好的回报机会。

同时,巴菲特表示目前美国的税法已经“严重被扭曲”,因为在现今税法下,对秘书、校工征收的税比公司CEO和私人企业主所纳的税更高。巴菲特认为非常不公平的是,在位于奥马哈的伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的所有员工里,他是被征收税率最低的人。

巴菲特倡议是时候对“富人”征收更高的税,以此来纠正税法立法者以往的过犯。而对中产阶级和低收入人群要减税。他说:“联邦一级的政府缺乏足够的钱”,政府需要更多的钱应付失业及教育,那么“为什么不从我这里拿钱而要从那些午餐侍应生手里拿呢?”

巴菲特认为,如果美国想要为庞大的预算赤字寻找出路的话,在未来的几年里就要普遍提高税收,至少应当从目前的15%税率提升到18%至20%。

巴菲特再一次指出,估值是否划算是“比”出来的!

巴菲特弟子看坏巴菲特?成美国最受瞩目投资高手

08年金融海啸肆虐,连股神巴菲特都陷入史无前例的危机,一些市场评论家更直言“价值投资已死”。但是,柏克维兹这位51岁的帅哥投资家,一生奉行葛拉汉的价值投资,却在这场金融大海啸成功胜出。

据台湾联合新闻网消息,08年8月,金融海啸之前,柏克维兹操盘的基金,在晨星美国大型股基金评鉴中,名列1年、3年、5年绩效冠军;金融海啸后的2009年第2季,他的基金单季报酬率高达35%,绩效是S&P 500指数的1倍。柏克维兹公开说,这是10年来最佳的投资机会,他的绩效,让深陷金融危机的基金同业羡慕得直流口水。

股神入门弟子看坏巴菲特?
08年12月,价值投资大本营——哥伦比亚大学葛拉汉中心出版的投资专刊,就以柏克维兹做封面,专刊开宗明义说,柏克维兹已经被公认是全美最受瞩目的价值投资者。

大家都在询问谁是巴菲特的传人?虽然柏克维兹是巴菲特的入门弟子,而事实上,柏克维兹在2008年还将基金原本持有的波克夏公司股票,一口气卖掉一半,公然看坏巴菲特。但无可讳言,柏克维兹绝对是价值投资中的佼佼者。

柏克维兹看好医药产业,他将高比例的资金投入所谓的HMO产业(Health Maintenance Organizations,这是美国一种预先付费的健康保险,内容通常以保健和预防性医护服务为主),主要理由是婴儿潮世代将会是非常长寿的世代,他们将是一群有钱的老人,会花费大笔医疗与保健费用,这是个极为具体而且快速成长的产业。

作为价值投资的奉行者,柏克维兹非常重视公司蓄积现金的能力,他认为一家公司最重要的价值就是“自动蓄积现金的能力。”而且,柏克维兹强调,经营团队固然重要,但是现金能力更重要。他的名言是:如果你持有的股票,是『连你白痴亲戚都能经营』的企业,那你将是全世界最幸福的投资人。

举例来说,他持有大量的辉瑞大药厂股票,这家公司今年股价表现并不突出,柏克维兹却持续在每股15美元附近增加持股。因为他认为,这家全世界最大的药厂,账上自由现金流量高达170亿美元,财务结构超强,是扎实的蓝筹公司,每年的股息利率高达7%,而且公司总经理脑袋清楚,不会用疯狂价格胡乱收购竞争者。因此,他认为,这样的公司只要用每股20美元以下的价位买进,都可以高枕无忧。

债股结合策略 成功打败市场
此外,在金融海啸爆发后,柏克维兹还力行“债股结合”的投资策略。在市场信用突然紧缩、许多公司发行的债券都因为财务周转困难而跌成垃圾等级时,市场出现一大堆发债利率高达20%甚至30%的公司,柏克维兹的团队深入研究这些信用被挤压的公司后,购入大量这类高利率的公司债。

09年第2季,全球债券市场流动性逐渐好转,前述公司营运周转压力显着改善,公司债利率迅速回落,柏克维兹卖出获利的债券,再转入这些公司的股票,再接再厉,赚取股票价差。这套“债股结合”的投资法,说来不困难,却成了柏克维兹今年打败市场的重要关键。

他常说,AIG(美国国际集团)的报表在金融海啸之前,只有两段描述衍生性商品的操作,投资人当然看不懂。金融海啸之后,AIG用几十页来报告账上的衍生性商品,还是没有人看得懂。他认为,在美国只有那些二、三线的中型金融机构,能够坚守传统金融服务,还有点投资价值,其余都被他列为拒绝往来户。

除了坚持选股策略外,柏克维兹总是到处宣扬,他的投资谨守一则天条:“不输钱”。

追捧业务简单公司 巴菲特给投资者五项建议

被视为巴菲特全球代言人的巴菲特传记作者迈尔斯( Robert Miles),7日出席一个活动时引述巴菲特的名言:“潮退了,才知道谁在裸泳。”他解释道巴菲特钟爱在市况差下投资的原因,于不确定中投资。

据香港《文汇报》报道,迈尔斯更提到巴菲特5项投资准则,包括利润、股东权益报酬率(ROE)、无债务、公司管理及业务简单。他举例道,巴菲特追捧业务简单的公司,因为他对高科技东西不太了解,“即使他与盖兹是份外好友”。

他又说,自己近日拜访了巴菲特,巴菲特亦给予投资者5项建议:

1、视股票为生意的一部分,问自己“若股市明日关闭,历时3年,我将会有何感受?如果我在那情况下很乐意于拥有该只股票,这尤如我对自己的生意都感到欣慰。”这种理念对投资方面尤为重要;

2、市场在服务你,不是指示你。市场不会说给你听你的投资决定是对,还是错,但生意结果却可决定到你是对还是错。这都是从华尔街公认的证券分析之父Ben Graham(班杰明)偷师的;

3、当你无法精确知道一只股票的价值时,那就应让自己处于安全边际。这样你就只进入一种状态,那就是你可以在某程度出错,但又可很快脱险;

4、精明的人最经常以借来的钱去作孤注一掷的事;

5、股票不知你拥有它,你对它有感觉,它却对你毫无感觉。股票亦不知你付出了甚么。人们不应将情感投射于股票上。

玛丽-巴菲特称巴菲特获得成功贵在专注

美国著名畅销书作者玛丽·巴菲特在其下榻的北京东方君悦酒店接受了中国经济网记者的专访,就沃伦·巴菲特的成功经验可否复制,及如何抓住其精髓回答了本网记者的问题。玛丽·巴菲特此行来华是专程参加由中美桥基金会主办的 “ 复制巴菲特投资研习会 ” 这一活动的。

做为曾经在长达12年时间近距离观察并研究沃伦·巴菲特的人,玛丽·巴菲特认为,沃伦与众不同之处首先在于他非常热爱自己所做的一切,专注是致使其获得成功最重要的一点。其次,他具有极强的自我控制能力和耐心。玛丽认为很多中国人也具有上述优点,但由于当今世界上的事物发展极快,很多人都急功近利,急于捞到 “ 快钱 ” ,而沃伦·巴菲特则比常人有自制力和耐心,他非常勤奋,花了很多时间去做投资研究,这是值得我们学习的地方。

玛丽·巴菲特将沃伦·巴菲特投资哲学的精髓概括为:投资时考虑的不是投资一支股票,而是着眼于投资整个公司。这就需要对所投资对象有非常好的了解,所以沃伦长期以来只对熟悉的对象进行投资,他要看公司发展的历史,他从来都是选择可以预见的产品,在这个前提下权衡其价格是否适合,一旦投资后又要有耐心,等待着价格上扬的时机。当然这是件有很大难度的事,玛丽认为。

玛丽·巴菲特的知名度,除了她是一位受欢迎的国际演讲者之外,很大程度来自于她所撰写的有关沃伦·巴菲特投资问题的书籍。到目前为止,已有她参与撰写关于巴菲特的7本书正式出版,而且这7本书也全部被翻译成了中文,由此可见其畅销程度。为中国读者所熟悉的几本书包括:《巴菲特法则》、《巴菲特法则实战手册》、《新巴菲特法则》、《巴菲特之道》,2009年12月在美国出版的一本是《沃伦·巴菲特的管理秘诀》。

当被问到,中国读者能否通过阅读以上书籍悟出投资成功之道,沃伦·巴菲特本人的投资原则和理念可否适用于中国投资者时,玛丽·巴菲特非常肯定地认为可以。她表示她们撰写的关于解读沃伦·巴菲特的著作,主要是把沃伦的投资理念提炼出来,用易于理解的语言表达出来,当然其中有些部分中国读者在阅读时还需要一个理解的过程。就像你可以阅读一本由高尔夫球高手写的书,但要想打好高尔夫需要的是练习。对学习巴菲特的投资理念来说必须经过实践,而这才是困难的地方。

当问到沃伦·巴菲特是怎样看待对中国进行投资,以及他是否对投资中国有偏好时,玛丽认为,沃伦·巴菲特投资时考虑的是回报,因此他可能投资于任何行业、任何地点,他在许多国家都有投资,包括一些新兴市场。而中国做为当今世界上最大的具有活力的国家之一,巴菲特当然不会错过的。对于在中国股市的投资者,玛丽给出的建议是:按照沃伦·巴菲特的投资三原则去判断投资对象,在中国股市中有不少公司符合巴菲特的标准,所以很多美国投资者在中国投下了重资,对中美双方的投资者都应该是有机会的。

沃伦·巴菲特考虑投资对象时强调有知名度的品牌、非周期性需求商品,以及出色的公司历史纪录,而比亚迪公司如按此标准衡量似有差距。在问到如何看待巴菲特对比亚迪的投资时,玛丽表示,巴菲特对比亚迪的投资应该说是非典型性的,他主要是看重了比亚迪出色的管理以及其新能源产品的前景,而且该公司在美国也设了厂。美国对新能源产品、替代能源产品看的很重,电动汽车是被非常看好的产品,这可能是他投资的主要原因。

她再次向中经网记者重复了其曾讲述多次的,巴菲特投资于DQ(Dairy Queen,国内称 “ 冰雪皇后 ” )公司的故事。沃伦·巴菲特在其8岁时就曾梦想要买下DQ公司,因为他太喜爱吃冰激淋了,而在65年之后,他终于在等到价格合适时收购了这家公司。总部位于明尼阿波利斯的DQ公司,目前隶属于巴菲特控股的伯克希尔 — 哈撒韦集团,而且其在中国市场的店数已经超过300家。不久前,巴菲特与比尔·盖茨还专程到位于北京朝阳区某商场内的一家DQ冰激凌店,当起 “ 促销员 ” ,为该品牌冰激凌全球门店达到6000家造势庆祝。玛丽·巴菲特以沃伦的这个故事说明投资要有耐心的原则。

分享集: 要赚多少巴仙才卖?

买进股票之后,股价节节上升,这是投资者梦寐以求的事。

但是,除非你把股票卖掉,否则的话,你所取得的只是“纸上富贵”。一旦股价回落,这“纸上富贵”可随时化为乌有。

所以,在股票投资中,“卖”跟“买”同样重要,甚至比买更重要。

到底要赚多少或是要赚多少巴仙才该卖呢?

我们知道,无论你多聪明,你也不可能做到每买必赚。

实际上,也没有这个必要。只要能做到赚的次数多过亏的次数,长期来说,就可以致富。而致富可以使我们达到投资的最终目的——财务自主。

长期持股者不多
要累积财富不但要做到赚的次数比亏的次数多,而且所赚的数目要比亏的数目大,这样才可以达到累积的目的。

可见,何时卖出或是赚多少巴仙才卖,实为累积财富的关键。

在这方面,不同的人有不同的作法。

例如有人相信“套利永远不会错”,所以稍有盈利就脱手,他满足于蝇头小利。

这种人最易失去了赚取丰厚盈利的机会。

例如在去年第一季当金融海啸最严重的时候,股市中到处是“低垂的果实”(Low hanging fruits),随手都可以采到又肥又大的熟果,而那时也的确有不少人以低得令人难以置信的低价,买到高素质的股票。

但是,能收藏一段较长时间的投资者,少之又少。

大多数投资者在股价稍微回升,取得一、二十巴仙的盈利之后,就迫不及待的把股票卖掉,眼巴巴的看着同一只股票,上升了二、三百巴仙,使他失去了一次黄金般的赚钱机会。

这类投资者所犯的错误是:像金融海啸这样的投资机会也许十年才出现一次,如果你错过了,也许要过十年才有在一、两年之内赚取二、三百巴仙盈利的机会,这不是很可惜吗?

卖得太早,就好像是一只可以长到10公斤重的西瓜,但你在它长到两公斤时就采摘了,使你失去了品尝其甜美果汁的机会。

可见卖得太早肯定是错误的作法。

我曾经研究过不少表现杰出基金,他们所买的股票也不是每一只都可以取得丰厚的盈利,只要其中一、两只有特出的盈利表现,整个投资组合就有不错的表现。

脱售别迫不及待
同样的,散户如果在所买进的一批股票中,只要有一、两个有超高的盈利表现,你的投资组合就可以取得超越大市的表现。

但是,在短期内你不大可能看出。在你的组合中(也许由一、二十只股票组成),那一只股票会有“超常”的表现。所以,稍有盈利就迫不及待的套利,极有可能所卖的就是会生金蛋的天鹅。

如果每只股票只要有钱赚就卖,最后整个组合的表现必然低于大市的表现。这样,你很难达到投资致富的目的。

所以,有“利”就“套”或是设定一个目的,例如,有三十巴仙的盈利就脱售,绝非明智的投资法。那么,是不是要等到取得惊人的暴利才该卖?我们知道,没有永远上升的股票。当股价涨至某个阶段时,大部分的股票价值已被极度高估,已不值得投资下去,再收藏下以,已没有意义了。如果你再不卖,你不算是个精明的投资者。

这种情形就好像果子已成熟了,如果再不采摘就可能在树上烂掉,种树人也无法尝到甜美的果实,失去了种果树的意义。

那么,到底要赚多少才该卖?

大部分人无法作出决定,是因为大部分人都把股价孤立起来看,没有一个判断的标准。没有标准,当然就无从比较;无从比较当然就无从判断。

以基本面判断
要判断,首先就要找出标准。这个标准来自基本面。

投资者最容易犯的错误是把股价与基本面脱钩,结果就如失去了手杖的盲人,自然容易掉进土坑里。

一只股票到底是便宜还是昂贵?价值是被低估还是高估?单看股价是无法判断的,你必须将股价与基本面挂钩才能判定股价是过高或过低——过高该卖;过低不可卖。

所以,只要你将股价与基本面挂钩,你就不难决定何时该卖,你就可以减少卖得太早或太迟的错误。

举例说明:
最基本的标准是本益比(Per)。本益比就是多少年赚回本金(投资额),例如以1令吉买进一只股票,1令吉就是你的本金。如果此股每年每股净赚20仙,那么RM1.00 ÷ RM0.20 = 5,这5就是本益比,也就是说五年可以赚回1令吉的本金。

现在看以下的例子(RM)。(参阅附表)

假如你以每股1令吉买进,本益比为5倍。假如在一年中股价涨至2令吉,如果把股价孤立起来看,你已赚了100%,这是很高的利润。

也许你认为股价已过高,就把股票卖掉,你会失去赚取更高盈利的机会。

实际上,如果该股每股净利增至40仙的话。以2令吉的股价,本益比还是5倍。

在估值方面,并没有比1令吉更高。

如果该公司的每股净利上升至80仙的话,即使股价上升至4令吉,本益比还是5倍,跟该股在1令吉时的估值相同。

盈利表现决定未来
在这一轮的牛市中,手套股的表现超越大市,许多投资者由于卖得太早,失去了赚取厚利的机会,就是因为他们忘记了手套股的股价上升了数倍,但每股净利也上升了数倍。

所以,在估值方面,例如在本益比方面,其实没有增加。

只有将股价与基本面挂钩的少数投资者,才会紧握低价买进的手套股,取得惊人的回酬。大部分投资者只看股价,不看基本面,很早就脱售投去赚取厚利的良机。

至于手套股将来的表现如何?其实是决定于个别公司的盈利表现(每股净利),与其去猜测股价起落,倒不如多花精神研究其前景,从基本面而不是从股价去找答案,那才是更实际的投资法。

我必须指出,本益比只是评估股价高低的其中一个标准而已。

一只股票该何时卖出,还要加上其他因素,例如公司的前景、财务情况、周息率、股市大势等等。

总之,这是一个综合性的判断,不能单看一个标准,更不能食古不化,没有“一个标准跑天下”这回事。

但是,有一点是不会错的:就是何时该卖,取决于公司的业绩表现及估值,不取决于股价涨落多少巴仙。

如果每股净利持续上升的话,不妨长期持有,万一买进后每股净利大跌,即使亏本也要脱售,切勿久留。

能够做到赚多亏少,财务自主,如探囊取物,何难之有。

Wednesday, October 6, 2010

分享集:股市是金矿还是坟墓?

西方股市流行着一句话:“华尔街尽头是坟墓”。到底这句话是象征性的说法还是确有其事,我没有去深究,因此也就无法确定真伪。但是,有一点是肯定的,葬身股市的人多过在股市翻身的人。

为了找出在股市中到底有多少人赚钱,我曾分别跟5位资深股票经纪晤谈,他们都是从业二十年,顾客不下1000名的成功经纪,在这段时间内,他们数度亲历牛市与熊市,目睹股市沧桑,对他们的顾客在股市中的表现,可说瞭如指掌。

我的问题很简单:他们那些长期在股市冲锋陷阵的顾客,经历了一、二十年的搏杀之后,总结战绩,到底有多少人赚到钱?他们的答案都是大同小异的:少之又少。

再问:那么,这些人是怎样投资的?

答案也挺简单:都是听消息的投机客!

在过去几个月中,在《南洋商报》的安排及各地中华总商会的邀请下,我到新山、峇株巴辖、居銮、关丹和哥打峇鲁发表演讲,与股友分享投资心得,入场都是免费的。

在开讲之前,我照例来一个简单的调查:我要求听众回应:“在股市中投资一、二十年,结算之下,赚钱的请举手。”结果是举手的寥寥无几。

亏本比赚钱多
“亏本的请举手!”结果是举手如林,亏本的比赚钱的起码多10倍。我同意这样的调查未必可靠,因为那些出席的,恐怕都是亏本者,那些赚钱的不会出席,也没有出席的必要,但一项难以否定的事实是:在股市中亏本的人肯定比赚钱的人多。

在股市中,行动越慓悍的人,下场越悲惨,那些因股市而破产的“英雄”,都是胆大包天的“盲侠”。

所以,说股市是坟墓,并不为过。

但是,有一些人,的确藉股票投资致富,尽管人数占少数。我也询问那5位资深经纪,这些成功的投资者,是怎样投资的?他们的答案大同小异:他们都是严肃的投资者,他们多数在股市低潮时买进好股,长期持有。

在股市输钱的,都是那些不断抢进杀出的短线投资者,而那些赚钱的反而是买卖次数不多的投资者。

对于这些功课做足,只买好股,而又耐心地长期持有的投资者来说,股市是一个金矿。

所以,股市本身是中性的,无所谓是金矿还是坟墓。

脚踏实地!
至于对某些人来说,股市成为葬身之地,问题不出在股市,而是出在他们自己。是他们把股市变成了坟墓。

同样的,对那些靠股市致富的人来说,是他们把股市变成了金矿。

将股市变成坟墓或金矿,往往只是一念之差,如果投资者抱着“赌”的心态进场的话,股市迟早会变成他的坟墓。如果他们是抱着投资的态度进场的话,股市可能成为他的金矿。

我说“可能”,而不是“绝对”,是因为除了正确的态度之外,还要加上别的因素,才有可能成功。例如即使抱着投资的态度买进,若选股不当,或耐心不够,功亏一篑,也还是挖不到黄金。

但是如果投资者一开始就抱着投机取巧的态度进入股市的话,他一开始已经在为自己挖掘坟墓。

多数人在失败后,只会埋怨别人,不会检讨自己。实在,很多时候,失败是由他自己一手造成的。

不会检讨自己
股票投资者亦如此,在股市中亏了本,不是埋怨股市“黑手”,就是埋怨经纪给错“贴士”,却从不检讨自己失败的原因。这类投资者不会吸收失败的经验,也从不自我检讨自己,对他们来说,股市永远是坟墓。

只有那些不断思考,不断检讨自己,把失败化为成长的肥料,又勤于做功课及虚心学习的人,股市才有可能变成金矿。

股市到底是坟墓或金矿,并非由股市,而是由你决定,主动权其实是操在你手中。假如你认真及耐心投资的话,股市可能是你的金矿,假如你死性不改,继续投机取巧的话,股市肯定是你的坟墓。

无论是做人或投资,都必须奉4个字为座右铭:脚踏实地!

Friday, October 1, 2010

分享集: 低价非便宜

陈太太的家庭,属于中等阶级,陈先生是个受薪人士,收入不丰,而家中人口众多,开销浩大,陈太太这个家庭主妇实在不易当。

她在用钱方面,总是精打细算,就以买菜来说,专买大堆的,菜贩一天卖剩的菜较不新鲜了,就按堆出售,放低售价,以吸引像陈太太这种以价格便宜数量多多买菜标准的主妇。陈太太总是一买就一大篮,但所费无几。


由于她买的是隔夜菜,量是有了,但在撕掉黄叶老梗之后,所剩无几,其实并不便宜。

令人感兴趣的是,在股票市场中,像陈太太这种专捡便宜货的投资者,比比皆是。

这些股市的投资者也像陈太太那样,把注意力集中在低价股,最大的理由是“便宜”,在他们的心目中,价格低就是便宜。

本小利大

另一个理由是由于资金有限,买低价股,可以多买,以同样的资金,买蓝筹股只可以买一“粒”,买低价股可以买五“粒”。

他们买股也像陈太太买青菜那样,要以最少的金钱买到最多的东西。他们甚至比陈太太更进一步,他们的算盘打得更响,他们认为一只30仙的股票,只要“跳”30仙,就是赚了一百巴仙,符合本小利大的原则。

他们认为30仙的股票,人人买得起,只要一动,“赌”(股)友就会追击,要上30仙并不难。

他们知道,在股市中,打游击战的股友永远比打正规战的人多,而且多几倍,低价股对这些人最有吸引力,所以不难成为热门股,方便快进快出,是赚快钱的理想工具。

至于蓝筹股,他们其实也知道,不但安全,而且股息丰厚,但他们对这类股票的兴趣没有那么浓厚。

他们觉得“太贵”,不是他们这种收入不丰的打工仔可买的,就好像他们经过保时捷陈列室时,知道他们不够资格买这种名车,所以也就从来不走进去参观,他们对蓝筹股也有这种自卑感,所以在看股票行情版时,眼光总是集中在低价区,至于高价区的蓝筹股,连正眼也不看一眼。

他们误以为买低价股容易赚钱,但在股市进出十多年,他们的财富不但没有增加,反而减少。

他们投资不成功的最大原因,就是他们持有低价就是便宜的错误观念,在他们心目中,5令吉的股票属“贵”股,30仙的股票就是“便宜”股。

观念错误

他们忘记了,贵和便宜是不应该以股价,而是以价值来评定的。这种情形,就好像在中国旅游区买玉手镯,以1百元人民币买一只玉镯其实不便宜,因为该劣质玉镯其实只值30元人民币。

到名店去花5000元人民币买一只高品质真玉手镯其实不贵,因为该手镯是物有所值,有5000元人民币的价值,而且如假包换,有保障。

在任何市场中,价格其实与素质息息相关,低价买好货的情况,除了大减价期间以外,很少出现。

便宜货通常都是劣质货物,价格是便宜,但不耐用,以100令吉买的电器,用不到半年就坏了,修理费比买价更高,只好忍痛扔掉;以300令吉买的电器,用上3年也不坏,如果坏了还可以送回代理商修理,因为有品质保证书。

相形之下,高价买好货其实是更合算。

一只股票,如果长期股价不振,一定有其理由。不是连年亏蚀,便是债台高筑,或是前途暗淡。价格是廉宜,但风险也特高。有些低价股公司,业务一直滑落,最后是无疾而终,投资者的血汗钱就这样泡了汤,实在冤枉。

沙里淘金

当然,低价股中也有可取之处,但数量不多,只有功课做得很深,眼光独到的精明投资者,才有沙里淘金的本领,这种情形,就好像逛跳蚤市场,如果眼光独到,也可以廉价买到真古董一样。

但只有研究有素,具有慧眼的人才能捉到这样的机会,普通人没有这种本领。

很不幸的,对股票肯花时间精神去深入研究的人,有如凤毛麟角,少得可怜,绝大多数的人,不是略识之无,就是一无所知,只是听取谣言作为买卖的根据。就好像相信卖药江湖佬的吹牛就花钱买“神油”一样,最后才发现不管用,浪费金钱。

股票的价值,其实有许多评估标准可以依据,这些都是素质的天平,只要在买进之前,用这些标准去衡量一下,就马上可以知道是否物有所值。

反向操作

股票投资的最有效策略是“反向”操作,由于整个股市倒塌,例如在次贷引发的金融海啸中,一些高素质股票暴跌,价值被严重低估,提供千载难逢的买进机会,这才是“反向”的真义,并非低价买劣股,价低劣股有如烂铜烂铁,拾回去放在屋里,反而占据空间,却一点用处也没有。

股票投资的成功诀窍之一,就是在股价暴跌时敢于买进更多,以拉低成本,这种策略,只能用在高素质股票上。劣质股无论跌得多么低,都不可加买,因为你可能全军覆没。

许多靠股票投资致富的人,都是长期买高素质股,股价越低,买得越多,从此不卖,是这样发达的。

他们从来不买烂股,因为他们是在买股份,买股份就是买事业,他们从来不买烂股,因为他们不要投资于没有前途没有潜能的事业。

Saturday, September 18, 2010

金牛狂飆 泡沫難逃

於國際金融市場甚具影響力的基金經理索羅斯周三接受訪問時,暢談對經濟的看法。他表示,已發展經濟體系備受經濟和財政疲弱困擾,所有投資皆存在一定風險,而處身充滿不確定性的時期,沒有任何投資可稱安全。索羅斯認為,在如此困難的環境下,仍有一些藍籌公司擁有收入穩定的現金牛特質,派息亦多於國債,是較值得投資的高質素企業。

索羅斯旗下對沖基金 Soros Fund Management LLC押重注於黃金。截至6月底的數字,基金持有524萬股屬交易所買賣基金(ETF)的SPDR Gold Trust,是全球第3大黃金ETF投資者,以周二價格計算,市值達6.5億美元。基金亦持有從事黃金及其他礦物開採業務的公司股票,以6月30日收市價計算,市值亦高達2.5億美元。金價今年迭創新高,年初以1095美元開出後,雖然在2月曾輾轉跌至1044美元的今年低位,但其後再展升浪,於6月下旬升至1265美元的紀錄新高,1個月後曾經回吐至1157美元,但又見買盤湧現,本周二剛剛改寫紀錄高位,觸及1274.75美元。索羅斯這個金市大好友,斬穫甚豐.

索羅斯不諱言,黃金是目前唯一的真正牛市,任何資產類別見新高後出現回吐,實屬正常。他重申年初出席世界經濟論壇的論調,再一次形容黃金為「最終泡沫」──即是短期仍有再升空間,但強調黃金已不是安全投資工具,因為金價不可能無止境地上升。其對於金價的言論,與冠一上周末於網站年度研討會中有關金價前景的看法,可算不謀而合。

索羅斯於答問中亦有對不同經濟體系加以評論,例如指德國不應只顧削赤,反而應該多走一步刺激經濟增長,又支持日本周三干預匯市的行動,指日圓強勢確實損害了日本的經濟,令這個因樓市爆破及銀行體系垮下而一沉20載的經濟,更加難以翻身。

他用一個「blah」(胡扯) 字評價美國經濟,稱無論美國經濟繼續其步履蹣跚的復蘇速度或再陷入衰退,分別亦不太大。他看不到美國經濟有回復強勁增長的迹象,而隨着刺激經濟的措施逐步到期,美國經濟再放緩難免,政府要加推措施振興經濟,亦會邁到相當大的阻力。他相信聯儲局會推出次輪量化寬鬆政策(QE2),但效用將較首輪QE大打折扣,奧巴馬大刀濶斧的救市行動成功縮短了衰退期,惟市場的信心最終或演變成為失望。

索羅斯高度評價中國,稱中國藉西方沉淪而急速冒起,成為支撐環球經濟的支柱。在歐洲經濟水深火熱時出手買歐債及投資希臘,更穩住了歐債危機。對於美國國會指責中國操縱匯價,有意實行貿易禁制,索羅斯指最好動口不動手,以免造成雙輸局面。美國近日數據表現有起色,股市節節攀升,金價又步步高陞,索羅斯的言論,能否為投資市場起當頭棒喝的作用?

新興市場已中伏

終於回港,日前預先寫下的文章似乎可以貼近市場情況,人民幣持續創出新高,可是同時卻有點不合時宜,因為日本政府入市干預,令日圓單日彈升3%;內地銀監會檢討銀行的資本比率,內地股市再度急跌;中日關係緊 張,對區內有何影響;前聯儲局主席格林斯潘表示,奧巴馬政府推出的財政刺激措施效果不及預期,當務之急是解決赤字問題,同時預期經濟復甦需要一定的時間,所以華府應盡量減少刺激性支出,讓企業和市場自我調節、自我修復。

首先,我不相信日本政府或央行可以改變日圓的長期走勢,之前已將03至04年的例子拿來作討論;內銀股有不少潛在問題,所以我早已表態,贊成銀監會任何收緊的行動,不過我不相信資本比率會上調至15%,同時內地股市我一直覺得政策將主導一切,而非估值是否吸引;中日關係之前亦已談過,結論是中美日三方關係既唇齒相依,亦撲朔迷離,但肯定的是我不相信中國會完全放棄美債,亦不相信中國會持續增持日債;至於格林斯潘之言,我十分認同,因為奧巴馬政府還可以推出的政策十分有限,因為無論債務壓力,還是政治壓力,都令華府舉步維艱,格林斯潘只是說出了事實。

其實《華爾街日報》於8月份一篇名為「Strong Yen Fuels Japanese Deals」的文章,幾乎可以道出了歐美最後自救之方法,就是通過推高新興市場的資產及匯率價格,從而加強新興市場信心,及購買海外資產的意欲,這樣既可令歐美國家企業紓困,亦可透過推高資產價格,令新興市場陷入資產泡沫之陷阱之中,再而就是歐美的金融機構,可以透過炒賣資產,在新興市場套取豐厚的利潤,為歐美市場未來的發展,儲備彈藥。

以上的策略,並沒有任何新意,只是新興市場似乎永遠無法擺脫魔咒而已,而且只要如日本般,跌入第一個陷阱,幾乎是沒有翻身餘地。當市場不斷去找尋日本經濟為何花20年時間亦無法翻身的同時,我反而覺得日本為何會步入嚴重經濟危機,才是最值得討論的題目。

其實當時的背景與現時沒有太大差距,於87年美國出現股災時,日本被視為最不受影響的國家,因此日股在89年創出歷史新高,日經指數幾乎升至40,000點的水平,同年日企在美國進行瘋狂收購行動,SONY以34億美元購入哥倫比亞電影,三菱以14億美元買入美國著名地標紐約洛克斐勒中心,而洛杉磯市區半數房屋,都是由日本資金擁有。而這些收購,更被廣泛報道為日本繼珍珠港後,第二次入侵美國。

可是剎那風光的背後,原來是日本被歐美資金玩弄於鼓掌之中,日本資產出現嚴重泡沫,同時外資撤離,加上日本本土資金過於積極往外投資,忽略了本土市場,令不動產價值在欠缺足夠的承接力而大跌,結果日企最終因「火燒後園」,要拋售洛克斐勒中心等美國物業套現,回國拯救因資產急跌而引發的一連串財政問題。最後日本經歷長期的經濟問題,同時日圓歷逾10年的低迷期,美國卻在90年代步入繁榮盛世,誰侵略了誰?

將以上的情況與現時新興市場的情況作比較,印度企業在歐美瘋狂併購;中國資金亦在金融海嘯期間,購入美國的金融機構股權,如摩根士丹利,在未能獲得好處後,就轉移視線投資海外房地產,足迹遍及歐美、澳洲、新加坡甚至日本。當然其他新興國家亦有瘋狂行為。

不過,我想問一句,一旦新興市場的資產爆破,又或者歐美資金大舉流走,亦可能是新興市場的央行調控力度出現偏差,將泡沫弄破,那麼新興市場的資金又是否需要拋售近日購入的資產套現,回國救市?幸好中國不用擔心人民幣匯價大跌,但新興市場其他貨幣應參考95年後日圓的表現,又或者97年金融風暴泰銖等貨幣的教訓。所以現時新興市場越是被市場捧上天,日後跌下來只會更痛楚。

Tuesday, September 14, 2010

李财有方: 上班族困境

有一位上班族朋友告诉我,他希望私人界的退休年龄可以延长到60岁,因为他盘算过了,如果55岁就退休,他就无法供完房贷,也无法应付孩子们的大学费用。

如果能够延长多五年,那么,大儿子就来得及大学毕业,房贷也所剩无几,而且公积金多缴了五年,退休的保障就会多一些,顾虑也会少一点。

朋友才四十出头,离开退休还有十多年的光景,既然已经知道这些问题的存在,可以从现在开始,就积极的储蓄为将来做好准备,为何要把希望寄托在退休年龄的延长呢?

储蓄很少
他解释说,自从有了孩子后,他就认真的考虑这问题,而且也开始努力的储蓄。可惜,事与愿违,总是有那么多的理由,非得动用这笔储蓄钱不可。

结果,到了今天,孩子都入学了,储蓄的成绩还是惨不忍睹,只差没有变成卡奴而已。过去的努力已经不能见效,未来怎么还可以指望它呢,无奈之下,只好把希望寄托在薪水上。

但是,还是有隐忧,因为到了退休的年龄,不管你是多么的不情愿,你还是要被迫离开工作岗位,美其名是退休,其实是被革职。

这就是帮人打工的悲哀,不管薪水对你而言是多么的重要,时间一到,它就会停止,所以只好期待当局改变政策,救苦救难,让退休年龄获得延长。

薪酬偏低
朋友面对的困境,也是许多上班族所面对的困境。其实,并不是人们不想储蓄,而是现实环境的不允许,归根究底,问题的所在,就是偏低的薪酬待遇。

朋友告诉我,在这功利社会,除非你能够有苦行僧的耐力,可以不吃人间烟火,可以不受世俗的影响,那么,你才有机会存到钱。一个人生活也许还有一点机会,如果是一个家庭,难度就大大地提高,因为你总不能要求家庭成员,包括小孩都跟你一样活受罪吧。

朋友觉得,他的薪水收入只够勉强应付日常的生活所需,所以存不到钱不是他的错,而是老板的错,谁叫老板给的薪水这么低!

是不是很矛盾?一边厢埋怨老板给的薪水低,一边厢又希望老板延长自己的退休年龄。既然如此,为何不干脆自己来做老板呢?

朋友接着说,现在还有那一个行业可以做?每个行业都是那么的竞争,每个行业都有它的龙头老大,那里还有机会给我去创业,给我去发挥?而且我也没有创业的本钱。

自己做老板
这就是很多人的心声,大家都知道工字不出头,要过好日子,最理想的方法就是自己做老板,时间可以自己控制,每一分的努力,都是为自己而奋斗,所赚的钱都是属于自己的。

这道理大家都明白,但是,为什么还是有这么多人要去帮人家打工?为什么大家还是争先恐后的去攀爬企业楼梯呢?

理由很简单,因为父母师长从小就灌输我们这样的思想:要努力的求学,将来才可以找到一份好的工作。

父母总是希望孩子将来可以出人头地,但是,如何才可以出人头地呢?

几乎所有的父母都想到同样的方法:书中自有黄金屋,只要努力读书就可以了。只要考获优异的成绩,就可以找到一份好的工作。

至于好的工作,为什么就可以出人头地呢?

却没有人去研究个中的道理。

龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠生儿会打洞。也许这才是真正的道理。

Doomsday warnings of US economic apocalypse gain ground

WASHINGTON - Economists peddling dire warnings that the world's number one economy is on the brink of collapse, amid high rates of unemployment and a spiralling public deficit, are flourishing here.

The guru of this doomsday line of thinking may be economist Nouriel Roubini, thrust into the forefront after predicting the chaos wrought by the sub-prime mortgage crisis and the collapse of the housing bubble.

"The US has run out of bullets," Roubini told an economic forum in Italy earlier this month. "Any shock at this point can tip you back into recession."

But other economists, who have so far stayed out of the media limelight, are also proselytizing nightmarish visions of the future.

Boston University professor Laurence Kotlikoff, who warned as far back as the 1980s of the dangers of a public deficit, lent credence to such dark predictions in an International Monetary Fund publication last week.

He unveiled a doomsday scenario -- which many dismiss as pure fantasy -- of an economic clash between superpowers the United States and China, which holds more than 843 billion dollars of US Treasury bonds.

"A minor trade dispute between the United States and China could make some people think that other people are going to sell US treasury bonds," he wrote in the IMF's Finance & Development review.

"That belief, coupled with major concern about inflation, could lead to a sell-off of government bonds that causes the public to withdraw their bank deposits and buy durable goods."

Kotlikoff warned such a move would spark a run on banks and money market funds as well as insurance companies as policy holders cash in their surrender values.

"In a short period of time, the Federal Reserve would have to print trillions of dollars to cover its explicit and implicit guarantees. All that new money could produce strong inflation, perhaps hyperinflation," he said.

"There are other less apocalyptic, perhaps more plausible, but still quite unpleasant, scenarios that could result from multiple equilibria."

According to a poll by the StrategyOne Institute published Friday, some 65 percent of Americans believe there will be a new recession.

And the view that America is on a decline seems rather well ingrained in many people's minds supported by 65 percent of people questioned in a Wall Street Journal/NBC poll published last week.

"It is true: Today's economic problems are structural, not cyclical," argued New York Times editorial writer David Brooks.

He said the United Sates is losing its world dominance much in the same way the British Empire began to crumble more than a century ago.

"We are in the middle of yet another jobless recovery. Wages have been lagging for decades. Our labor market woes are deep and intractable," Brooks said.

Nobel Economics Prize winner Paul Krugman also voiced concern about the fate of the fragile economic recovery if voters return the Republicans to political power.

"It's hard to overstate how destructive the economic ideas offered earlier this week by John Boehner, the House minority leader, would be if put into practice," he wrote in a recent editorial.

"Fewer jobs and bigger deficits -- the perfect combination."

The Wall Street Journal, usually more favourable to Boehner's call for tax cuts, ran a commentary from another Nobel Prize-winning economist -- Vernon Smith -- that failed to provide much comfort for readers.

"This fact needs to be confronted: We are almost surely in for a long slog," Smith wrote.

And it seems such pessimism has even filtered into the IMF, which warned on Friday that high levels of national debt and a still shaky financial sector threaten to derail the global economic recovery.

"The foreclosure backlog in US property markets is large and growing, in part due to the recent expiration of the home buyer's tax credit. When realized, this could further depress real estate prices."

This could lead to "disproportionate losses" for small and medium-sized banks, which could in turn "precipitate a loss of market confidence in the recovery," the IMF warned.

李财有方: 打工也有出头天?

有一位年轻人告诉我,他的副经理十年前进入公司时,薪水也和他一样,都是2300令吉。副经理常常勉励他,好好的努力,将来就有升职的机会,副经理还偷偷的告诉他,那位即将退休的经理,公积金已经超过100万令吉。言下之意:打工也有出头天。

年轻人很纳闷,为什么今天的起薪还是和十年前一样,难道这十年来的通货膨胀就没有人去考虑吗?还有,如果要等到退休年龄才有百万,对他而言,那是三十年后的事情了,那时候的百万,会不会太少呢?

领悟复利奥妙
年轻人说,他已经领悟复利的奥妙,也知道开番对致富的重要,他希望我能讲得具体一点,怎样使金钱开番?

开番就是倍数的成长,一千到一百万只是十个番,六万多到一百万也不过四个番,所以理论上,百万是很容易达成的目标,但是,事实上,很多人都做不到,原因在于不知道怎样去发掘开番的机会。

金钱开番有两个途径,那就是,资本开番和收入开番。

资本开番 可选股票房产
有玩股票的朋友都知道,股市是最容易使资本开番的地方,只要选对时机,选对股,要开番是很简单的事情。有经验的投资者都知道,只要在大熊市买进,大牛市卖出,随随便便就可以开几个番。问题是,怎样选股?怎样分辨几时是大熊市,几时是大牛市?

这就投资股票困难之处,事实证明,能够通过股市赚钱的人只占少数,能够连续在股市开番的人,更是少之又少。

我认识一位朋友,他以两万令吉起家,在短短的13年内就在股市里开了9番半,正在意气风发的时候,却遇到亚洲金融风暴,结果,只是短短的一年内就不见了4番半。价值千多万的股票一瞬间只剩下五十万,幸亏他还懂得阿Q精神,就当作是14年内开了4个番,勉强可以自我安慰。

要通过股票来使资本开番,最安全可靠的方法,是学习基本派的功夫,方法就是,选年年赚大钱的公司,然后长期持有。冷眼就是这方面的前辈。

除了股票之外,也可以让资本开番的投资项目就是房地产,事实证明,这是最多人取得成功的方法。

只要在年轻时,尽可能的去买房屋而不要去租,三十年后就可以靠它成为小富。

收入开番 从商最有效
上班族的收入就是薪水,薪水可以开番吗?

也许可以,但是,可以肯定的是,这是漫长的道路,穷一生的努力,也只是区区的几个番而已,而且都是前面的番。

要取得惊人的收入开番,最有效的方法就是从商。唯有做生意才可以无限度的取得收入开番。

举个例子,有一位经营廉价服装的小商人,自从开设一间门市店赚到钱后就积极的扩充,不到十年的光景就开了十间分店,年度营业额也从五十万变成五百万,而所赚的钱也增加了十倍。这就是典型的收入开番,很多商人就是靠它踏上百万之路。

年薪十万要变成二十万,这是艰难的任务。但是,一个年赚十万的商人想要在来年赚二十万却不是困难的事情,只要依样画葫芦,把生意的规模扩大一倍就可以了。

发展空间无限
上班族是付出时间换取金钱,所以能够赚的钱就有局限,做生意却不同,只要你有能力,你的发展空间就是无限的,所以做生意可以赚百万,千万就是这个道理。

当然,并不是每个人都需要年赚百万的,对多数人而言,穷一生的努力,到了退休的年龄,如果公积金户口能够存有一百万,那已经是了不起的成就了。

SGX: Poised for strong 1Q

Singapore Exchange (SGX) is poised to see a strong 1QFY11 based on recent positive data points. For the Securities Market, daily average value rose 16% MoM in Jul and 10% in Aug to S$1.5b. In addition, overall derivatives trading volume (futures and options) grew 19% YoY and 11% MoM to 5.3m contracts.
Of some of its recent initiatives and announcements, we are particularly excited by the announcement in Aug to enhance the listing, trading and distribution of fixed income products.
This includes getting more Singapore-listed companies to issue bonds for listing and trading on SGX, extending to preference shares and convertible bonds.
With the new base dividend commitment of 16 cents, and our projected payout of 90%, net yield is decent at 3.9%.
However, at current price, it is trading exactly at our fair value estimate of S$7.93, and we are maintaining our HOLD rating. We will turn buyers of the stock at S$7.50 or lower.

港交所突破阻力須留意

港交所短綫挑戰140元

回說港交所,昨收報134.5元,升2.1%。長期前景點好法,相信好多讀者都識得睇,集團具壟斷性優勢,雖然有指隨着內地之股市興旺,吸引來港上市之公司會減少,而本港企業又部署回流A股上市,削弱港交所的競爭力。惟業務上,本港漸為人民幣離岸中心,相關人民幣投資產品可望填補。上半年以來,聯交所之上市費仍見有增長,內地股市暫未構成太大威脅。

此外,港交所派息也夠晒慷慨,派息比率達9成,若能賺1元,就派0.9元,連港府都是小股東。

當然,港交所中、長期趨勢向好,短期走勢好受大市的成交額以及投資收益影響。早前因集團公布之第2季季報,純利就按季下跌16%至11.3億元,主要因為反映第2季日均成交額較首季弱,以及較弱的投資收益等因素。今季成交額雖然較第2季為佳,暫未觸發證券商調升該股的投資建議,證券商對港交所評級以「跑輸大市」為主。

最近港交所股價突破,是預先捕捉未來一季的上市潮,或預期未來港股之交投會有所增加,還是大戶又在築走勢陷阱?記得年初,大戶就曾築一個走勢陷阱,假意突破高位阻力衝越150元,但最終股價滾落去,呈一浪低於一浪,直至5月才見底。

今趟,看該股的股價於早前突破阻力軌,現進一步配合成交突破250天綫阻力位133元,升勢又似模似樣,推測短綫或回試4月高位近140元。中、長綫則要確認150元之阻力位能夠攻破,才能擺脫自去第2季以來形成的大型上落區(上限阻力區約在150元,下限支持區約在114元)。

Friday, September 3, 2010

分享集:贴身跟踪企业进展

对于股票投资,我一向主张长期。于是有人认为:只要长期投资,就一定能赚钱。

每当我听到此话时,我都会马上补充:是的,要赚大钱,尤其是要取得丰厚的盈利,舍长期别无他途。但是,必须具备一个先决条件,才能达到此目的,那就是:只有公司盈利长期保持上升趋势的公司,其股票才会持续增值;业绩每况愈下的公司,其股票价值必然江河日下,持握时间愈长,亏蚀愈大,最后可能全军尽墨。

投资者在买进股票时,一定要作长期持有的打算,至于要持握多久,则完全取决于企业的业绩表现,如果公司的盈利年年上升的话,你应该紧握不放,收藏得越久,就赚得越多。只要企业盈利上升趋势不变,业务不断成长,你可以无限期的收藏下去。在数十年之后,增值数十倍、数百倍亦不足为奇。世界的富豪都是这样成就的。

财富累积需要时间
在 1960年代末期的世界首富保罗盖帝(J.Paul Getty),原本就是从事石油业的,在1929年的世界经济大萧条中,石油股跌至令人难以置信的水平,他持续不断的在华尔街搜购石油股,控制了油藏丰富的石油公司,从此就不再出售,这些股票跟着石油公司盈利的上升而增值千倍,使他在1968年跃升为世界首富。

无论是世界或大马的富豪,都是藉着长期投资而挤身于富豪榜的。财富的累积需要时间,并无捷径可抄。暴发富是有的,但其进锐者其退速,暴发户鲜有能持久者。

有一位妇女,在她儿子满月时以1令吉左右买进1000股大众银行,当时她以半开玩笑的语气说:“将来我儿子结婚时,我把这1000股送给他当结婚礼物。”大家都不以为然。

三十年后的今天,她真的娶媳妇了,也真的把这“批”大众银行股票送给她儿子。

请注意,她不是把1000股,而是把“一批”大众银行股票送给她儿子,这份礼物之大,出乎所有人意料之外,原来在这三十年中,她收取了所有红股和附加股,同时以所收到的股息买进更多大众银行股票,三十年后的今天,当年所投资的1000令吉,现在价值数十万令吉,听的人都瞠目结舌。

长期投资利润丰硕
犹记四十年前,当我初入股市时,新马股市尚未分家,我曾以每股1令吉买进新加坡发展银行(DBS)的股票,在取得了50%的利润后就脱售,当时还真的蛮高兴。这1000股假如收藏到现在,收取了红股、附加股及丰厚的股息加上新币增值,现在的总价值不下百万令吉。

是的,惟有长期投资,才有可能取得如此惊人的利润。但是,像大众银行和DBS这样长期成长的股票,毕竟不多,现在从股市中买进股票,要预测它在数十年之后价值多少,谁也没有把握。

我手中有股票交易所1973年出版的《公司手册》,在当时的马新股票交易所上市的260家上市公司中,约70%已面目全非,或是从报价版上消失了,能生存到今天,而且老当益壮的不到30%,其中只有部分取得卓越的成长,为股东创造丰硕的回酬,其余公司的成长平平无奇。

所以,长期投资必须长期贴身跟踪企业的进展。只有有关企业的盈利保持年年增长的纪录,你才可以继续收藏下去,它才可以为你带来巨额的财富。一旦发现有关企业的业绩日走下坡,或者出现不利的环境,它不可能重振雄风时,就不可继续收藏下去。

投资成败取决业绩
你要时刻记住,你所持有的,是企业的股份,其价值决定于公司的盈利表现。当企业走下坡,而且没有翻身的希望时,股份的价值将消失于无形,就好像投入火中的冰块般,化为乌有。

贴身跟踪企业的进展,是长期投资必须做的工作。最基本的功课是必须阅读年报、季报、公司发布的文告,尽量搜集及详阅有关行业景气的研究报告,保持长期阅读财经报章、杂志的习惯,以跟上最新的发展和变化。

假如公司推行庞大的计划,关系公司未来的兴衰,更要密切关注其动向。假如国内或国际出现对公司业务或市场有重大影响的事件的话,必须及时评估其对公司的冲击,作出保留或脱手的决定。

现代企业所面对的挑战,比过去任何时期都更严峻,速度更加迅猛。过去业绩良好的企业,不能保证将来能持续。作为企业的股东,你的投资的成败,决定于企业的业绩表现,所以你必须密切注意企业的进展,买进后就不闻不问的时代早已过去。

如果你不关注你的公司的进展,到公司陷困时,你的投资将化为乌有,到时就后悔莫及了。