联储局隔夜决定减息后发表声明,说金融市场依然面对压力,信贷紧缩和房地产市场萎缩情况恶化料在未来几个季度令经济增长受压,但也同时表明以后的会议将把通胀因素考虑在内。
花旗集团证券研究认为,联储局欠缺明确性的声明,显示局内对进一步采取减息等积极行动已经开始出现意见分歧的局面。
联昌国际研究认为,由于美国有待脱售的新房屋数字仍然接近历来最高水平,而当地屋价也正继续走下坡,美股隔夜的大涨走势不大可能持续很久。
花旗集团证券研究指出,在股市走下坡的当儿,投资者注重的是如何保值,任何市面上关于估值和交易情绪的乐观评论都不会引起多大兴趣。
How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. 自强不息 勤以静心,俭以养德 天地不仁, 強者生存
Saturday, March 22, 2008
Thursday, March 20, 2008
Ready for a rally
Finding the silver lining
Despite higher volatility, largely reflecting financial market stability concerns and expectations for a US recession, there is reason for optimism in global equity markets. Monetary and fiscal policy response has been aggressive and more is likely on the way. Thus, a major source of ‘tail’ risk appears to have been removed.
Coupled with attractive valuations, low interest rates, and reasonable earnings growth, we believe prospects for a more sustainable rally in equities appear good.
Lingering challenges
We recognize that a move to become less defensive could still be early given that uncertainty could persist. Details of policy response are still unknown and global growth is still under pressure, which may keep earnings expectations muted.
With expectations for a US recession still on the rise and concerns about the stability of the financial system acute, markets have reeled amid the uncertainty.
Credit markets are under strain, banks have been under associated stress, and pressures have seemed unlikely to abate on their own.
Past examples of banking system bailouts should offer hope to investors.
Performance of domestic bank stocks following inception of a banking sector bailout is usually robust, with an average gain of nearly 30% in three months.
The historical pattern of a market rebound suggests that the sectors that have been under the most pressure also rebound the most.
Actions already taken by the Federal Reserve over the last nine months in response to the housing and financial market crisis have been significant.
Those actions include cuts of 300 bps in the Fed Funds rate and 375 bps in the Discount Rate since August, creation of the Term Auction Facility (TAF), Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF), Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), and involvement in term-funding of Bear Stearns.
In addition to monetary policy measures, there has also been fiscal action, with a tax rebate approved by Congress.
Further, we believe that there’s a probability of additional measures that will be taken by Congress and, perhaps, the Fed to provide more stimulus and liquidity to the economy and to markets. The combination of these measures should act as a stabilizer against the instabilities caused by the weakness in the housing market.
Therefore, coupled with other positive factors, equities appear oversold.
Low levels of nominal and real interest rates also favour equity markets. Real interest rates (the real Fed funds rate is now negative) are supportive of overall equity market valuations.
While we continue to believe that earnings growth is slowing globally and that bottom-up estimates for this year remain somewhat optimistic (particularly in emerging markets), though there have been downgrades to earnings estimates in recent months.
How to position for a market rebound
Looking back over previous market sell-offs (-10% from 12-month peak) that are followed by a sharp rebound (greater than 10% in three months) we find that the sectors that led markets lower also tend to lead in the recovery.
Markets are poised for a broad recovery in valuations driven by a decline in risk premiums. These moves are likely to benefit the whole market. However, the historical pattern of a market rebound suggests that the sectors that have been under the most pressure over the last year (financials -22% and consumer discretionary -16%, compared to the market which has been roughly flat) have potential to rebound sharply in the near-term.
In that vein, both sectors face hurdles that are unlikely to be cleared quickly. For consumers, the US appears still at the early stages of recession, the unemployment rate is likely to rise, and the downturn in housing will continue to force household balance sheet repair. Meanwhile, financials will face continued questions about growth potential in coming years given shrinking balance sheets.
Banking bailouts: A history lesson
Our Global Banks Analyst Philip Finch published a report on March 17th called “UBS Global I/O™: Banking Crisis – A banking bailout?” which takes a close look at past banking crises and the parallels we can draw from them to help understand the current turbulence. The team looked at four other crises with similar features to today which were preceded by a long period of over-lending and were all derived in one way or another from a real estate bubble. These bank crises are :-
1) The Great Depression of 1929,
2) the Savings and Loans crisis in 1986,
3) the Swedish banking crisis in 1992 and
4) the Japanese banking crisis of 1990.
Stacked up against these prior episodes, the current subprime crisis ranks second in terms of its cost as a percentage of GDP.
On average the financial sector returned 148% in the twelve months after the inception of the government bailout. The team believe a swift response from the US government this time could lead to a similar rally.
Overall economic conditions may remain challenging as recession in the US appears probable. To that end, sustainability of overall earnings growth may remain a concern.
Fears of a spreading global slowdown. These growth concerns could be most acute in Europe and Emerging markets, where growth expectations have been more stable. Moreover, materials and energy stocks could be vulnerable if demand concerns finally trump expectations for limited supply, driving prices lower.
Challenges remain Much of the stemming of systemic risk in the financial markets was predicated on a fiscal policy response from the US government. If this fails to materialise or the Fed disappoints with future monetary measures, substantial uncertainty could return to the capital markets.
Despite higher volatility, largely reflecting financial market stability concerns and expectations for a US recession, there is reason for optimism in global equity markets. Monetary and fiscal policy response has been aggressive and more is likely on the way. Thus, a major source of ‘tail’ risk appears to have been removed.
Coupled with attractive valuations, low interest rates, and reasonable earnings growth, we believe prospects for a more sustainable rally in equities appear good.
Lingering challenges
We recognize that a move to become less defensive could still be early given that uncertainty could persist. Details of policy response are still unknown and global growth is still under pressure, which may keep earnings expectations muted.
With expectations for a US recession still on the rise and concerns about the stability of the financial system acute, markets have reeled amid the uncertainty.
Credit markets are under strain, banks have been under associated stress, and pressures have seemed unlikely to abate on their own.
Past examples of banking system bailouts should offer hope to investors.
Performance of domestic bank stocks following inception of a banking sector bailout is usually robust, with an average gain of nearly 30% in three months.
The historical pattern of a market rebound suggests that the sectors that have been under the most pressure also rebound the most.
Actions already taken by the Federal Reserve over the last nine months in response to the housing and financial market crisis have been significant.
Those actions include cuts of 300 bps in the Fed Funds rate and 375 bps in the Discount Rate since August, creation of the Term Auction Facility (TAF), Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF), Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), and involvement in term-funding of Bear Stearns.
In addition to monetary policy measures, there has also been fiscal action, with a tax rebate approved by Congress.
Further, we believe that there’s a probability of additional measures that will be taken by Congress and, perhaps, the Fed to provide more stimulus and liquidity to the economy and to markets. The combination of these measures should act as a stabilizer against the instabilities caused by the weakness in the housing market.
Therefore, coupled with other positive factors, equities appear oversold.
Low levels of nominal and real interest rates also favour equity markets. Real interest rates (the real Fed funds rate is now negative) are supportive of overall equity market valuations.
While we continue to believe that earnings growth is slowing globally and that bottom-up estimates for this year remain somewhat optimistic (particularly in emerging markets), though there have been downgrades to earnings estimates in recent months.
How to position for a market rebound
Looking back over previous market sell-offs (-10% from 12-month peak) that are followed by a sharp rebound (greater than 10% in three months) we find that the sectors that led markets lower also tend to lead in the recovery.
Markets are poised for a broad recovery in valuations driven by a decline in risk premiums. These moves are likely to benefit the whole market. However, the historical pattern of a market rebound suggests that the sectors that have been under the most pressure over the last year (financials -22% and consumer discretionary -16%, compared to the market which has been roughly flat) have potential to rebound sharply in the near-term.
In that vein, both sectors face hurdles that are unlikely to be cleared quickly. For consumers, the US appears still at the early stages of recession, the unemployment rate is likely to rise, and the downturn in housing will continue to force household balance sheet repair. Meanwhile, financials will face continued questions about growth potential in coming years given shrinking balance sheets.
Banking bailouts: A history lesson
Our Global Banks Analyst Philip Finch published a report on March 17th called “UBS Global I/O™: Banking Crisis – A banking bailout?” which takes a close look at past banking crises and the parallels we can draw from them to help understand the current turbulence. The team looked at four other crises with similar features to today which were preceded by a long period of over-lending and were all derived in one way or another from a real estate bubble. These bank crises are :-
1) The Great Depression of 1929,
2) the Savings and Loans crisis in 1986,
3) the Swedish banking crisis in 1992 and
4) the Japanese banking crisis of 1990.
Stacked up against these prior episodes, the current subprime crisis ranks second in terms of its cost as a percentage of GDP.
On average the financial sector returned 148% in the twelve months after the inception of the government bailout. The team believe a swift response from the US government this time could lead to a similar rally.
Overall economic conditions may remain challenging as recession in the US appears probable. To that end, sustainability of overall earnings growth may remain a concern.
Fears of a spreading global slowdown. These growth concerns could be most acute in Europe and Emerging markets, where growth expectations have been more stable. Moreover, materials and energy stocks could be vulnerable if demand concerns finally trump expectations for limited supply, driving prices lower.
Challenges remain Much of the stemming of systemic risk in the financial markets was predicated on a fiscal policy response from the US government. If this fails to materialise or the Fed disappoints with future monetary measures, substantial uncertainty could return to the capital markets.
Jim Rogers on the Bear Stearns bailout.....
The current market has some similarites of what happen in 1970s.
Psychology rules the markets,always. Inflation expectatios have produce "hope" that all sectors will do well. However "hope" is never a good investment tool.
Current market actions is pretty fast as psychology swings. And normally, no stock market can rally far without the banking stocks.
Currently Bernake is doing something similar like what happen in late 1970s where he expanded the amount of so-called cheap currency. People will borrow and use stocks as inflation hedges - yes stocks will rise.
Commodities prices will go higher and when inflation reach a all time high. Economy will plunged from the cliff. Deflation will follow. By allowing inflation to go higher, the US deflicit directly will be reduced (SGD to US was 1.70 and now 1.38).
Now the question is whether inflation forces is more powerful than the deflationary forces of collapsing credit. It seems collapsing credit is faster for now. Not taking too much risk, look around for high yield stocks or stocks you understand well enough.
Ahead market still look pretty bearish for now and at least for months.
Jim Rogers on the Bear Stearns bailout......
Jim Rogers was none too pleased with the way the U.S. government has been throwing its money around.
On why Bear Stearns was bailed out:
You know the reason they did it this way was because, if Bear Stearns had to declare bankruptcy, you'd realize that Bear Stearns paid out billions of dollars in bonuses in January - six weeks ago. If he let them go into bankruptcy, they all would have had to send back their bonuses.This is what they're doing, they're doing it so they don't have to give back their bonuses. That's why they didn't put them into bankruptcy. Jamie Dimon has gotten a great deal because the Federal Reserve is paying for it. The Federal Reserve is using taxpayer money to buy a bunch of Bear Stearns traders' Mazeratis.
On letting banks fail:
Investment banks have been going bankrupt since the beginning of time. What are you talking about? Let somebody go bankrupt - it's not the end of the world. You remember what happened in the 70s when they tried this tactic -when Arther Burns kept printing money. Finally, interest rates had to go to over 20 percent and they had to bring in Paul Volcker who had to take draconian measures and put the country into a serious recession. How much more money do you think the Federal Reserve has?
On risks to the banking system:
In 1966, the entire Japanese financial community went bankrupt. Every broker in Japan was in bankruptcy. Japan came out of that and became one of the great powerhouses of the world. In 1907, everbody on Wall Street was bankrupt. America recovered from that and had a very nice future. Are you telling me that we're never going to have bankruptcies in the financial community again?
On Alan Greenspan's role in this mess:
The first two central banks in America failed. Between Greenspan and Bernanke - they're setting up the failure of the central bank. The demise of the Federal Reserve. The first two failed, this one is going to fail too -because of Greenspan and Bernanke. Greenspan laid the perfect foundation for Bernanke.
Psychology rules the markets,always. Inflation expectatios have produce "hope" that all sectors will do well. However "hope" is never a good investment tool.
Current market actions is pretty fast as psychology swings. And normally, no stock market can rally far without the banking stocks.
Currently Bernake is doing something similar like what happen in late 1970s where he expanded the amount of so-called cheap currency. People will borrow and use stocks as inflation hedges - yes stocks will rise.
Commodities prices will go higher and when inflation reach a all time high. Economy will plunged from the cliff. Deflation will follow. By allowing inflation to go higher, the US deflicit directly will be reduced (SGD to US was 1.70 and now 1.38).
Now the question is whether inflation forces is more powerful than the deflationary forces of collapsing credit. It seems collapsing credit is faster for now. Not taking too much risk, look around for high yield stocks or stocks you understand well enough.
Ahead market still look pretty bearish for now and at least for months.
Jim Rogers on the Bear Stearns bailout......
Jim Rogers was none too pleased with the way the U.S. government has been throwing its money around.
On why Bear Stearns was bailed out:
You know the reason they did it this way was because, if Bear Stearns had to declare bankruptcy, you'd realize that Bear Stearns paid out billions of dollars in bonuses in January - six weeks ago. If he let them go into bankruptcy, they all would have had to send back their bonuses.This is what they're doing, they're doing it so they don't have to give back their bonuses. That's why they didn't put them into bankruptcy. Jamie Dimon has gotten a great deal because the Federal Reserve is paying for it. The Federal Reserve is using taxpayer money to buy a bunch of Bear Stearns traders' Mazeratis.
On letting banks fail:
Investment banks have been going bankrupt since the beginning of time. What are you talking about? Let somebody go bankrupt - it's not the end of the world. You remember what happened in the 70s when they tried this tactic -when Arther Burns kept printing money. Finally, interest rates had to go to over 20 percent and they had to bring in Paul Volcker who had to take draconian measures and put the country into a serious recession. How much more money do you think the Federal Reserve has?
On risks to the banking system:
In 1966, the entire Japanese financial community went bankrupt. Every broker in Japan was in bankruptcy. Japan came out of that and became one of the great powerhouses of the world. In 1907, everbody on Wall Street was bankrupt. America recovered from that and had a very nice future. Are you telling me that we're never going to have bankruptcies in the financial community again?
On Alan Greenspan's role in this mess:
The first two central banks in America failed. Between Greenspan and Bernanke - they're setting up the failure of the central bank. The demise of the Federal Reserve. The first two failed, this one is going to fail too -because of Greenspan and Bernanke. Greenspan laid the perfect foundation for Bernanke.
Wednesday, March 19, 2008
未能對症下藥美頹勢持續
一九四五年二次世界大戰結束後,六十多年來,以美國為首的西方經濟可粗略地分為二大階段。第一是美國工業主導世界經濟發展;第二是華爾街大行主導環球金融化。從工業「轉進」金融,是經濟轉型必經之途,但在金融業創造了比天文數字還多的「紙上富貴」的過程中,利潤已和「生產」無關,有的經濟學家稱這種現象為「經濟空洞化」,意味來自金融業(特別是衍生工具)的財富,遠遠比工業生產多。對美國資本階級來說,本土「經濟空洞化」意義不大,受害的是無法與時並進的勞工階級。美國的工業大部分已轉移至中國、印度和其他仍處於經濟發展「第一階段」的國家。這種「經濟分工」,帶來過去十多年的世界經濟榮景。
憑高超財技無中生有的財富創造,製造了連串投機高潮,大家記憶猶新的股市泡沫、科網泡沫,便是高潮的後遺現象,這顯示有炒得天翻地覆的牛市,便有跌個四腳朝天的熊市。此中的一項特點是,九十年代以來的熊市均十分短暫,原因是工業生產向低成本地區遷移的結果,令聯儲局有維持偏低利率的條件。低利率等於信貸寬鬆,這正是「旺市之母」!旺市非僅指股票市場,需求有增無已的能源及農業以至金屬商品期貨價值莫不騰飛;這種現象極易理解,首先是美國消耗過量能源,在鼓勵開發生化能源之下,相關農作物供不應求,其價遂被扯高;其次是美元泛濫價持續下降,以美元定價的商品價格便升個不停。當然,中國和印度這二個新興經濟大國對能源(及糧食)需求殷切,亦是令其價格居高難下的因素。據美國能源部的資料,二○○四年中、印每天平均進口八百九十萬桶原油,二○一○年預期一千二百一十萬桶、二○二○年達一千五百五十萬桶;加上工業國人民並未因為汽油價暴漲而少用汽車,據同一資料來源,世界耗油量因此由二○○六年平均每天八千三百七十萬桶增至二○一○年九千零七十萬桶及二○二○年一億零三百七十萬桶!如何滿足這種需求,現在誰亦沒有答案。令人頗以為異的是,燃燒汽油為溫室效應元兇,似為世人的共識,可是,大家仍在盡情地耗油。這固然是大多數人認為保護環境應該「由你」而非「由我」做起,與石油定價貨幣美元持續貶值亦有不可分割的關係。這即是說,油價雖然升個不亦樂乎,卻遠遠未達經濟學家心目中的「高價」;經濟學理論指出在市場機制有效運作的條件下,物資即使是產量有限,亦不虞匱乏,因為市場殷切需求上升會搶高價格,付不起錢「嫌貴」者先後退出市場,結果供求趨於平衡……。非常明顯,目前每桶原油雖近一百一十元(美元.下同),但消費者不論國家、企業或個人,仍然如常消費。
價格未達迫使消費者減少消耗的水平,令石油產量停滯不前的情況備受注目。世界最重要油田如沙地阿拉伯的嘉禾爾(Ghawar)、科威特的貝根(Burgan)和墨西哥的肯塔利(Cantarell),雖不至油盡井枯,但經過三、四十年的抽取,產量均無復當年盛況。近四十年來發現的最大油田是哈薩克的卡薩根(Kashagan),唯油質較差,不但大增提煉困難,成本亦一再超支(原產期二○○五年已推遲至二○一一年,原開發預算五百七十億則增至一千三百五十億);其他大發現均在深海,這包括乍得的杜巴(Doba)、俄羅斯的庫頁島及巴西的塔比(Tupi)油田,它們的特點是開採難度高;至於「地緣政治」影響開採及運輸,已是旁枝末節。
和八十年代不同,當前名目油價的上漲,並非因為油國禁運(石油出口),而是需求增長無限、供應增加有限(事實是無法增加)及美元愈來愈不值錢有以致之。這種情況短期內無法改善,「油價創新高」將不再是新聞!不少論者認為若經濟衰退需求放緩油價必挫,這種推理完全正確,但中國和印度經濟增長只會略低而不會衰退─起碼在今年內─美國聯儲局有貝南奇掌舵,衰退不易出現,即使經濟增長有輕微倒退,只要信貸鬆動的大環境不變,視汽車為日常必需品的美國人及歐洲人,是不會少開汽車以節省用油的(美國七成以上進口石油提煉為汽油)。除非美國改變「賤美元」政策,油價反覆上升之局難改。
和石油、黃金以及農作物價格節節上升的趨勢相反,美元價頹勢依然。美國外貿赤字難望改善,因為僅進口石油,今年便會流出四千七百五十億(假如平均每桶油價一百元,今年進口預期為四十七億五千萬桶);更重要的是,從昨天開始,不受聯儲局管制、監督的投資銀行和「主要」股票經紀行,可享受過去數十年只有認可商業銀行才有資格直接向聯儲局舉債的優待。這類過去濫發衍生工具做高槓桿借貸的金融機構財政周轉不靈,貝南奇打破慣例,旨在救它們出險境,可是它們病入膏肓,不僅是資金周轉有問題,而是信用及財務瀕臨破產邊緣(貝爾斯登便是活生生的例子),面對這種困境,進行「急救」是應該採取財政政策─財政部提出由國會透過立法─方是正道。貝南奇顯然斷錯症開錯藥方,其後果是美元價再向下調整!
憑高超財技無中生有的財富創造,製造了連串投機高潮,大家記憶猶新的股市泡沫、科網泡沫,便是高潮的後遺現象,這顯示有炒得天翻地覆的牛市,便有跌個四腳朝天的熊市。此中的一項特點是,九十年代以來的熊市均十分短暫,原因是工業生產向低成本地區遷移的結果,令聯儲局有維持偏低利率的條件。低利率等於信貸寬鬆,這正是「旺市之母」!旺市非僅指股票市場,需求有增無已的能源及農業以至金屬商品期貨價值莫不騰飛;這種現象極易理解,首先是美國消耗過量能源,在鼓勵開發生化能源之下,相關農作物供不應求,其價遂被扯高;其次是美元泛濫價持續下降,以美元定價的商品價格便升個不停。當然,中國和印度這二個新興經濟大國對能源(及糧食)需求殷切,亦是令其價格居高難下的因素。據美國能源部的資料,二○○四年中、印每天平均進口八百九十萬桶原油,二○一○年預期一千二百一十萬桶、二○二○年達一千五百五十萬桶;加上工業國人民並未因為汽油價暴漲而少用汽車,據同一資料來源,世界耗油量因此由二○○六年平均每天八千三百七十萬桶增至二○一○年九千零七十萬桶及二○二○年一億零三百七十萬桶!如何滿足這種需求,現在誰亦沒有答案。令人頗以為異的是,燃燒汽油為溫室效應元兇,似為世人的共識,可是,大家仍在盡情地耗油。這固然是大多數人認為保護環境應該「由你」而非「由我」做起,與石油定價貨幣美元持續貶值亦有不可分割的關係。這即是說,油價雖然升個不亦樂乎,卻遠遠未達經濟學家心目中的「高價」;經濟學理論指出在市場機制有效運作的條件下,物資即使是產量有限,亦不虞匱乏,因為市場殷切需求上升會搶高價格,付不起錢「嫌貴」者先後退出市場,結果供求趨於平衡……。非常明顯,目前每桶原油雖近一百一十元(美元.下同),但消費者不論國家、企業或個人,仍然如常消費。
價格未達迫使消費者減少消耗的水平,令石油產量停滯不前的情況備受注目。世界最重要油田如沙地阿拉伯的嘉禾爾(Ghawar)、科威特的貝根(Burgan)和墨西哥的肯塔利(Cantarell),雖不至油盡井枯,但經過三、四十年的抽取,產量均無復當年盛況。近四十年來發現的最大油田是哈薩克的卡薩根(Kashagan),唯油質較差,不但大增提煉困難,成本亦一再超支(原產期二○○五年已推遲至二○一一年,原開發預算五百七十億則增至一千三百五十億);其他大發現均在深海,這包括乍得的杜巴(Doba)、俄羅斯的庫頁島及巴西的塔比(Tupi)油田,它們的特點是開採難度高;至於「地緣政治」影響開採及運輸,已是旁枝末節。
和八十年代不同,當前名目油價的上漲,並非因為油國禁運(石油出口),而是需求增長無限、供應增加有限(事實是無法增加)及美元愈來愈不值錢有以致之。這種情況短期內無法改善,「油價創新高」將不再是新聞!不少論者認為若經濟衰退需求放緩油價必挫,這種推理完全正確,但中國和印度經濟增長只會略低而不會衰退─起碼在今年內─美國聯儲局有貝南奇掌舵,衰退不易出現,即使經濟增長有輕微倒退,只要信貸鬆動的大環境不變,視汽車為日常必需品的美國人及歐洲人,是不會少開汽車以節省用油的(美國七成以上進口石油提煉為汽油)。除非美國改變「賤美元」政策,油價反覆上升之局難改。
和石油、黃金以及農作物價格節節上升的趨勢相反,美元價頹勢依然。美國外貿赤字難望改善,因為僅進口石油,今年便會流出四千七百五十億(假如平均每桶油價一百元,今年進口預期為四十七億五千萬桶);更重要的是,從昨天開始,不受聯儲局管制、監督的投資銀行和「主要」股票經紀行,可享受過去數十年只有認可商業銀行才有資格直接向聯儲局舉債的優待。這類過去濫發衍生工具做高槓桿借貸的金融機構財政周轉不靈,貝南奇打破慣例,旨在救它們出險境,可是它們病入膏肓,不僅是資金周轉有問題,而是信用及財務瀕臨破產邊緣(貝爾斯登便是活生生的例子),面對這種困境,進行「急救」是應該採取財政政策─財政部提出由國會透過立法─方是正道。貝南奇顯然斷錯症開錯藥方,其後果是美元價再向下調整!
Long & Short
Are we at a watershed point? The STI may be poised for a relief rebound this week following yesterday's test of the 2745 mid term support; the same support was tested during the corrective selloff in Jan this year.
The anticipated whipsaw effects following today's development could be a relief rebound above 2800. The VIX indicator has risen to a peak of 31.60. Given its inverse correlation with the STI's trend, any pullback of the VIX will be viewed as positive for the general market.
Notwithstanding, we believe any rebound will be temporary at best as longer term technicals remain bearish. In this issue of Long & Short, we advocate pair trades as a strategy to increase alpha.
Short SGX, long SPH. SGX currently trades at 18.6x FY09E is trading midway of its 5-year historical PE band of 8-28x. Further downside from valuation compression given lower average daily turnover value (ADT). Our regression model of SGX’s share price vs ADT yields a fair value of S$5.80 on an ADT assumption of S$1.8b.
Recommend technical sell on SGX (beta 1.63) and to buy SPH (beta 0.62) to establish a -1 beta portfolio for hedging against market movements. Approach has out performed market since Sept 07.
Short Singapore Airlines, long SIAEC. The aviation cycle may have peaked in 2007. Prospects of a US recession over the next 12 months will have negative ramifications on demand-supply dynamics for the global airline industry. A slower corporate travel market and persistent high oil prices would place downward pressure on margins in 2008.
Slack capacity redeployment by US carriers to Asian routes compound operating risks. Despite SIA’s strong balance sheet, a special dividend payout is not a certainty given the macro backdrop. We prefer a switch into SIAEC as the engine overhaul outsourcing trend remains strong.
Long Sing Land, short SC Global. Singland has significant exposure to the domestic office sector, which is likely to remain resilient given the tight supply outlook over the next 2 years. Even in a downturn scenario, its strong balance sheet should cushion downside better vis-à-vis peers. We are still cautious on SC Global notwithstanding the selloff since 4Q2007. SC Global’s heavy exposure to the luxury end residential segment heightens systemic risks, especially
given the fact that residential markets tend to lag equity markets by an average of 6-9 months.
The anticipated whipsaw effects following today's development could be a relief rebound above 2800. The VIX indicator has risen to a peak of 31.60. Given its inverse correlation with the STI's trend, any pullback of the VIX will be viewed as positive for the general market.
Notwithstanding, we believe any rebound will be temporary at best as longer term technicals remain bearish. In this issue of Long & Short, we advocate pair trades as a strategy to increase alpha.
Short SGX, long SPH. SGX currently trades at 18.6x FY09E is trading midway of its 5-year historical PE band of 8-28x. Further downside from valuation compression given lower average daily turnover value (ADT). Our regression model of SGX’s share price vs ADT yields a fair value of S$5.80 on an ADT assumption of S$1.8b.
Recommend technical sell on SGX (beta 1.63) and to buy SPH (beta 0.62) to establish a -1 beta portfolio for hedging against market movements. Approach has out performed market since Sept 07.
Short Singapore Airlines, long SIAEC. The aviation cycle may have peaked in 2007. Prospects of a US recession over the next 12 months will have negative ramifications on demand-supply dynamics for the global airline industry. A slower corporate travel market and persistent high oil prices would place downward pressure on margins in 2008.
Slack capacity redeployment by US carriers to Asian routes compound operating risks. Despite SIA’s strong balance sheet, a special dividend payout is not a certainty given the macro backdrop. We prefer a switch into SIAEC as the engine overhaul outsourcing trend remains strong.
Long Sing Land, short SC Global. Singland has significant exposure to the domestic office sector, which is likely to remain resilient given the tight supply outlook over the next 2 years. Even in a downturn scenario, its strong balance sheet should cushion downside better vis-à-vis peers. We are still cautious on SC Global notwithstanding the selloff since 4Q2007. SC Global’s heavy exposure to the luxury end residential segment heightens systemic risks, especially
given the fact that residential markets tend to lag equity markets by an average of 6-9 months.
熊二第一隻腳
美國經濟進入衰退已愈來愈肯定,剩低嘅問題係呢個衰退期有幾深及有幾長?2006年第三季開始嘅衰退期唔會响2008年結束,而係一直伸延至2009 年。至於1973至74年嗰次,係第一次石油危機,可以講又深又長,1980至82年嗰次係第二次石油危機,已冇1973至74年嗰次咁深,但一樣好長。至於2000至02年係科網股泡沫爆破,而非石油危機。呢次由2007年10月11日起回落,應該係第三次石油危機,理論上應較1980至82年嗰次更溫和先啱。
索羅斯:最高潮應滿街鮮血
熊市一期(恒指計)去年10月30日開始,今年1月22日結束,進入漫長熊市第二期。受美國次按影響,信貸市場漸收縮,外滙市場開始回應經濟增長放緩。由2007年9月起美元滙價急跌,到近期日圓急升。
再睇番1973至74年及1980至82年油價,最終油價係止升回跌,即石油危機之後係油價萎縮期,即通脹到後期變成通縮;至於引發嘅係邊一點及邊一日就木宰羊。
索羅斯估計,呢次金融危機係美國近六十年內最惡劣嘅一次,最高峰期應會「滿街鮮血」!我地暫時當索羅斯危言聳聽(根據另一知名分析員Joe Granville分析,當報章上大部分人皆睇淡及已沽咗貨,亦即大部分人開始睇錯嘅日子)。
換言之,採取防守策略有其需要,過分睇淡則無必要,請保持平常心,耐心等候股市嘅演繹。
政府樣樣唔准加價去控制CPI升幅,結果只會造成供應短缺,情況可能較加價仲差。
今天日圓升穿100兌1美元,引發利差交易unwind,全球資金回流日本,令全球金融危機進一步加深同拉長。上月美國同歐洲曾希望金融風暴响今年1月 22日結束,依家睇嚟將伸延至2009年。上周初仍以70美元一股易手嘅貝爾斯登,一下子只值2美元,係1930年代以來首次出現,所引起嘅震撼可以想像。一般人相信貝爾斯登唔會係最後一隻出問題嘅金融股,另一場風暴會否又再開始(第二隻鞋開始下跌)?
聯儲局宣布減貼現率0.25厘,至3.25厘,並批准JP摩根大通購入貝爾斯登,令美元兌日圓跌至十二年內低位,引發日經平均指數大拋售。日圓滙價高見96日圓兌1美元,係1995年8 月以來最高(1994年最高曾見78兌1美元)。
加州最大房屋建造商Lennar宣布去年第四季虧損13億美元,股價去年下跌63%,公司計劃為手上100萬美元以上嘅豪宅提供35%折扣優惠!即去年賣100萬美元嘅房屋,今年只需65萬美元。
聯儲局在減息,但三十年期樓按卻加息至6.37厘,十五年期5.72厘,因為樓按風險在上升。過去响美國買樓要畀20%首期,近年唔少公司接受10%甚至5%首期,形成呢次樓價只下跌10%便有大量負資產家庭出現。點樣阻止美國樓價進一步下跌?聯儲局已在瘋狂減息,但有用咩?1930至32年聯儲局亦曾減息至1厘,股市卻跌到七個一皮;1990年6月起日本減息至近年接近絲路,日經平均指數亦跌足十三年。
美國次按危機演變成信貸壓縮(credit crunch),令一個本來十分溫和嘅調整變成嚴重衰退,較嚴重嘅衰退一旦出現,又可令金融機構虧損進一步擴大,擔心呢次美國經濟軟着陸可能失敗,由短而淺(例如一季)變成深而長(甚至超過兩季)。分析界預測將出現「W」形趨勢,即不景氣一直伸延到2009年下半年,而非類似1991或2001年式軟着陸。
以地產為例,住宅衰退正向商業樓宇市場擴散。美國經濟增長放緩已影響歐洲同日本,而且仍在繼續擴散。美國住宅方面,根據Case-Shiller╱S&P指數已回落8%,最後見底時低點好大可能較2006年高點回落20-25%。美國金融系統正面對1980年初以來另一次大考驗(當年因第三世界國家無力還款而引發金融危機)。問題已唔局限於次按債券,而係一旦樓價跌幅大於20%時所造成嘅負資產問題,依家涉及虧損可能高達4000億美元,而且在擴大中。好多LBO(Leveraged-Buy-Outs)面對經濟衰退,無力還錢問題將逐步浮現。問題唔再局限於CDO(Collateralized Debt Obligations),擴散到CDS(Credit Default Swaps)而影響企業借貸能力,更包括SIV(Structured Investment Vehicles),進而影響對沖基金、投資銀行等。
响過去衰退,標普五百指數平均跌幅28%,我地正面對相同危機,何況呢次可能較1990至91及2001年更嚴重。如美國樓價下跌20-25%,可令美國家庭財富失去4萬億至5萬億美元。美國私人消費佔美國GDP 70%,只要美國家庭略為減少消費,已可陷美國GDP長期處於負增長,上述未計股票市場回落影響及企業借貸能力減少嘅影響。持盈保泰坐觀危機演變
今年兩間被接管嘅銀行都只係小型銀行。隨着貝爾斯登出事,知名度較高嘅投資銀行亦開始出問題,對投資者心理打擊更大。一般人心諗咁大嘅投資銀行點會出事?可惜依家信心亦開始動搖。
美國聯儲局瘋狂減息,對美元滙價害多於利,亦令金融政策對資本財需求嘅影響力愈來愈細(例如1990至2003年日本;1998年特區政府入市干預股市)。家吓美國經濟面對嘅困難唔係illiquidity,而係insolvency。至今美國仍係流動性過剩,只係貸款人無力還債,呢個問題無法透過減息解決。高盛證券估計,金融市場虧損2000億美元,可引發2萬億美元信貸收縮。
中投投資响百仕通上虧損30%後,投資態度已轉為審慎;美國銀行投資响 Countrywide上損失20億美元,亦變得小心好多;中信證券响貝爾斯登上吃咗虧,亦醒目番少少。過去六個月各國主權基金面對虧損,漸漸令主權基金唔再成為資本供應者。各國中央銀行已成為最後資金提供者,情況都幾嚴重。
技術上睇,今年1月22日21709.63熊市第一期完成第三隻腳,進入熊市第二期,唔排除今年3月17日21041.26乃熊市第二期中第一隻腳。一如熊市第一期,熊市二期應有三至五隻腳(前低點係去年8月17日19386點)。從Bull╱Bears Difference指數睇,3月17日市場睇淡百分比已較今年1月22日有過之而無不及,甚至較去年8月17日更淡,理論上反彈市隨時出現。不過,响熊市中博反彈係極之危險嘅行為,我老曹意見係未出貨者不妨忍手,美國聯儲局減息約可引發一次反彈,因為已進入負利率期,即使熊市亦唔係只跌唔升。
今次同1990年日本危機唔同,當年危機並冇擴散;同1997年亞洲金融危機亦唔同,1997年歐洲同美國經濟唔受影響。呢次係美國次按危機,已開始波及日本同歐洲,亞洲能否保持「兩不相干」?响未有肯定答案前,投資者除持盈保泰外,可以做嘅事十分有限。如各位已做妥應變措施,不妨保持樂觀心態睇吓整場次按危機點樣演變。
索羅斯:最高潮應滿街鮮血
熊市一期(恒指計)去年10月30日開始,今年1月22日結束,進入漫長熊市第二期。受美國次按影響,信貸市場漸收縮,外滙市場開始回應經濟增長放緩。由2007年9月起美元滙價急跌,到近期日圓急升。
再睇番1973至74年及1980至82年油價,最終油價係止升回跌,即石油危機之後係油價萎縮期,即通脹到後期變成通縮;至於引發嘅係邊一點及邊一日就木宰羊。
索羅斯估計,呢次金融危機係美國近六十年內最惡劣嘅一次,最高峰期應會「滿街鮮血」!我地暫時當索羅斯危言聳聽(根據另一知名分析員Joe Granville分析,當報章上大部分人皆睇淡及已沽咗貨,亦即大部分人開始睇錯嘅日子)。
換言之,採取防守策略有其需要,過分睇淡則無必要,請保持平常心,耐心等候股市嘅演繹。
政府樣樣唔准加價去控制CPI升幅,結果只會造成供應短缺,情況可能較加價仲差。
今天日圓升穿100兌1美元,引發利差交易unwind,全球資金回流日本,令全球金融危機進一步加深同拉長。上月美國同歐洲曾希望金融風暴响今年1月 22日結束,依家睇嚟將伸延至2009年。上周初仍以70美元一股易手嘅貝爾斯登,一下子只值2美元,係1930年代以來首次出現,所引起嘅震撼可以想像。一般人相信貝爾斯登唔會係最後一隻出問題嘅金融股,另一場風暴會否又再開始(第二隻鞋開始下跌)?
聯儲局宣布減貼現率0.25厘,至3.25厘,並批准JP摩根大通購入貝爾斯登,令美元兌日圓跌至十二年內低位,引發日經平均指數大拋售。日圓滙價高見96日圓兌1美元,係1995年8 月以來最高(1994年最高曾見78兌1美元)。
加州最大房屋建造商Lennar宣布去年第四季虧損13億美元,股價去年下跌63%,公司計劃為手上100萬美元以上嘅豪宅提供35%折扣優惠!即去年賣100萬美元嘅房屋,今年只需65萬美元。
聯儲局在減息,但三十年期樓按卻加息至6.37厘,十五年期5.72厘,因為樓按風險在上升。過去响美國買樓要畀20%首期,近年唔少公司接受10%甚至5%首期,形成呢次樓價只下跌10%便有大量負資產家庭出現。點樣阻止美國樓價進一步下跌?聯儲局已在瘋狂減息,但有用咩?1930至32年聯儲局亦曾減息至1厘,股市卻跌到七個一皮;1990年6月起日本減息至近年接近絲路,日經平均指數亦跌足十三年。
美國次按危機演變成信貸壓縮(credit crunch),令一個本來十分溫和嘅調整變成嚴重衰退,較嚴重嘅衰退一旦出現,又可令金融機構虧損進一步擴大,擔心呢次美國經濟軟着陸可能失敗,由短而淺(例如一季)變成深而長(甚至超過兩季)。分析界預測將出現「W」形趨勢,即不景氣一直伸延到2009年下半年,而非類似1991或2001年式軟着陸。
以地產為例,住宅衰退正向商業樓宇市場擴散。美國經濟增長放緩已影響歐洲同日本,而且仍在繼續擴散。美國住宅方面,根據Case-Shiller╱S&P指數已回落8%,最後見底時低點好大可能較2006年高點回落20-25%。美國金融系統正面對1980年初以來另一次大考驗(當年因第三世界國家無力還款而引發金融危機)。問題已唔局限於次按債券,而係一旦樓價跌幅大於20%時所造成嘅負資產問題,依家涉及虧損可能高達4000億美元,而且在擴大中。好多LBO(Leveraged-Buy-Outs)面對經濟衰退,無力還錢問題將逐步浮現。問題唔再局限於CDO(Collateralized Debt Obligations),擴散到CDS(Credit Default Swaps)而影響企業借貸能力,更包括SIV(Structured Investment Vehicles),進而影響對沖基金、投資銀行等。
响過去衰退,標普五百指數平均跌幅28%,我地正面對相同危機,何況呢次可能較1990至91及2001年更嚴重。如美國樓價下跌20-25%,可令美國家庭財富失去4萬億至5萬億美元。美國私人消費佔美國GDP 70%,只要美國家庭略為減少消費,已可陷美國GDP長期處於負增長,上述未計股票市場回落影響及企業借貸能力減少嘅影響。持盈保泰坐觀危機演變
今年兩間被接管嘅銀行都只係小型銀行。隨着貝爾斯登出事,知名度較高嘅投資銀行亦開始出問題,對投資者心理打擊更大。一般人心諗咁大嘅投資銀行點會出事?可惜依家信心亦開始動搖。
美國聯儲局瘋狂減息,對美元滙價害多於利,亦令金融政策對資本財需求嘅影響力愈來愈細(例如1990至2003年日本;1998年特區政府入市干預股市)。家吓美國經濟面對嘅困難唔係illiquidity,而係insolvency。至今美國仍係流動性過剩,只係貸款人無力還債,呢個問題無法透過減息解決。高盛證券估計,金融市場虧損2000億美元,可引發2萬億美元信貸收縮。
中投投資响百仕通上虧損30%後,投資態度已轉為審慎;美國銀行投資响 Countrywide上損失20億美元,亦變得小心好多;中信證券响貝爾斯登上吃咗虧,亦醒目番少少。過去六個月各國主權基金面對虧損,漸漸令主權基金唔再成為資本供應者。各國中央銀行已成為最後資金提供者,情況都幾嚴重。
技術上睇,今年1月22日21709.63熊市第一期完成第三隻腳,進入熊市第二期,唔排除今年3月17日21041.26乃熊市第二期中第一隻腳。一如熊市第一期,熊市二期應有三至五隻腳(前低點係去年8月17日19386點)。從Bull╱Bears Difference指數睇,3月17日市場睇淡百分比已較今年1月22日有過之而無不及,甚至較去年8月17日更淡,理論上反彈市隨時出現。不過,响熊市中博反彈係極之危險嘅行為,我老曹意見係未出貨者不妨忍手,美國聯儲局減息約可引發一次反彈,因為已進入負利率期,即使熊市亦唔係只跌唔升。
今次同1990年日本危機唔同,當年危機並冇擴散;同1997年亞洲金融危機亦唔同,1997年歐洲同美國經濟唔受影響。呢次係美國次按危機,已開始波及日本同歐洲,亞洲能否保持「兩不相干」?响未有肯定答案前,投資者除持盈保泰外,可以做嘅事十分有限。如各位已做妥應變措施,不妨保持樂觀心態睇吓整場次按危機點樣演變。
Favorable long-term economics
畢非德那句「favorable long-term economics」的真意, 對此有所闡明:[應不是指一般的經濟環境,而是指一家企業身處的經營環境或行業特性,是否有對企業特別有利的地方,或個別企業是否有特別的競爭優勢。]
舉例保險業因保單款項源源不絕流入,很穩定,便是一個 favorable long-term economics。銀行業槓桿大,出差錯會導致擠提或倒閉,理論上就不是一面倒的 favorable;個別企業層面,例如有強大品牌的公司定價能力強,便是 favorable economics。
舉例保險業因保單款項源源不絕流入,很穩定,便是一個 favorable long-term economics。銀行業槓桿大,出差錯會導致擠提或倒閉,理論上就不是一面倒的 favorable;個別企業層面,例如有強大品牌的公司定價能力強,便是 favorable economics。
Monday, March 17, 2008
積極部署救市 惡性通脹快來
二○○二至○四年間過度偏低的利率,是當前美國次按風暴禍延全球金融體系的禍首;這當然是「事後孔明」的說法,在那段「要錢有錢」信貸泛濫的日子,預期資金「大出血」將造成資源錯配進而導致金融大災難的學者─特別是奧國學派經濟學家,不是被視為未能與時並進便是酸氣沖天的蛋頭,他們的言論不受重視,華爾街置若罔聞。然而,如果當年聽信他們的勸告,謹慎保守,便無法在那次漸成過去的狂潮中分杯羹。事實是,大利當前,坐視同輩「乘風破浪」大發其財而不動心,畢竟只是少數中的少數,這意味迄今為止,在金融市場上賺大錢者仍大有人在,但如今大勢不妙,受若干巨無霸金融機構─從英國的北岩銀行到美國的卡萊爾(凱雷)資本和貝爾斯登─相繼陷入財政困難令其股東虧蝕慘重的影響.
為了保住利潤、保存實力,料股市拋售潮是開始而非結束!
在十九世紀末期,新發明如機械化收割機大量使用、縫紉機進入每個家庭、電燈及電話大眾化以至煉鋼技術大突破,在在令經濟生產力大躍進,從一八七五至一八九六年間,由於大量生產,美國物價平均每年跌百分之一點七,顯示科技進步的後遺症是通貨收縮;十九世紀未有聯儲局(一九一三年才成立),財金當局不曉得印發鈔票製造通貨膨脹,坐視物價長期下跌。現在情況完全不同,二十至二十一世紀之交的科網科技大突破雖然大大提高生產力,然而,聯儲局憑一招減息、增發鈔票,令物價跌不下去,結果是世界享受了過去大約十年的繁華景象,卻因此種下資源錯配必然引發的衰退。
對於最近接二連三爆發的金融機構「周轉不靈」,論者痛定思痛,均把矛頭指向格林斯平,認為這是他不負責任地減息種下惡果,但在特定的環境下,尤其是「中國製造」褫奪了美國以至其他發達工業國廠商的「定價能力」,格林斯平的做法是順應時勢而已,而這種做法,假如當年貝南奇在位,亦會奉行不誤,這可從二 ○○二年十一月二日他在華盛頓全國經濟學家俱樂部以〈肯定這裏不會發生通貨收縮〉(Deflation-Making suer it doesn't happen here)為題發表演說,當中這幾句話令筆者印象甚深:「美國政府能夠降低美元相對貨物及服務的購買力,這等於提高它們的美元價。我們的結論是,在紙幣制度之下,下定決心的政府能夠通過大量開支製造通貨膨脹。」當年仍在普林斯敦執教的貝南奇,自此贏得「直升機」的「美名」。非常明顯,他這種充分利用美國印刷鈔票「專利」不許通貨收縮─百物價格下跌─出現的想法,與格林斯平如出一轍,這正是他能脫穎而出當上聯儲局主席的底因。站在美國利益的立場,格林斯平和貝南奇的做法是正確的,因為二十世紀三十年代美國的大蕭條以至九十年代日本大衰退引起所謂「失落的十年」帶來的經濟痛苦,任何有辦法的政府都會設法以免重蹈覆轍。
聯儲局主席這種「理財哲學」,加上二月零售數字跌得比預期重、物業「銀主盤」二月比一年前增百分之六十……,南加州樓價二月平均跌百分之十七點九,在通縮衰退山雨欲來的環境下,聯儲局不惜成為「垃圾桶」。
在近期金融機構相繼出事聲中,卡萊爾資本(其母公司卡萊爾集團與老布殊總統及其國務卿貝克〔James Baker〕有千絲萬縷關係)的破產是典型事件,該公司總資產(客戶資金)六億七千萬(美元.下同),持有值二百一十七億的「債券組合」,槓桿比率三十二倍,「借到盡」,唯所持主要是房利美和房貸美的三A級債券,這二家有「政府背景」的物業按揭公司的票據,是「穩健投資」,只是在市場風雨搖動之下投資者擔心它們可能出問題,不問價拋售令其債價大挫,卡萊爾的債權銀行見抵押品大貶值,要它「補倉」,後者拿不出現金,以後的事香港投資者都清楚了解。「市場的事市場解決」,卡萊爾唯有宣布破產,投資者的六億多元及債權銀行的一百六十六億(抵押品的餘額)自然人間蒸發,對於一個數十萬億的市場,這只是小事一樁,但它對市場信心打擊甚大,盎斯金價首破千元大關、油價直上一百一十元;當二天後美國第五大投資銀行貝爾斯登出事時,聯儲局便不得不以一項於一九三二年大蕭條高峰期通過、向來甚少引用的法案,由紐約分局承保並由JP摩根出面向聯儲局貼現窗貸款救急(貝爾斯登並非商業銀行〔depository bank〕,不能直接向貼現窗求助)。
聯儲局「急救」(bailout)出事的非商業銀行,立下先例,後患無窮,信用評級與貝爾斯登不相伯仲的公司股票,肯定會被拋售(配合聯儲局「救市」,財長保爾森提出嚴管衍生工具的主張,這當然是正確的,問題是現在提出,只是賊過興兵、亡羊補牢;投資銀行自由將受限,賺錢能力受影響,其股票難免受拋售);投資銀行的問題債務以千億元計,別說以納稅人的錢救援它們帶來不公平的指責(在金融風暴中失去住宅、汽車……的中產階級的損失,是否亦要由政府負責?)。聯儲局繼續注資、減息(預期明天之會起碼再減半厘),後果必然是美元貶值和惡性通脹。
大家現在要關注的是惡性通脹,而非通縮對投資的影響!
為了保住利潤、保存實力,料股市拋售潮是開始而非結束!
在十九世紀末期,新發明如機械化收割機大量使用、縫紉機進入每個家庭、電燈及電話大眾化以至煉鋼技術大突破,在在令經濟生產力大躍進,從一八七五至一八九六年間,由於大量生產,美國物價平均每年跌百分之一點七,顯示科技進步的後遺症是通貨收縮;十九世紀未有聯儲局(一九一三年才成立),財金當局不曉得印發鈔票製造通貨膨脹,坐視物價長期下跌。現在情況完全不同,二十至二十一世紀之交的科網科技大突破雖然大大提高生產力,然而,聯儲局憑一招減息、增發鈔票,令物價跌不下去,結果是世界享受了過去大約十年的繁華景象,卻因此種下資源錯配必然引發的衰退。
對於最近接二連三爆發的金融機構「周轉不靈」,論者痛定思痛,均把矛頭指向格林斯平,認為這是他不負責任地減息種下惡果,但在特定的環境下,尤其是「中國製造」褫奪了美國以至其他發達工業國廠商的「定價能力」,格林斯平的做法是順應時勢而已,而這種做法,假如當年貝南奇在位,亦會奉行不誤,這可從二 ○○二年十一月二日他在華盛頓全國經濟學家俱樂部以〈肯定這裏不會發生通貨收縮〉(Deflation-Making suer it doesn't happen here)為題發表演說,當中這幾句話令筆者印象甚深:「美國政府能夠降低美元相對貨物及服務的購買力,這等於提高它們的美元價。我們的結論是,在紙幣制度之下,下定決心的政府能夠通過大量開支製造通貨膨脹。」當年仍在普林斯敦執教的貝南奇,自此贏得「直升機」的「美名」。非常明顯,他這種充分利用美國印刷鈔票「專利」不許通貨收縮─百物價格下跌─出現的想法,與格林斯平如出一轍,這正是他能脫穎而出當上聯儲局主席的底因。站在美國利益的立場,格林斯平和貝南奇的做法是正確的,因為二十世紀三十年代美國的大蕭條以至九十年代日本大衰退引起所謂「失落的十年」帶來的經濟痛苦,任何有辦法的政府都會設法以免重蹈覆轍。
聯儲局主席這種「理財哲學」,加上二月零售數字跌得比預期重、物業「銀主盤」二月比一年前增百分之六十……,南加州樓價二月平均跌百分之十七點九,在通縮衰退山雨欲來的環境下,聯儲局不惜成為「垃圾桶」。
在近期金融機構相繼出事聲中,卡萊爾資本(其母公司卡萊爾集團與老布殊總統及其國務卿貝克〔James Baker〕有千絲萬縷關係)的破產是典型事件,該公司總資產(客戶資金)六億七千萬(美元.下同),持有值二百一十七億的「債券組合」,槓桿比率三十二倍,「借到盡」,唯所持主要是房利美和房貸美的三A級債券,這二家有「政府背景」的物業按揭公司的票據,是「穩健投資」,只是在市場風雨搖動之下投資者擔心它們可能出問題,不問價拋售令其債價大挫,卡萊爾的債權銀行見抵押品大貶值,要它「補倉」,後者拿不出現金,以後的事香港投資者都清楚了解。「市場的事市場解決」,卡萊爾唯有宣布破產,投資者的六億多元及債權銀行的一百六十六億(抵押品的餘額)自然人間蒸發,對於一個數十萬億的市場,這只是小事一樁,但它對市場信心打擊甚大,盎斯金價首破千元大關、油價直上一百一十元;當二天後美國第五大投資銀行貝爾斯登出事時,聯儲局便不得不以一項於一九三二年大蕭條高峰期通過、向來甚少引用的法案,由紐約分局承保並由JP摩根出面向聯儲局貼現窗貸款救急(貝爾斯登並非商業銀行〔depository bank〕,不能直接向貼現窗求助)。
聯儲局「急救」(bailout)出事的非商業銀行,立下先例,後患無窮,信用評級與貝爾斯登不相伯仲的公司股票,肯定會被拋售(配合聯儲局「救市」,財長保爾森提出嚴管衍生工具的主張,這當然是正確的,問題是現在提出,只是賊過興兵、亡羊補牢;投資銀行自由將受限,賺錢能力受影響,其股票難免受拋售);投資銀行的問題債務以千億元計,別說以納稅人的錢救援它們帶來不公平的指責(在金融風暴中失去住宅、汽車……的中產階級的損失,是否亦要由政府負責?)。聯儲局繼續注資、減息(預期明天之會起碼再減半厘),後果必然是美元貶值和惡性通脹。
大家現在要關注的是惡性通脹,而非通縮對投資的影響!
美元大貶值 禍延子孫十代
我相信美元利率在今年內必定會再度減至1%回到2003年的水平。2003 年,格斯潘將利率減至 1% ,導致銀行錢太多,到處找人借,一大批沒有還錢能力的人就因此變成房屋的業主,這就是次按的起源。
今年是美國總統選舉年,為了協助共和黨選總統,伯南克別無他選,只好減息, 只好不斷地注入銀行。美國更有政客建議,不如讓美國政府買起所有的次按合約,一筆勾銷所有的貸款,則天就亮了。當然,天亮的代價是美元更進一步貶值,最終失去國際貿易結算貨幣的地位,全球中央銀行不再以美元為儲備。
今日,美國可以在全球駐軍,美國的國防開支驚人,錢從那來?是借來的,是世界各國的中央銀行借出來的,如果世界各國的中央銀行不再買美國政府國庫債券,美軍就沒人養,美國這個世界第一強國的地位就會開始動搖。政客們為了選票,貽禍子孫十代。
今年是美國總統選舉年,為了協助共和黨選總統,伯南克別無他選,只好減息, 只好不斷地注入銀行。美國更有政客建議,不如讓美國政府買起所有的次按合約,一筆勾銷所有的貸款,則天就亮了。當然,天亮的代價是美元更進一步貶值,最終失去國際貿易結算貨幣的地位,全球中央銀行不再以美元為儲備。
今日,美國可以在全球駐軍,美國的國防開支驚人,錢從那來?是借來的,是世界各國的中央銀行借出來的,如果世界各國的中央銀行不再買美國政府國庫債券,美軍就沒人養,美國這個世界第一強國的地位就會開始動搖。政客們為了選票,貽禍子孫十代。
淡市莫估底又一證明
由美國杜克大學與《CFO雜誌》向美國四百七十五名CFO調查所得,54%認為美國經濟已進入衰退,24%認為今年第二季將出現衰退。75%承認依家較去年第四季悲觀。大部分CFO 認為減息唔會影響佢地嘅生意,三分一認為依家信貸情況直接影響公司生意。
阿根廷中央銀行3月15日宣布,今年8月起巴西及阿根廷雙邊貿易將以兩國本身貨幣進行結算,放棄以美元作為結算單位。8月份投入運行,以巴西雷亞爾和阿根廷披索結算,而唔再係美元。
拋售美元成市場共識
上周日圓100關失守、歐羅1.56失守、金價1000美元失守。去年美元兌歐羅跌10.4%,今年至今再跌3%。弱勢美元有利美國經濟,但崩潰中嘅美元則不利美國經濟,呢D嘢响大學做研究嘅教授可能唔曉。
貝仔嘅行動已引發美元危機,投資者拋售美債,令美元長期利率上升,响呢方面聯儲局冇控制能力;短息跌、長息升係美國家陣嘅情況,愈嚟愈似九十年代日本!如果干預可阻止危機惡化,十九世紀英倫銀行早已成功,1990年日本銀行亦應該成功。干預行為好似食止痛餅醫癌,只將表徵消除,最後一定更大鑊。
以1萬元起步,利用牛眼投資法,每年皆射中牛眼(獲100%回報),幾多年可變成100萬元?答案係少於七年。歷史書內充滿「以小搏大」嘅戰役,贏家往往唔係擁有百萬大軍嘅一方,而係曉得利用時勢、策略、智謀取勝嗰一方。
例如你由去年10月30日起拋空期指,一直roll over,一張期指已可賺50萬元;上述當然係事後孔明,但並非唔可能。請學習槓桿投資法,例如窩輪及期指,入市前先制訂策略及目標,而非漫遊。每天花十五分鐘檢討自己策略係咪可行,唔好被嚇倒,亦唔好太貪心,學習以平常心處事,以及唔好讓虧損超過15%。
上一個美國Secular Bear Market由1966年開始、1982年結束,低點係1974年12月。呢一個綿綿不絕嘅熊市從2000年3月開始,2002年10月係其中一個低點, 2007年10月係其中一個高點;未來去找尋另一個低點……。真正大牛市恐怕要到2016年才再開始。
畢非德响最近巴郡年報中話,道指由1900至99年平均每年只上升5.3%,由66點開始至11497點。未來一百年如道指每年上升5.3%,到2100年道指將見2000000點,相信機會唔大;因此佢強調未來响股市中賺取5%至10%亦變得唔容易。1999年標普五百O高達四十二倍,依家已回落到二十倍,估計未來十到二十年美股純利每年只能升3-5%(2006年企業純利上升11.4%),甚至每年10%亦唔容易。
很少牛市超過二十年
美國愈來愈多住房丟空(因供唔起樓被金融機構接管)。為維修呢D被接管嘅住房,美國一年開支500億美元(平均一間管理及維修費1萬至1.2萬美元一年)。去年約一百萬間住宅被接管,較2006年上升一倍,相信今年更多。大摩報道,波士頓銀行兩年前出售一間物業,代價299000美元,由WMC Mortgage做擔保可回收。今天收回後,WMC Mortgage只能按市價54900美元出售。
換言之,樓按者一旦斷供,對樓按擔保公司而言係災難。今天被空置嘅住房已達三百五十萬間,未來何處搵三百五十萬個有能力供樓嘅新業主?Real Estate Consulting嘅John Burns認為,空置量要上升到四百萬間,樓價才可能見底,日子唔係2008年,而係2009年下半年;未來樓價可能再跌15-20%,即美國物業市場將失去50萬億至60萬億美元市值,樓價才有機會見底。
如上述分析正確,SIV、CLO、CDO、ABS或CMBS未來六個月所面對拋售壓力正不斷加重,聯儲局提供嘅2000億美元救市基金實在少得可憐。
上一次美國樓價1979年見頂,1984年才見底,要到1995年才重返1979年水平。美國呢次樓價2006年7月見頂,可能需要十六年才重見1979年高價,即下一次美國樓價高於2006年係2022年。
長遠而言,樓價可跑贏CPI升幅,因土地供應有限;反之,商品價格卻跑輸CPI升幅。例如高盛商品指數(以二十四種商品組成)今年扣除通脹,只及上一個高位(1974年)嘅40%。原材料(包括黃金)都不能保值,主因係價格一旦高企,代替品便湧現。隨着經濟發展,各國CPI中服務所佔比重漸升(例如香港CPI中超過50%同服務有關,20%同租金有關,燃料費及食品約佔30%。因此推動本港CPI上升唔係原材料價格,而係工資同租金)。
好少牛市可超過二十年,例如美股由1983年起步嘅牛市,2000年已結束;2007年高點其實係由美元滙價下跌所造成嘅假象,唔係真正新高點。
美國樓市牛市由1985年起步,到2006年下半年結束,已超過二十年(部分升幅亦因美元滙價下跌所造成)。任何項目响上升接近二十年後才投資,未來十年到十五年的表現通常令人失望。
美軍喺伊拉克用咗幾多油?去年係十一億加侖燃油,相等於五千艘運油輪載油量,才推得郁美軍响伊拉克嘅戰機及軍車。去年美軍喺伊拉克燃料開支係520億美元,由此可見殊仔幾敗家!到此大家應明白點解美軍入侵伊拉克後,油價係咁升!
今天油價、糧食價、貴重金屬價嘅牛市已十分成熟,已接近尋頂期,波幅甚大,係咪值得加入搶購行列則見仁見智。
今年北京五環外住房亦賣8000-10000元人民幣一平方米,連「海龜」亦負擔唔起。上海浦東12000元人民幣一平方米。武漢房價亦喺6000元一平方米、青島8000元一平方米、大連6500元一平方米。唔好話中國本地大學生負擔唔起,連「海龜」研究生亦負擔唔起。內地房價漲得實在太離譜,調整只喺遲早。
阿根廷中央銀行3月15日宣布,今年8月起巴西及阿根廷雙邊貿易將以兩國本身貨幣進行結算,放棄以美元作為結算單位。8月份投入運行,以巴西雷亞爾和阿根廷披索結算,而唔再係美元。
拋售美元成市場共識
上周日圓100關失守、歐羅1.56失守、金價1000美元失守。去年美元兌歐羅跌10.4%,今年至今再跌3%。弱勢美元有利美國經濟,但崩潰中嘅美元則不利美國經濟,呢D嘢响大學做研究嘅教授可能唔曉。
貝仔嘅行動已引發美元危機,投資者拋售美債,令美元長期利率上升,响呢方面聯儲局冇控制能力;短息跌、長息升係美國家陣嘅情況,愈嚟愈似九十年代日本!如果干預可阻止危機惡化,十九世紀英倫銀行早已成功,1990年日本銀行亦應該成功。干預行為好似食止痛餅醫癌,只將表徵消除,最後一定更大鑊。
以1萬元起步,利用牛眼投資法,每年皆射中牛眼(獲100%回報),幾多年可變成100萬元?答案係少於七年。歷史書內充滿「以小搏大」嘅戰役,贏家往往唔係擁有百萬大軍嘅一方,而係曉得利用時勢、策略、智謀取勝嗰一方。
例如你由去年10月30日起拋空期指,一直roll over,一張期指已可賺50萬元;上述當然係事後孔明,但並非唔可能。請學習槓桿投資法,例如窩輪及期指,入市前先制訂策略及目標,而非漫遊。每天花十五分鐘檢討自己策略係咪可行,唔好被嚇倒,亦唔好太貪心,學習以平常心處事,以及唔好讓虧損超過15%。
上一個美國Secular Bear Market由1966年開始、1982年結束,低點係1974年12月。呢一個綿綿不絕嘅熊市從2000年3月開始,2002年10月係其中一個低點, 2007年10月係其中一個高點;未來去找尋另一個低點……。真正大牛市恐怕要到2016年才再開始。
畢非德响最近巴郡年報中話,道指由1900至99年平均每年只上升5.3%,由66點開始至11497點。未來一百年如道指每年上升5.3%,到2100年道指將見2000000點,相信機會唔大;因此佢強調未來响股市中賺取5%至10%亦變得唔容易。1999年標普五百O高達四十二倍,依家已回落到二十倍,估計未來十到二十年美股純利每年只能升3-5%(2006年企業純利上升11.4%),甚至每年10%亦唔容易。
很少牛市超過二十年
美國愈來愈多住房丟空(因供唔起樓被金融機構接管)。為維修呢D被接管嘅住房,美國一年開支500億美元(平均一間管理及維修費1萬至1.2萬美元一年)。去年約一百萬間住宅被接管,較2006年上升一倍,相信今年更多。大摩報道,波士頓銀行兩年前出售一間物業,代價299000美元,由WMC Mortgage做擔保可回收。今天收回後,WMC Mortgage只能按市價54900美元出售。
換言之,樓按者一旦斷供,對樓按擔保公司而言係災難。今天被空置嘅住房已達三百五十萬間,未來何處搵三百五十萬個有能力供樓嘅新業主?Real Estate Consulting嘅John Burns認為,空置量要上升到四百萬間,樓價才可能見底,日子唔係2008年,而係2009年下半年;未來樓價可能再跌15-20%,即美國物業市場將失去50萬億至60萬億美元市值,樓價才有機會見底。
如上述分析正確,SIV、CLO、CDO、ABS或CMBS未來六個月所面對拋售壓力正不斷加重,聯儲局提供嘅2000億美元救市基金實在少得可憐。
上一次美國樓價1979年見頂,1984年才見底,要到1995年才重返1979年水平。美國呢次樓價2006年7月見頂,可能需要十六年才重見1979年高價,即下一次美國樓價高於2006年係2022年。
長遠而言,樓價可跑贏CPI升幅,因土地供應有限;反之,商品價格卻跑輸CPI升幅。例如高盛商品指數(以二十四種商品組成)今年扣除通脹,只及上一個高位(1974年)嘅40%。原材料(包括黃金)都不能保值,主因係價格一旦高企,代替品便湧現。隨着經濟發展,各國CPI中服務所佔比重漸升(例如香港CPI中超過50%同服務有關,20%同租金有關,燃料費及食品約佔30%。因此推動本港CPI上升唔係原材料價格,而係工資同租金)。
好少牛市可超過二十年,例如美股由1983年起步嘅牛市,2000年已結束;2007年高點其實係由美元滙價下跌所造成嘅假象,唔係真正新高點。
美國樓市牛市由1985年起步,到2006年下半年結束,已超過二十年(部分升幅亦因美元滙價下跌所造成)。任何項目响上升接近二十年後才投資,未來十年到十五年的表現通常令人失望。
美軍喺伊拉克用咗幾多油?去年係十一億加侖燃油,相等於五千艘運油輪載油量,才推得郁美軍响伊拉克嘅戰機及軍車。去年美軍喺伊拉克燃料開支係520億美元,由此可見殊仔幾敗家!到此大家應明白點解美軍入侵伊拉克後,油價係咁升!
今天油價、糧食價、貴重金屬價嘅牛市已十分成熟,已接近尋頂期,波幅甚大,係咪值得加入搶購行列則見仁見智。
今年北京五環外住房亦賣8000-10000元人民幣一平方米,連「海龜」亦負擔唔起。上海浦東12000元人民幣一平方米。武漢房價亦喺6000元一平方米、青島8000元一平方米、大連6500元一平方米。唔好話中國本地大學生負擔唔起,連「海龜」研究生亦負擔唔起。內地房價漲得實在太離譜,調整只喺遲早。
Sunday, March 16, 2008
Bear Stearns Watch
Bear-Stearns, teetering on the brink of collapse from a lack of cash, got emergency funding from the Federal Reserve and JPMorgan Chase & Co. in the largest government bailout.
The central bank agreed to provide financing through JPMorgan for up to 28 days, the bank said in a statement today.
1 or 2 large and systematic brokers will go belly up
And Bear is only the first broker dealer to go belly up. Rumors had been circulating in the market for days that the exposure of Lehman to toxic ABS/MBS securities is as bad as that of Bear.
Bear Stearns had the highest toxic waste ("residual balance") exposure as percent of adjusted equity on balance sheet; the exposure of Bear was 54.5% while that of Lehman was only marginally smaller at 53.3%; that of Goldman Sachs was only 21%.
And guess what? Today LehmenBrothers received $2 billion unsecured credit line from 40 lenders. Here is another massively leveraged broker dealer that mismanaged its liquidity risk, had massive amount of toxic waste on its books and is now in trouble. Again here we have not only a situation of illiquidity but serious credit problems and losses given the reckless exposure of this second broker dealer to toxic investments.
What brought down Bear Stearns ?
Banking sources speculated that Bear Stearns could have been hit by last night’s collapse in value of so called alt-A, or low-end prime mortgage securities.
"The Alt-A market fell out of bed last night and Bear would have been completely caned by this. They hold a bunch of these securities," one investment banking source told Times Online.
"Against what you might normally expect, the sub-prime market rallied, but alt-A sold off."
Excuse me for laughing but just two days ago I cautioned everyone to Expect Everything To Be Worse Than Expected.
I do not understand how anyone could expect anything other than a complete disaster in Alt-A.
I have two systemic problems with the bailout of the Broken Bear as to why anyone, especially tax payers should want to save a failed investment strategy.
First, Broken Bear holds only investment (speculation) money so there is no genuine societal reason for their bailout.
Second, bailing out investment banks like the Broken Bear, Mother Merrill, and Golden Fleece constitutes a moral hazard that encourages continued speculation and ultimately a collapse of the dollar when the Fed comes to their rescue.
Rescuing the Bear Why and why is it this way
While the Fed, like any public institution, should support institutions and arrangements with public goods properties, like markets, it should not as a rule support private businesses. In the financial field these externalities often are through contagion effects, as in the case of the classical bank run by depositors…Deposit-taking institutions are deemed to fall into this category because they are an important part of the retail payment mechanism. Other institutions are deemed too systemically important to fail because they play a key role in the wholesale payments, clearing and settlement system.Finally, some institutions are provided with liquidity on non-market terms or bailed out when they are insolvent because it is feared that their failure would trigger a chain-reaction of contagion effects. Fear and panic would spread through the markets and first illiquidity and then insolvency would threaten institutions that would have remained both solvent and liquid but for the failure of this ‘focal institution’.
How does Bear Stearns line up according to these three criteria for special Fed attention? Bear is not a deposit-taking institution. It plays no role in the retail payment mechanism and is of no significance to the proper functioning of the wholesale payments, clearing and settlement system…
The firm could have been left to go into receivership.If the Fed fears the risk of contagion effects and financial panic, it could have requested the nationalisation of the investment bank.
The funny one from S&P:
Standard & Poor’s cut some of its credit ratings on investment bank Bear Stearns on Friday following news of the bank’s cash crisis and emergency bailout.
S&P cut its long-term counterparty rating on Bear Stearns to "BBB" from "A" and its short-term rating to "A-3" from "A-1."
S&P said Bear Stearns’ need for temporary financing to continue operating normally led to the downgrade.
The agency also placed the bank’s long- and short-term ratings on negative watch, meaning they could be downgraded in the next three months.
The central bank agreed to provide financing through JPMorgan for up to 28 days, the bank said in a statement today.
1 or 2 large and systematic brokers will go belly up
And Bear is only the first broker dealer to go belly up. Rumors had been circulating in the market for days that the exposure of Lehman to toxic ABS/MBS securities is as bad as that of Bear.
Bear Stearns had the highest toxic waste ("residual balance") exposure as percent of adjusted equity on balance sheet; the exposure of Bear was 54.5% while that of Lehman was only marginally smaller at 53.3%; that of Goldman Sachs was only 21%.
And guess what? Today LehmenBrothers received $2 billion unsecured credit line from 40 lenders. Here is another massively leveraged broker dealer that mismanaged its liquidity risk, had massive amount of toxic waste on its books and is now in trouble. Again here we have not only a situation of illiquidity but serious credit problems and losses given the reckless exposure of this second broker dealer to toxic investments.
What brought down Bear Stearns ?
Banking sources speculated that Bear Stearns could have been hit by last night’s collapse in value of so called alt-A, or low-end prime mortgage securities.
"The Alt-A market fell out of bed last night and Bear would have been completely caned by this. They hold a bunch of these securities," one investment banking source told Times Online.
"Against what you might normally expect, the sub-prime market rallied, but alt-A sold off."
Excuse me for laughing but just two days ago I cautioned everyone to Expect Everything To Be Worse Than Expected.
I do not understand how anyone could expect anything other than a complete disaster in Alt-A.
I have two systemic problems with the bailout of the Broken Bear as to why anyone, especially tax payers should want to save a failed investment strategy.
First, Broken Bear holds only investment (speculation) money so there is no genuine societal reason for their bailout.
Second, bailing out investment banks like the Broken Bear, Mother Merrill, and Golden Fleece constitutes a moral hazard that encourages continued speculation and ultimately a collapse of the dollar when the Fed comes to their rescue.
Rescuing the Bear Why and why is it this way
While the Fed, like any public institution, should support institutions and arrangements with public goods properties, like markets, it should not as a rule support private businesses. In the financial field these externalities often are through contagion effects, as in the case of the classical bank run by depositors…Deposit-taking institutions are deemed to fall into this category because they are an important part of the retail payment mechanism. Other institutions are deemed too systemically important to fail because they play a key role in the wholesale payments, clearing and settlement system.Finally, some institutions are provided with liquidity on non-market terms or bailed out when they are insolvent because it is feared that their failure would trigger a chain-reaction of contagion effects. Fear and panic would spread through the markets and first illiquidity and then insolvency would threaten institutions that would have remained both solvent and liquid but for the failure of this ‘focal institution’.
How does Bear Stearns line up according to these three criteria for special Fed attention? Bear is not a deposit-taking institution. It plays no role in the retail payment mechanism and is of no significance to the proper functioning of the wholesale payments, clearing and settlement system…
The firm could have been left to go into receivership.If the Fed fears the risk of contagion effects and financial panic, it could have requested the nationalisation of the investment bank.
The funny one from S&P:
Standard & Poor’s cut some of its credit ratings on investment bank Bear Stearns on Friday following news of the bank’s cash crisis and emergency bailout.
S&P cut its long-term counterparty rating on Bear Stearns to "BBB" from "A" and its short-term rating to "A-3" from "A-1."
S&P said Bear Stearns’ need for temporary financing to continue operating normally led to the downgrade.
The agency also placed the bank’s long- and short-term ratings on negative watch, meaning they could be downgraded in the next three months.
Citigroup sees at least 100 bps US rate cut on Tuesday
CITIGROUP believes the Federal Reserve will lower the benchmark US federal funds target rate by at least 100 basis points at its policy-setting meeting in a bid to stabilise financial markets, the bank said on Friday.
'Strong consideration ought to be given to an even larger reduction,' Citigroup economists said in research report titled 'Clear and Present Danger'.
US stocks fell sharply and bonds rallied on Friday in response to news that JPMorgan and New York Fed will offer financing to rescue Bear Stearns which has struggled under rising losses from its subprime mortgage exposure.
This move 'underscores the currently fragility of the system', Citigroup economists wrote in the report.
Wall Street widely predicted that the Federal Open Market Committee will lower the fed funds target to at least 2.50 per cent on Tuesday.
Credit Suisse economists revised their prediction on how far the Fed will cut rates. They now see the US central bank lowering its fed funds target by at least 100 basis points this year including a 75-basis-point cut next Tuesday. A week ago, they had forecast a 50-basis-point cut.
Late Friday, US interest rate futures implied traders are placing a 60 per cent chance that the Fed would lower the benchmark short-term target rate 100-basis-points by Tuesday
'Strong consideration ought to be given to an even larger reduction,' Citigroup economists said in research report titled 'Clear and Present Danger'.
US stocks fell sharply and bonds rallied on Friday in response to news that JPMorgan and New York Fed will offer financing to rescue Bear Stearns which has struggled under rising losses from its subprime mortgage exposure.
This move 'underscores the currently fragility of the system', Citigroup economists wrote in the report.
Wall Street widely predicted that the Federal Open Market Committee will lower the fed funds target to at least 2.50 per cent on Tuesday.
Credit Suisse economists revised their prediction on how far the Fed will cut rates. They now see the US central bank lowering its fed funds target by at least 100 basis points this year including a 75-basis-point cut next Tuesday. A week ago, they had forecast a 50-basis-point cut.
Late Friday, US interest rate futures implied traders are placing a 60 per cent chance that the Fed would lower the benchmark short-term target rate 100-basis-points by Tuesday
China's Citic says may not invest in Bear Stearns
Citic Securities said it might not proceed with a deal to invest about US$1 billion (S$1.4 billion) in Bear Stearns because of the United States investment bank's financial crisis.
China's largest listed brokerage said on Saturday it would 'conduct an overall evaluation' of the deal after Bear, saying its liquidity position had worsened, obtained on Friday an emergency funding arrangement with the US Federal Reserve and JPMorgan Chase.
Any cancellation of the Citic deal would be another blow to Bear, the smallest of the major New York investment banks and the most reliant on slumping US mortgage markets. It has been counting on the investment to boost its capital.
'Our company has noticed the recent financing arrangement between Bear Stearns, JPMorgan Chase and other financial institutions, and we have also considered factors including the sharp fall in Bear Stearns' share price,' Citic Securities said. 'We cannot guarantee reaching a final agreement in the future,'
Last October, Bear and Citic Securities announced plans to invest about US$1 billion in each other and form a joint banking venture in Asia. Citic Securities was to obtain a stake of about 6 per cent in Bear, with the US bank getting about 2 per cent of the Chinese firm.
But since then, Bear's share price has plunged 74 per cent.
Citic Securities' shares have tumbled 45 per cent as China's stock market has slumped, hurting the Chinese firm's earnings outlook.
'We acknowledge that the subprime mortgage crisis in the US capital markets is continuing, so we will closely monitor the impact of the crisis on the investment deal,' Citic Securities said.
'At present, the two parties are still negotiating major terms of the deal and we have not completed due diligence on Bear Stearns. We haven't signed any formal agreement and we haven't paid any money.' Citic Securities did not say when its evaluation of the Bear deal might be completed.
Global markets have been speculating that cash-rich Chinese financial institutions might take advantage of the US subprime crisis to buy big stakes in foreign companies at cheap prices.
But the uncertainty over the Bear deal suggests Chinese firms may be wary.
In early March, Citic Group chairman Kong Dan said the Chinese brokerage was renegotiating the Bear deal in light of Bear's sliding share price, and might take a bigger stake than originally envisaged.
A revised deal with an investment of US$1 billion could have given Citic Securities up to 9.9 per cent, making it the largest single shareholder in Bear.
But on Wednesday, Mr Kong suggested that Citic Securities might now take the originally planned stake of 6 per cent while paying less than US$1 billion.
On Saturday, Bank of China said it was interested in acquisitions in the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle East, but was unlikely to look for bargains among Western financial institutions hit by the subprime crisis.
'We certainly will not buy into institutions like Bear Stearns,' said Mr Xiao Gang, chairman of China's fourth largest bank by assets.
China's largest listed brokerage said on Saturday it would 'conduct an overall evaluation' of the deal after Bear, saying its liquidity position had worsened, obtained on Friday an emergency funding arrangement with the US Federal Reserve and JPMorgan Chase.
Any cancellation of the Citic deal would be another blow to Bear, the smallest of the major New York investment banks and the most reliant on slumping US mortgage markets. It has been counting on the investment to boost its capital.
'Our company has noticed the recent financing arrangement between Bear Stearns, JPMorgan Chase and other financial institutions, and we have also considered factors including the sharp fall in Bear Stearns' share price,' Citic Securities said. 'We cannot guarantee reaching a final agreement in the future,'
Last October, Bear and Citic Securities announced plans to invest about US$1 billion in each other and form a joint banking venture in Asia. Citic Securities was to obtain a stake of about 6 per cent in Bear, with the US bank getting about 2 per cent of the Chinese firm.
But since then, Bear's share price has plunged 74 per cent.
Citic Securities' shares have tumbled 45 per cent as China's stock market has slumped, hurting the Chinese firm's earnings outlook.
'We acknowledge that the subprime mortgage crisis in the US capital markets is continuing, so we will closely monitor the impact of the crisis on the investment deal,' Citic Securities said.
'At present, the two parties are still negotiating major terms of the deal and we have not completed due diligence on Bear Stearns. We haven't signed any formal agreement and we haven't paid any money.' Citic Securities did not say when its evaluation of the Bear deal might be completed.
Global markets have been speculating that cash-rich Chinese financial institutions might take advantage of the US subprime crisis to buy big stakes in foreign companies at cheap prices.
But the uncertainty over the Bear deal suggests Chinese firms may be wary.
In early March, Citic Group chairman Kong Dan said the Chinese brokerage was renegotiating the Bear deal in light of Bear's sliding share price, and might take a bigger stake than originally envisaged.
A revised deal with an investment of US$1 billion could have given Citic Securities up to 9.9 per cent, making it the largest single shareholder in Bear.
But on Wednesday, Mr Kong suggested that Citic Securities might now take the originally planned stake of 6 per cent while paying less than US$1 billion.
On Saturday, Bank of China said it was interested in acquisitions in the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle East, but was unlikely to look for bargains among Western financial institutions hit by the subprime crisis.
'We certainly will not buy into institutions like Bear Stearns,' said Mr Xiao Gang, chairman of China's fourth largest bank by assets.
Friday, March 14, 2008
Dr. Doom Speaks - An Interview with Mark Faber
With a moniker like Dr. Doom, you know Mark Faber is going to be bearish. Faber made a name for himself by predicting the crash in 1987.
To summarize his feelings, he is bearish on developed markets and bullish on emerging markets and commodities.
Faber’s biggest concern is that the Fed has been printing too much money. This leads to inflation, which is evidenced by our declining dollar. He points out that our stock market has increased in the last few years, but relative to gold or in Euros, it has declined. When asked what the U.S. should do about this, he states that all of the governors of the Federal Reserve should resign. He also says that buying long term bonds is a big mistake.
Like most people, Faber points out that Wall Street helped create the subprime mess. He points out that Wall Street managed to pay itself a record bonuses in 2007, despite shareholder’s losing 50% of their assets. America’s home mortgages outstanding equates to over 60% of GDP. This is at record levels and is one of the highest proportions in the world, only after the Netherlands. Faber predicted that the housing market would go down back in 2005—not bad timing.
Assets can decrease in price in two ways. The first is as the stock market did in the 1929 crash. The second way is in absolute terms, which is what we have scene in the past few years. U.S. assets have decreased in value relative to other assets around the world.
He is also down on the British pound and the London real estate market. He has suggested shorting the pound (against the yen) and also compares the price per meter of London real estate to other markets.
Faber feels that Japan is slowing due to its aging demographics but that it is a very wealthy society. The citizens are savers and the corporations are well diversified across the globe. He compares Japan to Switzerland in that they are mature economies but do well in that they are very well diversified. He has recommended the yen versus the dollar in the recent past.
For developing economies, he says that we are in a paradigm shift. He is bullish, long term, on Russia, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Ukraine. Short term, he sees that these markets are overbought and due for a correction. The only emerging market that is doing poorly, Faber points out is the money printing Zimbabwe. He says that maybe Bernanke should go there and become a college professor. As an aside, Faber remarked that America is a great place because people are free to speak their mind, which he certainly does.
In regards to oil, and commodities, Faber thinks that the emerging markets will continue buying to build infrastructure. In the short term, he feels that commodities are overbought too. Faber sits on the board of Canadian based Ivanhoe Mines (IVH). He says that if precious metals fall by 30%, buy more. He suggested not buying precious metal futures on margin but buying hard assets.
He recommended that the analysts give up financial careers and learn how to drive tractors, as food prices go up and farms become valuable. He sees the financial markets continuing to unwind and grains to rise.
Faber showed a chart in which gold has appreciated by a large amount and wheat had hardly gone up, relative to other assets. Real assets like farms, Faber feels, should do well in an inflationary environment. Food only makes up about 10% of the CPI, yet most households spend closer to 20% of their income on food. This means that the true value of inflation is understated. The whole concept of Consumer Price Index (CPI), has been constructed deceptively, and does not reflect how people have to spend their money in the U. S.
As a Westerner who has lived in Hong Kong since the 1970s and can speak the language, Faber has a unique view on China. He compares Germany’s rise in the early part of the twentieth century as a threat to the power of the day, England. He sees that China is on the rise but has no military ambition. Faber feels that the policy of Bush and Rice has forced Russia and China into each other’s arms–something once unthinkable. He posed the question of how America would feel if China had bases in Canada or Mexico like the U.S. has bases all over Asia.
When asked about the Middle East, he wonders if the booming economies are for real. He says that when cities start building tall buildings, something bad happens. The Middle East goes through boom and bust cycles. In the 1970s, it was hot. In the 1980s, it went bust. Faber feels that the market there is more stable than it used to be but still depends on the cyclical price of oil.
So what can an investor take away from all of this? Basically, Faber feels that the American markets will continue to do poorly and after a correction, foreign currencies and commodities are where to put your life savings.
To summarize his feelings, he is bearish on developed markets and bullish on emerging markets and commodities.
Faber’s biggest concern is that the Fed has been printing too much money. This leads to inflation, which is evidenced by our declining dollar. He points out that our stock market has increased in the last few years, but relative to gold or in Euros, it has declined. When asked what the U.S. should do about this, he states that all of the governors of the Federal Reserve should resign. He also says that buying long term bonds is a big mistake.
Like most people, Faber points out that Wall Street helped create the subprime mess. He points out that Wall Street managed to pay itself a record bonuses in 2007, despite shareholder’s losing 50% of their assets. America’s home mortgages outstanding equates to over 60% of GDP. This is at record levels and is one of the highest proportions in the world, only after the Netherlands. Faber predicted that the housing market would go down back in 2005—not bad timing.
Assets can decrease in price in two ways. The first is as the stock market did in the 1929 crash. The second way is in absolute terms, which is what we have scene in the past few years. U.S. assets have decreased in value relative to other assets around the world.
He is also down on the British pound and the London real estate market. He has suggested shorting the pound (against the yen) and also compares the price per meter of London real estate to other markets.
Faber feels that Japan is slowing due to its aging demographics but that it is a very wealthy society. The citizens are savers and the corporations are well diversified across the globe. He compares Japan to Switzerland in that they are mature economies but do well in that they are very well diversified. He has recommended the yen versus the dollar in the recent past.
For developing economies, he says that we are in a paradigm shift. He is bullish, long term, on Russia, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Ukraine. Short term, he sees that these markets are overbought and due for a correction. The only emerging market that is doing poorly, Faber points out is the money printing Zimbabwe. He says that maybe Bernanke should go there and become a college professor. As an aside, Faber remarked that America is a great place because people are free to speak their mind, which he certainly does.
In regards to oil, and commodities, Faber thinks that the emerging markets will continue buying to build infrastructure. In the short term, he feels that commodities are overbought too. Faber sits on the board of Canadian based Ivanhoe Mines (IVH). He says that if precious metals fall by 30%, buy more. He suggested not buying precious metal futures on margin but buying hard assets.
He recommended that the analysts give up financial careers and learn how to drive tractors, as food prices go up and farms become valuable. He sees the financial markets continuing to unwind and grains to rise.
Faber showed a chart in which gold has appreciated by a large amount and wheat had hardly gone up, relative to other assets. Real assets like farms, Faber feels, should do well in an inflationary environment. Food only makes up about 10% of the CPI, yet most households spend closer to 20% of their income on food. This means that the true value of inflation is understated. The whole concept of Consumer Price Index (CPI), has been constructed deceptively, and does not reflect how people have to spend their money in the U. S.
As a Westerner who has lived in Hong Kong since the 1970s and can speak the language, Faber has a unique view on China. He compares Germany’s rise in the early part of the twentieth century as a threat to the power of the day, England. He sees that China is on the rise but has no military ambition. Faber feels that the policy of Bush and Rice has forced Russia and China into each other’s arms–something once unthinkable. He posed the question of how America would feel if China had bases in Canada or Mexico like the U.S. has bases all over Asia.
When asked about the Middle East, he wonders if the booming economies are for real. He says that when cities start building tall buildings, something bad happens. The Middle East goes through boom and bust cycles. In the 1970s, it was hot. In the 1980s, it went bust. Faber feels that the market there is more stable than it used to be but still depends on the cyclical price of oil.
So what can an investor take away from all of this? Basically, Faber feels that the American markets will continue to do poorly and after a correction, foreign currencies and commodities are where to put your life savings.
富兰克林邓普顿基金集团十大投资法则
(一)当所有人都看好这个市场时,那么就是你该离开的时候了 --记住:赚钱的永远是少数人
这句话形象地说明了“逆向思维”的重要性。
多年资本市场的经验告诉了我们,在一个有风险的投资市场中,少数人赚钱是一条永恒的规律,多数人只是参与或者赔本。在这种情况下,如何成为少数人,成为少数的赚钱者,一个简单易行的方法就是和大多数人保持对立,采取“人弃我取,人取我弃”的操作策略。
当一波行情渐涨渐高的时候,其实也是泡沫和风险逐渐积聚的过程,但在表面的盈利效应示范之下,越来越多的投资者被眼前的收益所吸引,希望将自己全部资金投入其中,此时是资金投入最大化的阶段,往往也是行情高点和头部的所在,一旦后续资金流跟不上,不能维持不断提高的市场价格,行情就不可避免的进入调整阶段。
回顾沪深股市十多年的历程,历史反复证明了这一规律的准确性。每当行情进入高潮,此时营业部大厅人满为患,投资者汗流浃背、神情亢奋时,股指往往正面临着头部。相反,当市场陷于谷底,证券机构门庭罗雀,即便反复动员,投资者也是应之寥寥时,市场又往往正是安全的底部。
此在实际操作中,当股市持续冲高、人人都想进场的时候,作为少数者就可以逐步地分批抛出,不要等市场下跌时才恐慌性抛售。而当行情一再暴跌,所有人都失望、悲观甚至绝望的时候,你却可以分批进场,逐渐吸纳。此时,一些价值型的股票因为暴跌,矫枉过正、价值低估,这正到了中线进场的时机。
(二)“不要把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里”
俗话说“不要把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里”,它的意思是说,一旦篮子摔了,鸡蛋就可能全碎了,损失也就比较大。相反,如果把鸡蛋分散放在不同的篮子里,即使有一只篮子摔了,其他的鸡蛋仍然会完好无损。
至于什么是分散投资,从广义上讲,应该是跨市场、跨地区的投资。在全球市场中,许多国际化机构投资者,既投资欧美市场,也投资日本、香港等亚洲市场,甚至包括菲律宾、韩国等新兴市场;既投资股票市场,也投资债券、石油金属等商品期货市场。从狭义的角度将,分散投资是跨品种的投资,如股票市场中,蓝筹股、成长股相容;大盘股、小盘股兼顾;传统产业、新兴产业相错;长线投资、短线投资统筹等等。
(三)你想能获得超额投资收益吗?那你一定要选择新兴市场
怎么样才能获得超额投资收益?这是每一个投资者的“心中所想”。对他们来说,除了要有敏锐的目光、严谨的分析、独到的见解,以及对投资超强的驾驭能力外,紧紧盯住新兴国家、投资新兴市场也是一条成功的捷径。
回顾近两百年来全球经济的发展历程,不难发现经济增长最快速的地区,往往是那些正经历着由传统到现代、由愚昧到文明、发生深刻变革的新兴国家和地区,即发展中国家和地区。虽然,对于发展中国家,其制度、法规不很完善,市场的短期波动也较为频繁,但他们却是最具活力、最有创新意识,其长期成长动能也远远强于已开发国家即所谓发达国家。
就像一个人,成长最快的并不是成年阶段,而是婴幼儿和青少年阶段。因此,投资发展中国家和新兴市场,往往能够分享经济快速发展所带来的成果,获得比全球一般发展速度更高的收益。例如,上世纪七十年代以后,以韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾为代表的亚洲四小龙的崛起,作为新兴国家和地区的典范,给全球有眼光的投资家们带来了巨大的机会。
同样,中国大陆自七十年代末期改革开放以后,随着计划经济向市场经济的转轨,经济发展巨大潜能被释放,国内经济发展速度连续多年远远超过世界经济的平均水平,已经成为全球发展中国家的代表。
(四)选择股票的最终标准--了解企业的团队
投资者在投资决策之前,一般都需要对投资对象进行研究。考察一家企业,可以是多角度、多方位的。例如这家企业经营状况、产品构成、财务状况等等,但其中最重要的还是对企业经营团队进行了解和分析。
为什么说了解企业经营团队的素质、理念和文化是决定企业发展的关键因素呢?俗话说:人是决定一切的因素,世界上有了人,世界才变得精彩。每个人,由于成长环境、社会阅历各不相同,因此都有自已的脾气秉性和处事原则,一个积极向上、团结和谐、敬业守信的经营团队是企业成功的首要前提。如果这个团队变化不定、表里不一,甚至尔虞我诈、相互倾钆,那么这样的企业是很难保持平稳发展的,回顾国内A股市场,这样的例子已经屡见不鲜。
例如一些上市公司的董事长,在大量侵占上市公司资产、严重侵犯中小投资者权益后,逃到海外长期不归,使上市公司经营受到巨大影响,濒临退市。所以,“选股票就是选老板”应该成为理性投资者的座右铭。
至于如何考察企业团队,可以观察他们以前说过什么,做过什么,效果如何?经营团队是否相对稳定?有没有前科劣迹。也可以通过深入的拜访,了解他们的经营理念、营运目标、乃至人格特征、各产业所面临的挑战等,这些都是重要的观察因素。
(五)“42码的脚不能穿进37码的鞋”--用FELT选择股票
所谓FELT 就是-Fair、Efficient、Liquid、Transparent。即在投资任何股票之前,都应该审视股价是否合理(Fair),股市是否是有效率交易(Efficient),股票是否具有流动性(Liquid),上市公司财务报表是否透明(Transparent),这是选择股票的四个方面。
首先,如果这只股票的价格已经达到或者超过其现有的及未来可预期的价值的话,那么这只股票就失去了买入和投资的价值,因为投资是价值发现的过程,如果没有价值发现,投资就失去了它的意义。
其次,如果一个市场效率很低,由于制度或者监管方面的问题,不能实现有效率的交易,那么他们的投资同样得不到保障。第三,投资规模要和股票规模相称。如果某只股票盘子很小,或者规模虽大但交易活跃度很低,交易量很小,那么它同样不适合大资金的投入,因为一方面它很难吸到足够的低价筹码,同时在出货时又很难迅速的全身而退,处于进退两难的尴尬境地。所谓“42码的脚不能穿进37码的鞋”,说的就是这个道理。
此外,财务报表的真实性也是决定投资成败的关键因素。再好的业绩如果是虚假的,对于投资者来说同样是致命的。由于财务报表是反映企业经营状况、资金状况的最基本素材,如果失真,将误导投资者作出偏离企业真实状况的判断,最终造成重大投资失误。这种例子,在国内A股市场上以及国内举不胜举,值得投资者警惕。
(六)“危机”——往往蕴藏着投资机会
危机,是指因为某些市场因素的变化,破坏了原有平衡,使市场受到冲击并出现阶段性混乱和动荡。从以往看,不管是上世纪的石油危机、经济危机还是金融危机,其最终结果都是在一定的范围内、一定的阶段,出现一定的混乱和恐慌,在经济、金融、投资领域则表现为市场的持续低迷、一跌再跌。
在现实生活中,“危机”潜藏投资机会主要是指两层含义。一是在“危机”出现的后期,由于持续下跌、引发市场恐慌,在强大的作空惯性下,出现矫枉过正、价值低估的现象,一些相对价值较高的品种,在跟风作空的影响下,出现价格扭曲、价值低估,而价值低估在投资领域即意味着投资机会。其二,危机的出现能够引发人们的忧患意识、发愤意识,能够激励人们更加努力的工作,创造更多的社会财富和投资机会。
例如1998年由于泰铢贬值引爆亚洲金融风暴发生,泰国政府于是开始进行金融法规改革,人民担忧未来的生活,也开始更努力工作、存更多钱,这可看出,当大环境安然无事时,人民容易懒散;而艰困,才是促使人民向前迈进的动力,因此,当金融风暴发生时,正是这些国家开始瘦身、锻炼肌肉的时候,也就是开始出现投资机会的时候。
(七)资产净值——是投资决策的一个有效依据
投资是有风险的,而风险和收益又是相辅相成的,风险越大期望收益越高,风险越小期望收益越低。那么我们在投资时,除了要考察企业的经营团队,要运用“FELT”方法进行分析和评估以外,“资产净值”也是我们进行投资决策的一个有效依据。
所谓“资产净值”是指投资对象(上市公司)的总资产价值减去总负债所得的净值,除以企业发行在外的总股本,如果这一数值高于当前股价,说明股价处于价值低估状态,未来具有上涨潜力,值得投资,反之,则是价值高估,没有投资价值。资产净值的估值法,本质上还是Fair(合理股价)的一种方式,即通过股价和净值比较,寻找价值发现。之所以用资产净值,主要是以防万一,万一企业经营出现问题,被实施清盘的话,其实物资产还能维持在我买入的价格以上,确保投资不会出现重大损失,因此这是一种相对保守的估值方法。
使用这种方法,需要注意两个前提,一是资产评估一定要客观、准确,如果评估失真,净值不实,一旦清盘可能就无法实现原先资产净值。其对策是可以邀请多家评估机构进行评估,尽量采用公允价格进行衡量。二是以实物资产的评估为主,对品牌、商誉等无形资产尽量不要考虑,因为无形资产的波动性、不确定性很大,容易带来投资风险。
(八)了解游戏规则——是进入投资市场的前提
不同的国家、不同的市场,有着各不相同的市场制度和交易规则,这是因为各个市场有着各不相同的市场基础和人文环境。因此,对于投资者来说,在进入市场之前,首先要事先了解各国的交易机构和各项制度,正所谓适者生存。想一想,如果你连游戏规则还不了解的话,还怎么可能盈利呢!
这个原则尤其适用于新兴国家和新兴市场,因为对他们而言,虽然有着强烈的发展愿望,但是他们的制度大多仅有欧美成熟市场的雏形,法律规章不完善而且游戏规则多变,对于信息掌握不充分的投资者而言,无疑具有很大的风险。
打个比方来说,就像一个人坐在一辆高速行进而又制动不灵的汽车当中,还不时出现大幅摇摆,其所面临的风险是不言而喻的。因此,对于一个想要掌握新兴市场高爆发潜力的投资者而言,做好充分的前期调查和可行性分析,是至关重要的,它是其他投资分析和评估的一个前置性程序。
(九)金子通常是埋在沙砾下面的
这一法则是告诫大家不要被表面印象所迷惑,要善于发现在平庸表面下的闪亮个体,善于挖掘并把握他们。
坦率的说,这个命题带有很强的哲学含义,主要是阐述普遍性和特殊性的不一致性,因为我们的认识实践中,所得到的总体印象往往是多个个体的简单平均。就像学校里的考试有时候会算一个班级的平均分数,虽然这个平均分数可能会不很理想,但其中也会有一些相当优秀的成绩,只是他们被偏低的平均分所掩盖了。
同样,对于资本市场而言,限于我们的认识局限,往往对某一地区和某一市场只有一个相对模糊的总体印象,而缺乏更加深入的了解和分析,但其中却往往隐含了一些高成长的企业。因此,作为一个成功的投资者,要善于沙里淘金,发现有潜力的公司。其实,资本市场的投资本身就具有很强的辨证性,只要你不是买在绝对低点,抛在绝对高点,都会引来深深的后悔,但不久随着市场的转变,你又破涕为笑了。
如以地区为例,1998 年以前,俄罗斯的总体经济不佳,出现了高通胀、高失业等现象。以此来看,他好象并不是一个适合投资的国家。但如果你仔细观察就会发现在该国转型的过程中,仍蕴含着许多的高获利契机,如国营企业的私有化,使得有关的投资标的具有很高的成长潜力。在此情势下,通过“由下而上”的投资策略可以掌握获利契机。
(十)技术分析往往并不是最重要的
应该说,技术分析有它的优势,例如具有很强的客观性,可以进行量化判断。同时根据历史可以重复的原理,可以进行统计分析和前瞻性推导,具有较强的逻辑性。但无庸讳言,技术分析只是所有分析方法中的一部分,而不是全部,尤其在新兴市场中,技术分析方法更是一种相对次要的、辅助性的分析方法,只有当政策面、资金面、基本面等因素相对稳定的情况下,技术面才会发挥阶段性作用。
根据国内A股市场经验,作为一个新兴市场,影响行情最重要的因素无疑是政策面的变化,每次行情的重要转折,往往都和政策面息息相关。例如1994年7月上证综指325点历史底部以及2001年2245点历史头部,其转折的出现都和当时的政策面紧密相关。
但是,由于目前A股市场尚无市场趋势投资工具,投资的真正落脚点还在于具体个股上面,而个股的选择主要依赖于企业的基本面,如何准确掌握企业基本状况及动态,关键的就是做好实地调研。通过调研,了解企业的真实情况,评估股价高低和未来的发展潜力,最终作出投资建议。
目前,价值投资法已经成为全球市场普遍遵循的投资方法,在国内A股市场也日益受到机构投资者的重视,因此,做好实地调研已经成为投资选择的重要环节,现在国内的一些大券商的研究机构,都有四五十名专门从事公司调研分析的行业研究员,足以说明这项工作的重要性。
这句话形象地说明了“逆向思维”的重要性。
多年资本市场的经验告诉了我们,在一个有风险的投资市场中,少数人赚钱是一条永恒的规律,多数人只是参与或者赔本。在这种情况下,如何成为少数人,成为少数的赚钱者,一个简单易行的方法就是和大多数人保持对立,采取“人弃我取,人取我弃”的操作策略。
当一波行情渐涨渐高的时候,其实也是泡沫和风险逐渐积聚的过程,但在表面的盈利效应示范之下,越来越多的投资者被眼前的收益所吸引,希望将自己全部资金投入其中,此时是资金投入最大化的阶段,往往也是行情高点和头部的所在,一旦后续资金流跟不上,不能维持不断提高的市场价格,行情就不可避免的进入调整阶段。
回顾沪深股市十多年的历程,历史反复证明了这一规律的准确性。每当行情进入高潮,此时营业部大厅人满为患,投资者汗流浃背、神情亢奋时,股指往往正面临着头部。相反,当市场陷于谷底,证券机构门庭罗雀,即便反复动员,投资者也是应之寥寥时,市场又往往正是安全的底部。
此在实际操作中,当股市持续冲高、人人都想进场的时候,作为少数者就可以逐步地分批抛出,不要等市场下跌时才恐慌性抛售。而当行情一再暴跌,所有人都失望、悲观甚至绝望的时候,你却可以分批进场,逐渐吸纳。此时,一些价值型的股票因为暴跌,矫枉过正、价值低估,这正到了中线进场的时机。
(二)“不要把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里”
俗话说“不要把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里”,它的意思是说,一旦篮子摔了,鸡蛋就可能全碎了,损失也就比较大。相反,如果把鸡蛋分散放在不同的篮子里,即使有一只篮子摔了,其他的鸡蛋仍然会完好无损。
至于什么是分散投资,从广义上讲,应该是跨市场、跨地区的投资。在全球市场中,许多国际化机构投资者,既投资欧美市场,也投资日本、香港等亚洲市场,甚至包括菲律宾、韩国等新兴市场;既投资股票市场,也投资债券、石油金属等商品期货市场。从狭义的角度将,分散投资是跨品种的投资,如股票市场中,蓝筹股、成长股相容;大盘股、小盘股兼顾;传统产业、新兴产业相错;长线投资、短线投资统筹等等。
(三)你想能获得超额投资收益吗?那你一定要选择新兴市场
怎么样才能获得超额投资收益?这是每一个投资者的“心中所想”。对他们来说,除了要有敏锐的目光、严谨的分析、独到的见解,以及对投资超强的驾驭能力外,紧紧盯住新兴国家、投资新兴市场也是一条成功的捷径。
回顾近两百年来全球经济的发展历程,不难发现经济增长最快速的地区,往往是那些正经历着由传统到现代、由愚昧到文明、发生深刻变革的新兴国家和地区,即发展中国家和地区。虽然,对于发展中国家,其制度、法规不很完善,市场的短期波动也较为频繁,但他们却是最具活力、最有创新意识,其长期成长动能也远远强于已开发国家即所谓发达国家。
就像一个人,成长最快的并不是成年阶段,而是婴幼儿和青少年阶段。因此,投资发展中国家和新兴市场,往往能够分享经济快速发展所带来的成果,获得比全球一般发展速度更高的收益。例如,上世纪七十年代以后,以韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾为代表的亚洲四小龙的崛起,作为新兴国家和地区的典范,给全球有眼光的投资家们带来了巨大的机会。
同样,中国大陆自七十年代末期改革开放以后,随着计划经济向市场经济的转轨,经济发展巨大潜能被释放,国内经济发展速度连续多年远远超过世界经济的平均水平,已经成为全球发展中国家的代表。
(四)选择股票的最终标准--了解企业的团队
投资者在投资决策之前,一般都需要对投资对象进行研究。考察一家企业,可以是多角度、多方位的。例如这家企业经营状况、产品构成、财务状况等等,但其中最重要的还是对企业经营团队进行了解和分析。
为什么说了解企业经营团队的素质、理念和文化是决定企业发展的关键因素呢?俗话说:人是决定一切的因素,世界上有了人,世界才变得精彩。每个人,由于成长环境、社会阅历各不相同,因此都有自已的脾气秉性和处事原则,一个积极向上、团结和谐、敬业守信的经营团队是企业成功的首要前提。如果这个团队变化不定、表里不一,甚至尔虞我诈、相互倾钆,那么这样的企业是很难保持平稳发展的,回顾国内A股市场,这样的例子已经屡见不鲜。
例如一些上市公司的董事长,在大量侵占上市公司资产、严重侵犯中小投资者权益后,逃到海外长期不归,使上市公司经营受到巨大影响,濒临退市。所以,“选股票就是选老板”应该成为理性投资者的座右铭。
至于如何考察企业团队,可以观察他们以前说过什么,做过什么,效果如何?经营团队是否相对稳定?有没有前科劣迹。也可以通过深入的拜访,了解他们的经营理念、营运目标、乃至人格特征、各产业所面临的挑战等,这些都是重要的观察因素。
(五)“42码的脚不能穿进37码的鞋”--用FELT选择股票
所谓FELT 就是-Fair、Efficient、Liquid、Transparent。即在投资任何股票之前,都应该审视股价是否合理(Fair),股市是否是有效率交易(Efficient),股票是否具有流动性(Liquid),上市公司财务报表是否透明(Transparent),这是选择股票的四个方面。
首先,如果这只股票的价格已经达到或者超过其现有的及未来可预期的价值的话,那么这只股票就失去了买入和投资的价值,因为投资是价值发现的过程,如果没有价值发现,投资就失去了它的意义。
其次,如果一个市场效率很低,由于制度或者监管方面的问题,不能实现有效率的交易,那么他们的投资同样得不到保障。第三,投资规模要和股票规模相称。如果某只股票盘子很小,或者规模虽大但交易活跃度很低,交易量很小,那么它同样不适合大资金的投入,因为一方面它很难吸到足够的低价筹码,同时在出货时又很难迅速的全身而退,处于进退两难的尴尬境地。所谓“42码的脚不能穿进37码的鞋”,说的就是这个道理。
此外,财务报表的真实性也是决定投资成败的关键因素。再好的业绩如果是虚假的,对于投资者来说同样是致命的。由于财务报表是反映企业经营状况、资金状况的最基本素材,如果失真,将误导投资者作出偏离企业真实状况的判断,最终造成重大投资失误。这种例子,在国内A股市场上以及国内举不胜举,值得投资者警惕。
(六)“危机”——往往蕴藏着投资机会
危机,是指因为某些市场因素的变化,破坏了原有平衡,使市场受到冲击并出现阶段性混乱和动荡。从以往看,不管是上世纪的石油危机、经济危机还是金融危机,其最终结果都是在一定的范围内、一定的阶段,出现一定的混乱和恐慌,在经济、金融、投资领域则表现为市场的持续低迷、一跌再跌。
在现实生活中,“危机”潜藏投资机会主要是指两层含义。一是在“危机”出现的后期,由于持续下跌、引发市场恐慌,在强大的作空惯性下,出现矫枉过正、价值低估的现象,一些相对价值较高的品种,在跟风作空的影响下,出现价格扭曲、价值低估,而价值低估在投资领域即意味着投资机会。其二,危机的出现能够引发人们的忧患意识、发愤意识,能够激励人们更加努力的工作,创造更多的社会财富和投资机会。
例如1998年由于泰铢贬值引爆亚洲金融风暴发生,泰国政府于是开始进行金融法规改革,人民担忧未来的生活,也开始更努力工作、存更多钱,这可看出,当大环境安然无事时,人民容易懒散;而艰困,才是促使人民向前迈进的动力,因此,当金融风暴发生时,正是这些国家开始瘦身、锻炼肌肉的时候,也就是开始出现投资机会的时候。
(七)资产净值——是投资决策的一个有效依据
投资是有风险的,而风险和收益又是相辅相成的,风险越大期望收益越高,风险越小期望收益越低。那么我们在投资时,除了要考察企业的经营团队,要运用“FELT”方法进行分析和评估以外,“资产净值”也是我们进行投资决策的一个有效依据。
所谓“资产净值”是指投资对象(上市公司)的总资产价值减去总负债所得的净值,除以企业发行在外的总股本,如果这一数值高于当前股价,说明股价处于价值低估状态,未来具有上涨潜力,值得投资,反之,则是价值高估,没有投资价值。资产净值的估值法,本质上还是Fair(合理股价)的一种方式,即通过股价和净值比较,寻找价值发现。之所以用资产净值,主要是以防万一,万一企业经营出现问题,被实施清盘的话,其实物资产还能维持在我买入的价格以上,确保投资不会出现重大损失,因此这是一种相对保守的估值方法。
使用这种方法,需要注意两个前提,一是资产评估一定要客观、准确,如果评估失真,净值不实,一旦清盘可能就无法实现原先资产净值。其对策是可以邀请多家评估机构进行评估,尽量采用公允价格进行衡量。二是以实物资产的评估为主,对品牌、商誉等无形资产尽量不要考虑,因为无形资产的波动性、不确定性很大,容易带来投资风险。
(八)了解游戏规则——是进入投资市场的前提
不同的国家、不同的市场,有着各不相同的市场制度和交易规则,这是因为各个市场有着各不相同的市场基础和人文环境。因此,对于投资者来说,在进入市场之前,首先要事先了解各国的交易机构和各项制度,正所谓适者生存。想一想,如果你连游戏规则还不了解的话,还怎么可能盈利呢!
这个原则尤其适用于新兴国家和新兴市场,因为对他们而言,虽然有着强烈的发展愿望,但是他们的制度大多仅有欧美成熟市场的雏形,法律规章不完善而且游戏规则多变,对于信息掌握不充分的投资者而言,无疑具有很大的风险。
打个比方来说,就像一个人坐在一辆高速行进而又制动不灵的汽车当中,还不时出现大幅摇摆,其所面临的风险是不言而喻的。因此,对于一个想要掌握新兴市场高爆发潜力的投资者而言,做好充分的前期调查和可行性分析,是至关重要的,它是其他投资分析和评估的一个前置性程序。
(九)金子通常是埋在沙砾下面的
这一法则是告诫大家不要被表面印象所迷惑,要善于发现在平庸表面下的闪亮个体,善于挖掘并把握他们。
坦率的说,这个命题带有很强的哲学含义,主要是阐述普遍性和特殊性的不一致性,因为我们的认识实践中,所得到的总体印象往往是多个个体的简单平均。就像学校里的考试有时候会算一个班级的平均分数,虽然这个平均分数可能会不很理想,但其中也会有一些相当优秀的成绩,只是他们被偏低的平均分所掩盖了。
同样,对于资本市场而言,限于我们的认识局限,往往对某一地区和某一市场只有一个相对模糊的总体印象,而缺乏更加深入的了解和分析,但其中却往往隐含了一些高成长的企业。因此,作为一个成功的投资者,要善于沙里淘金,发现有潜力的公司。其实,资本市场的投资本身就具有很强的辨证性,只要你不是买在绝对低点,抛在绝对高点,都会引来深深的后悔,但不久随着市场的转变,你又破涕为笑了。
如以地区为例,1998 年以前,俄罗斯的总体经济不佳,出现了高通胀、高失业等现象。以此来看,他好象并不是一个适合投资的国家。但如果你仔细观察就会发现在该国转型的过程中,仍蕴含着许多的高获利契机,如国营企业的私有化,使得有关的投资标的具有很高的成长潜力。在此情势下,通过“由下而上”的投资策略可以掌握获利契机。
(十)技术分析往往并不是最重要的
应该说,技术分析有它的优势,例如具有很强的客观性,可以进行量化判断。同时根据历史可以重复的原理,可以进行统计分析和前瞻性推导,具有较强的逻辑性。但无庸讳言,技术分析只是所有分析方法中的一部分,而不是全部,尤其在新兴市场中,技术分析方法更是一种相对次要的、辅助性的分析方法,只有当政策面、资金面、基本面等因素相对稳定的情况下,技术面才会发挥阶段性作用。
根据国内A股市场经验,作为一个新兴市场,影响行情最重要的因素无疑是政策面的变化,每次行情的重要转折,往往都和政策面息息相关。例如1994年7月上证综指325点历史底部以及2001年2245点历史头部,其转折的出现都和当时的政策面紧密相关。
但是,由于目前A股市场尚无市场趋势投资工具,投资的真正落脚点还在于具体个股上面,而个股的选择主要依赖于企业的基本面,如何准确掌握企业基本状况及动态,关键的就是做好实地调研。通过调研,了解企业的真实情况,评估股价高低和未来的发展潜力,最终作出投资建议。
目前,价值投资法已经成为全球市场普遍遵循的投资方法,在国内A股市场也日益受到机构投资者的重视,因此,做好实地调研已经成为投资选择的重要环节,现在国内的一些大券商的研究机构,都有四五十名专门从事公司调研分析的行业研究员,足以说明这项工作的重要性。
Thursday, March 13, 2008
投资之父--约翰·邓普顿爵士
邓普顿爵士是邓普顿集团的创始人,一直被誉为全球最具智慧以及最受尊崇的投资者之一。福布斯资本家杂志称他为"全球投资之父"及"历史上最成功的基金经理之一"。虽然邓普顿爵士已经退休,不再参与基金的投资决策,但他的投资哲学已经成为邓普顿基金集团的投资团队以及许多投资人永恒的财富。
约翰·邓普顿生平简介
1912年约翰·邓普顿出生于田纳西州,家境贫寒。但凭借优异的成绩,他依靠奖学金完成在耶鲁大学的学业,并在1934年毕业是取得耶鲁大学经济学一等学位。之后,他在牛津大学继续深造,获得罗德斯奖学金,并在1936年取得法学硕士学位。重返美国后,他在纽约的Fenner & Beane工作,也就是如今美林证券公司的前身之一。
邓普顿在1937年,也就是大萧条最低迷的时候成立了自己的公司 - Templeton, Dobbrow & Vance。公司取得了相当大的成功,资产规模也迅速增长到了$3亿,旗下拥有8支共同基金。1968年,公司更名为Templeton Damroth并被转售。同年,邓普顿在巴哈马的拿骚,再次建立了自己的邓普顿成长基金。
邓普顿在上世纪50年代首开全球化投资的风气,他认为世界各国有不同的经济盛衰循环,不应将获利机会限制在单一国家内,若加上以个别公司由下而上的选股方式,发掘世界各地的投资潜力,不但可使风险分散,还可为资本创造利润。上世纪40年代他就投资经战争蹂躏的欧洲,上世纪60年代入股日本企业,上世纪 80年代初,进军亚洲及拉美市场,取得了很高的投资回报,他让美国人知道海外地区投资的好处。
国际价值投资的策略大师
20世纪60年代到70 年代,邓普顿是第一批到日本投资的美国财务经理之一。他以低于3倍收入的低价买进日本股票,而在价格收益比在30%时卖掉。邓普顿抢在其他投资者之前抓住了机会,在他买进后,日本股市一路蹿升。后来,他发觉日本的股市被高估了,而他又发现了新的投资机会——美国。实际上,邓普顿在1988年就对股东们说,日本的股市将会缩水50%,甚至更多。几年后,日本的股票指数——东京证券交易所指数下跌了60%。
1985年,由于高通货膨胀和政治因素,阿根廷的股票市场出现严重的衰退。邓普顿认为这是一个买进股票的好机会,当然他的目标是那些他认为能够恢复到正常水平的股票。国际货币基金组织在4个月内通过了一项援助阿根廷的计划,而邓普顿的股票上涨了70%。
1997年,由于投资者的投机行为和出现严重的政治经济问题,亚洲的股票市场几乎崩溃,而邓普顿抓住机会在韩国和亚洲其他地区投资。1999年,亚洲股票市场恢复时,邓普顿获得了丰厚的利润。对此,邓普顿的经验是:“当别人慌忙抛售股票时你要买进,而在别人急于买进时抛出,这需要投资者有最大的坚韧不拔,然而回报也是最大的。”
在之后的25年中,邓普顿创立了全球最大最成功的坦普顿共同基金集团,1992年他将坦普顿基金卖给富兰克林集团。1999年,美国《Money》杂志将邓普敦誉为“本世纪当之无愧的全球最伟大的选股人”。由于常年居住在巴哈马,邓普敦自然成为英国公民,并受到伊丽莎白二世的青睐,于1987授予其爵士爵位以表彰其功绩。
约翰·邓普顿的投资风格——逆向投资
作为上个世纪最著名的逆向投资者,邓普顿的投资方法被总结为:“在大萧条的低点买入,在互联网的高点抛出,并在这两者间游刃有余。”
他的投资风格可以这样归总:寻找那些价值型投资品种,也就是他说的“淘便宜货”。放眼全球,而不是只关注一点。邓普顿的投资法宝是:“在全球范围寻找低价的、长期前景良好的公司作为投资目标。”
作为逆向价值投资者,邓普顿相信,完全被忽视的股票是最让人心动的便宜货------尤其是那些投资者们都尚未研究的股票。就这点而言,他相比其他投资者的优势是,他居住在巴哈马的Lyford Cay,那里是全世界成功商务人士的俱乐部。
邓普顿发现,Lyford Cay的氛围更加轻松惬意,人们更容易交流彼此的想法、心得。相形之下,华尔街的气氛就非常功利,也限制了人们的沟通。就象传奇投资者菲利普·费雪一样,邓普顿也发现了交际的价值,他也通过这个方法来获取全球相关投资领域的信息。
约翰·邓普顿的企业分析要点
营盈成长稳定性:如果某公司的盈余有一年挫退,或许没关系。但如果连续两年表现不佳,就须抱以怀疑的态度。
弹性是中心守则:在每件事都进行的特别好时,你必须准备进行改变。当整个循环与你的估算相吻合的天衣无缝时,应是准备获利了结。
别信赖任何的原则和公式:任何定理都有可能在一夕之间被打破。
约翰·邓普顿15条投资法则
约翰·邓普顿被喻为投资之父,这不仅在于他的95岁高龄,还因为他是价值投资的模范。邓普顿自1987年退休之后,将其投资法则归纳为15条。
1、信仰有助投资:
一个有信仰的人,思维会更加清晰和敏锐,犯错的机会因而减低。要冷静和意志坚定,能够做到不受市场环境所影响。 谦虚好学是成功法宝:那些好像对什么问题都知道的人,其实真正要回答的问题都不知道。投资中,狂妄和傲慢所带来的是灾难,也是失望,聪明的投资者应该知道,成功是不断探索的过程。
2、要从错误中学习:
避免投资错误的惟一方法是不投资,但这却是你所能犯的最大错误。不要因为犯了投资错误而耿耿于怀,更不要为了弥补上次损失而孤注一掷,而应该找出原因,避免重蹈覆辙。
3、投资不是赌博:
如果你在股市不断进出,只求几个价位的利润,或是不断抛空,进行期权或期货交易,股市对你来说已成了赌场,而你就像赌徒,最终会血本无归。
4、不要听“贴士”:
小道消息听起来好像能赚快钱,但要知道“世上没有免费的午餐”。
5、投资要做功课:
买股票之前,至少要知道这家公司出类拔萃之处,如自己没有能力办到,便请专家帮忙。
6、跑赢专业机构性投资者:
要胜过市场,不单要胜过一般投资者,还要胜过专业的基金经理,要比大户更聪明,这才是最大的挑战。
7、价值投资法:
要购买物有所值的东西,而不是市场趋向或经济前景。
8、买优质股份:
优质公司是比同类好一点的公司,例如在市场中销售额领先的公司,在技术创新的行业中,科技领先的公司以及拥有优良营运记录、有效控制成本、率先进入新市场、生产高利润消费性产品而信誉卓越的公司。
9、趁低吸纳:
“低买高卖”是说易行难的法则,因为当每个人都买入时,你也跟着买,造成“货不抵价”的投资。相反,当股价低、投资者退却的时候,你也跟着出货,最终变成“高买低卖”。
10、不要惊慌:
即使周围的人都在抛售,你也不用跟随,因为卖出的最好时机是在股市崩溃之前,而并非之后。反之,你应该检视自己的投资组合,卖出现有股票的惟一理由,是有更具吸引力的股票,如没有,便应该继续持有手上的股票。
11、注意实际回报:
计算投资回报时,别忘了将税款和通胀算进去,这对长期投资者尤为重要。
12、别将所有的鸡蛋放在同一个篮子里:
要将投资分散在不同的公司、行业及国家中,还要分散在股票及债券中,因为无论你多聪明,也不能预计或控制未来。
13、对不同的投资类别抱开放态度:
要接受不同类型和不同地区的投资项目,现金在组合里的比重亦不是一成不变的,没有一种投资组合永远是最好的。
14、监控自己的投资:
没有什么投资是永远的,要对预期的改变作出适当的反应,不能买了只股票便永远放在那里,美其名为“长线投资”。
15、对投资抱正面态度:
虽然股市会回落,甚至会出现股灾,但不要对股市失去信心,因为从长远而言,股市始终是会回升的。只有乐观的投资者才能在股市中胜出。
约翰·邓普顿的名言
*An attitude of gratitude creates blessings.. Help yourself by helping others. You have the most powerful weapons on earth.. love and prayer. (天佑感恩之心,助别人就是帮助你自己,在地球上最强的武器就是爱与祈祷。)
*The main focus in my life now is to open people's minds so no one will be so conceited that they think they have the total truth. They should be eager to learn, to listen, to research and not to confine, to hurt, to kill, those who disagree with them. (我生命中专注于开启他人的心灵让人们不自满的以为他们以了解地球上所有的真理。他们应该热心于倾听、研究、而不是封闭、伤害他们不认同的人。)
* Buying when others have despaired, and selling when they are full of hope, takes fortitude.
(行情总在绝望中诞生,在半信半疑中成长,在憧憬中成熟,在希望中毁灭。)
约翰·邓普顿生平简介
1912年约翰·邓普顿出生于田纳西州,家境贫寒。但凭借优异的成绩,他依靠奖学金完成在耶鲁大学的学业,并在1934年毕业是取得耶鲁大学经济学一等学位。之后,他在牛津大学继续深造,获得罗德斯奖学金,并在1936年取得法学硕士学位。重返美国后,他在纽约的Fenner & Beane工作,也就是如今美林证券公司的前身之一。
邓普顿在1937年,也就是大萧条最低迷的时候成立了自己的公司 - Templeton, Dobbrow & Vance。公司取得了相当大的成功,资产规模也迅速增长到了$3亿,旗下拥有8支共同基金。1968年,公司更名为Templeton Damroth并被转售。同年,邓普顿在巴哈马的拿骚,再次建立了自己的邓普顿成长基金。
邓普顿在上世纪50年代首开全球化投资的风气,他认为世界各国有不同的经济盛衰循环,不应将获利机会限制在单一国家内,若加上以个别公司由下而上的选股方式,发掘世界各地的投资潜力,不但可使风险分散,还可为资本创造利润。上世纪40年代他就投资经战争蹂躏的欧洲,上世纪60年代入股日本企业,上世纪 80年代初,进军亚洲及拉美市场,取得了很高的投资回报,他让美国人知道海外地区投资的好处。
国际价值投资的策略大师
20世纪60年代到70 年代,邓普顿是第一批到日本投资的美国财务经理之一。他以低于3倍收入的低价买进日本股票,而在价格收益比在30%时卖掉。邓普顿抢在其他投资者之前抓住了机会,在他买进后,日本股市一路蹿升。后来,他发觉日本的股市被高估了,而他又发现了新的投资机会——美国。实际上,邓普顿在1988年就对股东们说,日本的股市将会缩水50%,甚至更多。几年后,日本的股票指数——东京证券交易所指数下跌了60%。
1985年,由于高通货膨胀和政治因素,阿根廷的股票市场出现严重的衰退。邓普顿认为这是一个买进股票的好机会,当然他的目标是那些他认为能够恢复到正常水平的股票。国际货币基金组织在4个月内通过了一项援助阿根廷的计划,而邓普顿的股票上涨了70%。
1997年,由于投资者的投机行为和出现严重的政治经济问题,亚洲的股票市场几乎崩溃,而邓普顿抓住机会在韩国和亚洲其他地区投资。1999年,亚洲股票市场恢复时,邓普顿获得了丰厚的利润。对此,邓普顿的经验是:“当别人慌忙抛售股票时你要买进,而在别人急于买进时抛出,这需要投资者有最大的坚韧不拔,然而回报也是最大的。”
在之后的25年中,邓普顿创立了全球最大最成功的坦普顿共同基金集团,1992年他将坦普顿基金卖给富兰克林集团。1999年,美国《Money》杂志将邓普敦誉为“本世纪当之无愧的全球最伟大的选股人”。由于常年居住在巴哈马,邓普敦自然成为英国公民,并受到伊丽莎白二世的青睐,于1987授予其爵士爵位以表彰其功绩。
约翰·邓普顿的投资风格——逆向投资
作为上个世纪最著名的逆向投资者,邓普顿的投资方法被总结为:“在大萧条的低点买入,在互联网的高点抛出,并在这两者间游刃有余。”
他的投资风格可以这样归总:寻找那些价值型投资品种,也就是他说的“淘便宜货”。放眼全球,而不是只关注一点。邓普顿的投资法宝是:“在全球范围寻找低价的、长期前景良好的公司作为投资目标。”
作为逆向价值投资者,邓普顿相信,完全被忽视的股票是最让人心动的便宜货------尤其是那些投资者们都尚未研究的股票。就这点而言,他相比其他投资者的优势是,他居住在巴哈马的Lyford Cay,那里是全世界成功商务人士的俱乐部。
邓普顿发现,Lyford Cay的氛围更加轻松惬意,人们更容易交流彼此的想法、心得。相形之下,华尔街的气氛就非常功利,也限制了人们的沟通。就象传奇投资者菲利普·费雪一样,邓普顿也发现了交际的价值,他也通过这个方法来获取全球相关投资领域的信息。
约翰·邓普顿的企业分析要点
营盈成长稳定性:如果某公司的盈余有一年挫退,或许没关系。但如果连续两年表现不佳,就须抱以怀疑的态度。
弹性是中心守则:在每件事都进行的特别好时,你必须准备进行改变。当整个循环与你的估算相吻合的天衣无缝时,应是准备获利了结。
别信赖任何的原则和公式:任何定理都有可能在一夕之间被打破。
约翰·邓普顿15条投资法则
约翰·邓普顿被喻为投资之父,这不仅在于他的95岁高龄,还因为他是价值投资的模范。邓普顿自1987年退休之后,将其投资法则归纳为15条。
1、信仰有助投资:
一个有信仰的人,思维会更加清晰和敏锐,犯错的机会因而减低。要冷静和意志坚定,能够做到不受市场环境所影响。 谦虚好学是成功法宝:那些好像对什么问题都知道的人,其实真正要回答的问题都不知道。投资中,狂妄和傲慢所带来的是灾难,也是失望,聪明的投资者应该知道,成功是不断探索的过程。
2、要从错误中学习:
避免投资错误的惟一方法是不投资,但这却是你所能犯的最大错误。不要因为犯了投资错误而耿耿于怀,更不要为了弥补上次损失而孤注一掷,而应该找出原因,避免重蹈覆辙。
3、投资不是赌博:
如果你在股市不断进出,只求几个价位的利润,或是不断抛空,进行期权或期货交易,股市对你来说已成了赌场,而你就像赌徒,最终会血本无归。
4、不要听“贴士”:
小道消息听起来好像能赚快钱,但要知道“世上没有免费的午餐”。
5、投资要做功课:
买股票之前,至少要知道这家公司出类拔萃之处,如自己没有能力办到,便请专家帮忙。
6、跑赢专业机构性投资者:
要胜过市场,不单要胜过一般投资者,还要胜过专业的基金经理,要比大户更聪明,这才是最大的挑战。
7、价值投资法:
要购买物有所值的东西,而不是市场趋向或经济前景。
8、买优质股份:
优质公司是比同类好一点的公司,例如在市场中销售额领先的公司,在技术创新的行业中,科技领先的公司以及拥有优良营运记录、有效控制成本、率先进入新市场、生产高利润消费性产品而信誉卓越的公司。
9、趁低吸纳:
“低买高卖”是说易行难的法则,因为当每个人都买入时,你也跟着买,造成“货不抵价”的投资。相反,当股价低、投资者退却的时候,你也跟着出货,最终变成“高买低卖”。
10、不要惊慌:
即使周围的人都在抛售,你也不用跟随,因为卖出的最好时机是在股市崩溃之前,而并非之后。反之,你应该检视自己的投资组合,卖出现有股票的惟一理由,是有更具吸引力的股票,如没有,便应该继续持有手上的股票。
11、注意实际回报:
计算投资回报时,别忘了将税款和通胀算进去,这对长期投资者尤为重要。
12、别将所有的鸡蛋放在同一个篮子里:
要将投资分散在不同的公司、行业及国家中,还要分散在股票及债券中,因为无论你多聪明,也不能预计或控制未来。
13、对不同的投资类别抱开放态度:
要接受不同类型和不同地区的投资项目,现金在组合里的比重亦不是一成不变的,没有一种投资组合永远是最好的。
14、监控自己的投资:
没有什么投资是永远的,要对预期的改变作出适当的反应,不能买了只股票便永远放在那里,美其名为“长线投资”。
15、对投资抱正面态度:
虽然股市会回落,甚至会出现股灾,但不要对股市失去信心,因为从长远而言,股市始终是会回升的。只有乐观的投资者才能在股市中胜出。
约翰·邓普顿的名言
*An attitude of gratitude creates blessings.. Help yourself by helping others. You have the most powerful weapons on earth.. love and prayer. (天佑感恩之心,助别人就是帮助你自己,在地球上最强的武器就是爱与祈祷。)
*The main focus in my life now is to open people's minds so no one will be so conceited that they think they have the total truth. They should be eager to learn, to listen, to research and not to confine, to hurt, to kill, those who disagree with them. (我生命中专注于开启他人的心灵让人们不自满的以为他们以了解地球上所有的真理。他们应该热心于倾听、研究、而不是封闭、伤害他们不认同的人。)
* Buying when others have despaired, and selling when they are full of hope, takes fortitude.
(行情总在绝望中诞生,在半信半疑中成长,在憧憬中成熟,在希望中毁灭。)
鄧普頓爵士(Sir John Templeton)的投資心法
投資宗師約翰·鄧普頓爵士(Sir John Templeton)多年來累積的投資智慧:
1) 信仰有助投資:一個有信仰的人,思維會更加清晰和敏銳,犯錯的機會因而減低。要冷靜和意志堅定,能夠做到不受市場環境所影響。
2) 謙遜好學是成功法寶:那些好像對什麼問題都知道的人,其實真正要回答的問題都不知道。投資中,狂妄和傲慢所帶來的是災難,也是失望,聰明的投資者應該知道,成功是不斷探索的過程。
3) 要從錯誤中學習:避免投資錯誤的惟一方法是不投資,但這卻是你所能犯的最大錯誤。不要因為犯了投資錯誤而耿耿於懷,更不要為了彌補上次損失而孤注一擲,而應該找出原因,避免重蹈覆轍。
4) 投資不是賭博:如果你在股市不斷進出,只求幾個價位的利潤,或是不斷拋空,進行期權或期貨交易,股市對你來說已成了賭場,而你就像賭徒,最終會血本無歸。
5) 投資要做功課:買股票之前,至少要知道這家公司出類拔萃之處,如自己沒有能力辦到,便請專家幫忙。不要聽「貼士」:小道消息聽起來好像能賺快錢,但要知道「世上沒有免費的午餐」。
6) 跑贏專業機構性投資者:要勝過市場,不單要勝過一般投資者,還要勝過專業的基金經理,要比大戶更聰明,這才是最大的挑戰。
7) 價值投資法:要購買物有所值的東西,而不是市場趨向或經濟前景。
8) 買優質股份:優質公司是比同類好一點的公司,例如在市場中銷售額領先的公司,在技術創新的行業中,科技領先的公司以及擁有優良營運記錄、有效控制成本、率先進入新市場、生產高利潤消費性產品而信譽卓越的公司。
9) 趁低吸納:「低買高賣」是說易行難的法則,因為當每個人都買入時,你也跟著買,造成「貨不抵價」的投資。相反,當股價低、投資者退卻的時候,你也跟著出貨,最終變成「高買低賣」。
10) 不要驚慌:即使周圍的人都在拋售,你也不用跟隨,因為賣出的最好時機是在股市崩潰之前,而並非之後。反之,你應該檢視自己的投資組合,賣出現有股票的惟一理由,是有更具吸引力的股票,如沒有,便應該繼續持有手上的股票。
11) 注意實際回報:計算投資回報時,別忘了將稅款和通脹算進去,這對長期投資者尤為重要。
12) 別將所有的雞蛋放在同一個籃子裡:要將投資分散在不同的公司、行業及國家中,還要分散在股票及債券中,因為無論你多聰明,也不能預計或控制未來。
13) 對不同的投資類別抱開放態度:要接受不同類型和不同地區的投資項目,現金在組合裡的比重亦不是一成不變的,沒有一種投資組合永遠是最好的。
14) 監控自己的投資:沒有什麼投資是永遠的,要對預期的改變作出適當的反應,不能買了只股票便永遠放在那裡,美其名為「長線投資」。
15) 對投資抱正面態度:雖然股市會回落,甚至會出現股災,但不要對股市失去信心,因為從長遠而言,股市始終是會回升的。只有樂觀的投資者才能在股市中勝出。
1) 信仰有助投資:一個有信仰的人,思維會更加清晰和敏銳,犯錯的機會因而減低。要冷靜和意志堅定,能夠做到不受市場環境所影響。
2) 謙遜好學是成功法寶:那些好像對什麼問題都知道的人,其實真正要回答的問題都不知道。投資中,狂妄和傲慢所帶來的是災難,也是失望,聰明的投資者應該知道,成功是不斷探索的過程。
3) 要從錯誤中學習:避免投資錯誤的惟一方法是不投資,但這卻是你所能犯的最大錯誤。不要因為犯了投資錯誤而耿耿於懷,更不要為了彌補上次損失而孤注一擲,而應該找出原因,避免重蹈覆轍。
4) 投資不是賭博:如果你在股市不斷進出,只求幾個價位的利潤,或是不斷拋空,進行期權或期貨交易,股市對你來說已成了賭場,而你就像賭徒,最終會血本無歸。
5) 投資要做功課:買股票之前,至少要知道這家公司出類拔萃之處,如自己沒有能力辦到,便請專家幫忙。不要聽「貼士」:小道消息聽起來好像能賺快錢,但要知道「世上沒有免費的午餐」。
6) 跑贏專業機構性投資者:要勝過市場,不單要勝過一般投資者,還要勝過專業的基金經理,要比大戶更聰明,這才是最大的挑戰。
7) 價值投資法:要購買物有所值的東西,而不是市場趨向或經濟前景。
8) 買優質股份:優質公司是比同類好一點的公司,例如在市場中銷售額領先的公司,在技術創新的行業中,科技領先的公司以及擁有優良營運記錄、有效控制成本、率先進入新市場、生產高利潤消費性產品而信譽卓越的公司。
9) 趁低吸納:「低買高賣」是說易行難的法則,因為當每個人都買入時,你也跟著買,造成「貨不抵價」的投資。相反,當股價低、投資者退卻的時候,你也跟著出貨,最終變成「高買低賣」。
10) 不要驚慌:即使周圍的人都在拋售,你也不用跟隨,因為賣出的最好時機是在股市崩潰之前,而並非之後。反之,你應該檢視自己的投資組合,賣出現有股票的惟一理由,是有更具吸引力的股票,如沒有,便應該繼續持有手上的股票。
11) 注意實際回報:計算投資回報時,別忘了將稅款和通脹算進去,這對長期投資者尤為重要。
12) 別將所有的雞蛋放在同一個籃子裡:要將投資分散在不同的公司、行業及國家中,還要分散在股票及債券中,因為無論你多聰明,也不能預計或控制未來。
13) 對不同的投資類別抱開放態度:要接受不同類型和不同地區的投資項目,現金在組合裡的比重亦不是一成不變的,沒有一種投資組合永遠是最好的。
14) 監控自己的投資:沒有什麼投資是永遠的,要對預期的改變作出適當的反應,不能買了只股票便永遠放在那裡,美其名為「長線投資」。
15) 對投資抱正面態度:雖然股市會回落,甚至會出現股災,但不要對股市失去信心,因為從長遠而言,股市始終是會回升的。只有樂觀的投資者才能在股市中勝出。
IG Markets - Free Seminars
We host regular seminars for new and prospective clients at our offices in central Singapore.
Seminars are held in our offices at:
#22-04 Chevron House, 30 Raffles Place, Singapore.
Seminar Date:
Wed 19th March 2008, 7pm.
Seminars are held in our offices at:
#22-04 Chevron House, 30 Raffles Place, Singapore.
Seminar Date:
Wed 19th March 2008, 7pm.
美股製造假雙底
聯儲局再注資2000億美元去穩定信貸市場信心危機,並首次以國庫券交換次按債券;另獲歐洲及加拿大央行協助注資450億美元入佢地自己銀行體系。上述措施令道指出現五年內最大升市,媲美1月份八天內減息1.25厘,令道指1月22日止跌回升;幕後策略員有可能係財長保爾森,佢趁住股市拋空者眾多,殺淡友一個措手不及,為美股製造「假雙底」走勢,企圖利用股市升降反過來影響美國經濟表現。上述行動類似呆壞賬將「國有化」,係咪有用?有待進一步觀察。我老曹意見係:殘酷熊市如果真係咁容易解決,1929年聯儲局及1990年日本央行係咪豬咁蠢?美股同港股已確認熊市;滬深三百指數50天線同200天線天天在接近,唔排除4月初獲確認。世界各地股市真係熊蹤處處,唔係咁易「殺牠死」。
熊 市 忌 溝 淡 博 反 彈
近來,美股出現巨大的震盪 ,急跌急升,這是很正常的,美國次級按揭貸款問題完全沒有解決 的方案,市場每隔一段時間都會因為經濟數據差而出現恐慌性拋售。每一次恐慌性的拋售,就是 向布殊政府示威抗議,此後就是美國政府出面打救,或向銀行體系注入大量資金,或大幅減息。
總之,今年是總統選舉年, 布殊政府絕不會見死不救,再大的代價也是由明年上任的新總統來承接,自己光榮離任及協助共和黨人當選最重要。因此,-陣恐慌之後就是急速的反彈 。所以,搞來搞去,美股實際上跌幅並不大,道瓊斯指數,最差的情況與去年高期比較,也只是下跌一成多罷了,反而亞太股市的跌幅普遍上比美股跌得更兇、更殘,相信部 份原因是美資基金因母公司資金短缺而被迫套現, 沽售亞太區的投資以取得現金回家救母公司。
大量現金才適合入市
最新出爐的消費物價指數上升8.7% 更嚇人,這是遠比溫總定下的4.8% 要求高得很。通脹率這麼高,怎麼辦 ?會如何辦?看來只好雙管齊下,一方面以行政手段不許加價,另一方面控制貨幣供應,加息、加銀行準備金率,這一切,對股市是不利的。
現在,短期內認同熊市中大型反彈浪的人越來越多,但是,大家依然要小心,反彈的意思就表示這不是新牛市,有了一定的升幅之後還是會再下跌。
過往不少人喜歡在反彈浪「 溝淡 」其手上已經持有高價買入的股,如果手上持有中移 就買入中移動,目的是使到手上中移動的平均價降低,將來中移動股價一反彈到自己的平均價時就可以賣掉脫身。這是錯誤的做法,我認為只有那些在之前已經大量賣股套現, 手上持有大量現金的人才適合在反彈市買股,那些在之前股價下跌時沒套現的人,不該在反彈市入市,以免增加自己的壓力與風險 。
這些人只適合當個旁觀者,耐心地等反彈幅度加大後減持 。
總之,今年是總統選舉年, 布殊政府絕不會見死不救,再大的代價也是由明年上任的新總統來承接,自己光榮離任及協助共和黨人當選最重要。因此,-陣恐慌之後就是急速的反彈 。所以,搞來搞去,美股實際上跌幅並不大,道瓊斯指數,最差的情況與去年高期比較,也只是下跌一成多罷了,反而亞太股市的跌幅普遍上比美股跌得更兇、更殘,相信部 份原因是美資基金因母公司資金短缺而被迫套現, 沽售亞太區的投資以取得現金回家救母公司。
大量現金才適合入市
最新出爐的消費物價指數上升8.7% 更嚇人,這是遠比溫總定下的4.8% 要求高得很。通脹率這麼高,怎麼辦 ?會如何辦?看來只好雙管齊下,一方面以行政手段不許加價,另一方面控制貨幣供應,加息、加銀行準備金率,這一切,對股市是不利的。
現在,短期內認同熊市中大型反彈浪的人越來越多,但是,大家依然要小心,反彈的意思就表示這不是新牛市,有了一定的升幅之後還是會再下跌。
過往不少人喜歡在反彈浪「 溝淡 」其手上已經持有高價買入的股,如果手上持有中移 就買入中移動,目的是使到手上中移動的平均價降低,將來中移動股價一反彈到自己的平均價時就可以賣掉脫身。這是錯誤的做法,我認為只有那些在之前已經大量賣股套現, 手上持有大量現金的人才適合在反彈市買股,那些在之前股價下跌時沒套現的人,不該在反彈市入市,以免增加自己的壓力與風險 。
這些人只適合當個旁觀者,耐心地等反彈幅度加大後減持 。
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