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Saturday, January 31, 2009

现在金融股的机会远大于风险

好的投资机会,大部分不是由企业成长提供的,长期以来人们认为价值投资的收益主要甚至是唯一来自于企业,这是不正确的,最好的投资机会,往往是由市场提供的,市场波动才是投资机会最主要的来源.市场的波动其本质效果是让机会和风险不断轮回转化.只要你知道公司的真实内在价值,就可以利用波动获取利益,这是巴菲特老师格雷厄姆终其一生的理念和行为, 格雷厄姆的投资基本不讲企业的成长,但格雷厄姆确被尊为价值投资之父。

由于市场过分波动,目前的金融股尤其是银行、保险股,已经处于安全边际中,以下论证:
收益增长速度下滑,是金融股在国际油价上涨,宏观经济回落背景下的必然结果.然而宏观经济回落从性质上讲,不过是整体经济的自然调节和修养生息,其所引起的金融股业绩增速减缓并不意味着,金融股的市场的竞争结构,需求特征、管理水平发生了任何变化,在这些决定金融企业内在价值的核心要素上没有任何变化,如果说有变化,可能的变化是向好的方向变,在经营数据的波动的同时,企业的内在价值一如继往,凌通固执的相信业绩增速减缓与公司内在价值几乎无关系。
在08年1月凌通写了一篇文章《现在急于买入金融股有风险!》,文中我们认为金融股的环境不确定性没有充分表现,因此当时虽然下跌了30%,但不能做为安全边际,现在半年之后,凌通认为经济环境的不利变化已经基本充分表现,股价中充分包含了经济基本面的不利变化,不仅如此,在一系列宏观不利数据作用下,市场对金融股的看法至少在一一程度上包含了过度悲观情绪。之所以凌通认为市场对金融的判断判断包含过度悲观情绪,在于金融股的经营业绩依赖于宏观经济环境是一个早已存在的已知问题,并不是今天早上才出现的,这个基本事实至少存在了100年,金融股的收益会随宏观经济变化,这是早已存在的基本事实,早已存在的事实就不会对股价和公司造成实质伤害,这是投资领域最基本的常识。

我们的宏观经济回落,因此宏观经济就不在增长了吗?这显然也不是事实,宏观经济未来会继续增长是及其确定的,当金融股价格快速腰斩,凌通认为目前金融股普遍机会大于风险,个别金融股已经被大幅低估,他们处于较大安全边际中。大部分投资机会都是由真实的利空和风险造成,因为真实的利空总是被人心放大。基本面跌了20%,市场或者说人心总会把它放大到50%,这样就产生了30%的机会,同样真实的风险总是由真实的利多造就,基本面成长了20%,人心会把它放到增长50%,从而造就30%的风险,这就是行为金融学所说的过度反应,过度反应的人类心理规律必然导致利空造就投资机会,利多造就风险的规律,或许这是人所尽知的道理,但凌通仍然为自己的发现而有成就感。

现在投资人应该回头看看,07年10月份时,投资机构对银行和保险的乐观分析,而不是被现在投资机构对金融股的悲观分析吓倒。去年10月份机构对金融股基本面的分析,更符合金融股现在股价大幅腰斩后的事实,而现在机构对金融股的分析适合下一个宏观景气周期。

山寨研报看银行

银行的主要经营模式是:要有一批忠实的储户,他们把钱存入存款账户;然后,银行将这些钱贷出去,以钱生钱。放贷出去的钱能不能按时收回是银行面临的主要风险,如果无法收回就会成为银行的呆坏账。为了实现最大化的利润,银行还必须尽量降低经营费用。对于国内的银行业来说,可以享受政策的利润,以2.52%的利率吸收存款,以5.67%的利率放贷,稳赚3.15%的利差。(国外银行家崇尚三六原则:以3%的利率吸收存款,以6%的利率放贷,稳赚3%的利差。)
  
受美国金融危机的影响,2008年银行股的跌幅较大,大家都在担心中国房地产市场即将崩溃,进而会导致银行的呆坏账急剧上升。真实情况会这么糟糕吗?房价下跌对炒房投机客来说是个致命的打击,但对于购买自住房的居民来说,他们一般不会断供房贷,即使断供,对银行的影响也不会太大,因为购房都要求首付30%(现调整为20%),只要房价的跌幅小于30%,银行在房贷业务上就不会出现重大损失。
  
银行业属于高风险行业,在选择购买银行股的时候,最好选择大型的银行,因为银行越大无形资产越高,无形资产高就能够发行新股进行收购,增加股东资金,而贷款方面亦可以随之增加,从而进入一个良性循环。当然,中小银行如果经营稳健的话,具有较高的成长性,股价上升的速度一般会超过大银行。现在80%多的中小企业没有金融服务,5亿农民也基本没有金融服务,可以比较乐观地相信 中国银行业未来还有很大的发展空间。目前,四大国有银行,工行、中行、建行都在香港和大陆上市,农业银行还没有上市。
  
中国银行业在中国所处的位置是十分重要的,目前大家都集体看空银行保险业,本山寨版研究报告主要提供银行保险业的思考方式,不在大家都看空银行保险业的时候买入它们,我们能以较低价格买到吗?

炒股四大禁忌

●最忌满时
  
所谓满时,指的是炒客一年四季,都始终不停地操作。炒股最重要的是研判大势。当大势向好时,要积极做多;大势转弱时,要空仓休息。但有的炒客却不是这样做,他们不管股市冷暖,都不停地劳作。
他们这样做,不仅会劳而无功,而且还会因此遭遇到更多的风险。炒客在股市中,要学会审时度势,根据趋势变化,适时休息,这样才能在股市中准确地把握,应该参与的机会。会休息,才会赚钱,否则到手的利润也会最终交出去。就算是止损之后也要休息一段时间,因为需要用到止损这一招,就证明自己当时的头脑已乱,这时必须要休息,否则只会越止越损。
  
●二忌满利
满利是指炒客总想买在最低价和卖在最高价,一味地追求利润最大化。有的炒客喜欢追求暴利,总想把一只股票的所有利润全部拿下,结果是经常来来回回的坐电梯。
从去年10月以来,大盘曾经出现过三次冲击1700点的波段行情,很多炒客却不赢反亏,原因就在于:他们为了想赚取更多的利润而没有及时地获利了结,结果将到手的利润蚀回去。炒客要保持长期稳定获利的根本原则是:不要争取最大化的利润,而要争取最有可能实现的利润。稳步增长,才是赚钱之正道。
  
●三忌满仓
中国股市中的第一代大户中,其中大部分是因为过度满仓(透支)而被打穿的,最终落个被交易所强制平仓出局的下场。炒股和做人一样,凡事要留有回旋余地,方能进退自如。
对于散户而言,投入股市的钱,如果都是养家糊口的养命钱,一旦满仓被套,巨大的心理压力下造成的忧虑情绪,必将影响对后市行情的分析判断,最后结果不言而喻。即使行军打仗也要有预备队,股市上也要有后备的资金。其实,满仓做多,就是贪心的一种具体表现。不放过任何机会和利润的操作意图,结果,往往是被迫放弃的机会更加多。
  
●四忌自满
有的炒客在刚进入股市的时候,还常常能有所斩获,等到变成老股民以后,因为赚了些钱,学了些指标,读了几本书,就渐渐的盲目自信起来,追涨杀跌,快速进出,结果,反而输多赢少,亏损严重。
骄傲自满会阻碍炒客提高操作水平,会使炒客对股市的认识出现偏差。股市的发展是日新月异的,任何人如果骄傲自满,就会停滞不前,最终必将被股市所淘汰。

李驰:35年一遇的买入机会 一年内不会破1500

2007年三季度,当同威资产管理公司董事总经理李驰卖出持有1年多的万科、招行股票时,他只能耐心等待价值投资机会的再度出现。令他意外的是,这个机会这么快就到来了。目前,他已经完成了战略性的建仓。
  
而在同威资产管理公司名誉主席董伟看来,这次的A股暴跌堪比1973年的香港股市崩盘。董伟具有57年的证券投资从业经历,见证了香港股市半个世纪的起伏兴衰。
  
“历史在重复,但不是简单重复。”李驰说,“现在又回到了1973年,1973年之后的牛市有多大?全球都是牛市。将来回头看,现在买可能买到了历史的底部。这是35年一遇的买入机会。”
李驰对2009年的行情充满信心:“1664点有95%的概率不会再跌破了。”他甚至真金白银地与人打赌,赌上证指数一年内不会跌到1500点之下。
  
放眼全球股市,李驰也认为2008年10月的暴跌已经将主要风险释放了。“从规律来看,在雷曼这样的极端事件出现之后,股市一般在三个月内出现底部。”
  
众所周知,价值投资者左侧交易,会买早;趋势投资者右侧交易,看到底部才行动。现在,全球最著名的价值投资者巴菲特和趋势投资者索罗斯都已分别在去年10月、11月“投票”了,在他们两人买入之间,不就是底部吗?
  
“后市可能还有一次下跌,但很多股票已经不会再创新低了,尤其是A股。”李驰说。
估值调整到位只是股市上涨的条件之一,流动性回暖是李驰看好A股的另一个重要理由。
  
不可否认,在金融危机的影响扩散之后,实体经济的状况将继续下滑。将政府行为与金融危机两者综合考虑,才能更准确地预期市场的发展轨迹。
  
全球金融市场的去杠杆化带来风险溢价的上升,而利率下降和货币发行量大增则为风险溢价下降埋下了伏笔。近期美、欧、日本股市接连下挫,但A股却逆势而上与H股形成背离走势,显示了内地与众不同的资金环境。
  
李驰认为,在经济状况转差的同时,中国经济体系当中的存量资金依然庞大。“资金总是在不同资产之间进行选择,哪里潜在收益高就去哪。今年肯定继续降息,降到1点多,这些钱会存在银行,还是选择股市呢?”
  
另外,与几年前相比,中国上市公司的质地也让李驰更放心了。
李驰特别提到了对交行的投资:“三年前买交行法人股的时候,我们估计至少赚一倍,当时成本是2块钱,上市后最高涨到16块,现在跌回4块多,可以说运气不太好,但也完成一倍的最低目标了。现在买,如果是一个大牛市,赚不到5倍,至少要赚3倍。同样是交行,现在全流通了,而且资产质量比三年前高,现在买性价比更高。”
  
李驰表示,一个稳定增长的公司股市要给溢价,不能以2009年倒退的业绩来算市盈率。“巴菲特认为大多数时间资产是被高估的,因为投资者的心理长期来看偏乐观。只有极限事件发生的时候是低估的。银行股现在是低估的,打了六折以上,有安全边际。”
  
但李驰同时说,2009年买银行股超额收益不大,充其量是平均值。“今年的环境对大股票投资不利。”而且他不否认会在3000点之上考虑卖出部分股票。“今年股市会上涨,但还不是大牛市归来,没有到金融地产疯涨的时候。”
  
李驰认为中国股市的效率在提高:“上轮牛市可以说是报告推动型;下一轮牛市,投资者要完善对报告的再认识。香港和美国股市就是这样,报告出来之前可能股价已经大涨过了,看到报告就会下跌。当大家对信息的获取能力差距越来越小,就要比对信息的处理方式了。谁的视角独到,谁就能赚钱。”
  
“比起1000点到6000点来,下一轮牛市可能更大,但何时开始不好说。”李驰说。

赢家特质 - 专心做自己拿手的事

“我想,如果魏廉斯(注:美国职棒大联盟波士顿红袜队的强打王)领到棒坛中最高的薪水,而打击率只有.220,他一定难展欢颜。而如果他拿的是棒坛中最低的薪水,打击率却高达.400,他一定非常快乐。我做这件工作的心情正是如此。钱只是我把自己喜欢的事情做得非常之好的副产品。”─巴菲特

这些年来,我观察到一件事,那就是大放异采的每一个人,都是术业有专攻的专家。这种现象在营业厅尤其明显。交易生手可能涉足多达十二种不同的期货合约,专业场内交易员则只看准一种期货和使用一种特别的操作风格。因此,你可能认识某个阿猫阿狗既是黄豆交易人、债券交易人,又是S&P交易人、木材或者货币交易人。但是你不会看到专业人士从某个交易场跑到另一个交易场,到处寻找操作机会。此外,专业人士只有一种专长──抢帽子、短线操作、价差交易,或者其它任何操作风格。他日复一日,都做同样的事:每天站在交易场的同一个地方,每天和同样那些人交易。值得注意的是,他据守一个狭隘的领域,而且是那个领域不作第二人想的专家。每个市场都有它的律动。专业场内交易员每天做同样的事,对于市场律动之了解,不是偶尔涉足其中的参与者察觉得出来的。

这种知识能够带给你的操作优势,令人惊异不置。这是为什么我只交易S&P 500的原因。我每天做同样的事,能够领会市场的脉动,要是有什么事情出了差错,马上察觉得出来。此外,我的专长是积极、短线操作S&P。我晓得它昨天和前一天的交易情形。我敢说,每一位场内交易员,都知道昨天的高点和低点在哪里,更别提今天的盘中高点和低点;这是懂得停损点要放在哪里,以及关键突破点位于何处的基本依据。把同样这些人丢到不同的市场,他们将一筹莫展。你这位交易新手进入市场的时候,面对的正是这些专家。以他们在特定市场拥有的专业知识来说,你进场操作肯定居于劣势。对于这一点,你还有什么好怀疑的吗?你喜欢一只手绑在背后,和他们对打──还是希望动用你拥有的全部资源?

我在“操作过生活”(Trade for a Living)研讨会中,提到许多可用的技术性方法。但是我不建议你试用所有这些方法。相反的,你应该学习当个专家,尽全力成为最优秀的短线交易人,或者最优秀的价差交易人,或者最优秀的季节型交易人。许多人听到我只交易S&P 500,都不敢置信。这些人数目之多,以为我画地自限,才真的叫人吃惊。当然了,这些年来,我和大部分交易人一样,也曾尝试在许多市场中交易,以及使用多种不同的策略。有些市场或策略的效果比其它的市场或策略要好。大约十年前,我曾在盘中建立很好的货币部位。交易八口合约时,档值(tick value)是每点100美元,而我总能赚进10到50点,合1,000到5,000美元不等。但是接下来,奇怪的事情发生了。临收盘时,我还赚10或20点,转眼之间,它们全都消失不见。我不喜欢这种经验,最后终于放弃货币交易,开始专心操作S&P。

场内交易员晓得,你必须玩自己的游戏。交易生手经常想玩太多的市场。专业人士是术业有专攻的专家,你也应该如此。专业人士只在一个交易场操作。他们不会从一个市场跑到另一个市场。他们在各自的专业领域中,成为运用某种操作方法的专家。在你把委托单丢进交易场,和他们对向操作时,等于赌你的专门技术知识胜过他们。在专业人士擅长的游戏中,想要击败他们,恐怕没有那么容易。那么,你要怎么做,才能赢过他们?你必须在操作上,胜过他们一筹。你必须对市场持有一种特殊的看法,而这种看法正好是赚取差价的场内帽客所缺乏的。她想赚的是买价和卖价之间的差价,而你必须靠预测市场走向来取胜。不必负担手续费的场内交易员可以靠差价维生,场外交易人则不能。她提供身为场外交易人的你所需的流动性。双方都肩负重要的功能,如此市场才能以很高的效率运转。

在这两个极端之间,当然可以有许多变化。交易新手经常用过一种方法,发觉行不通,便改用另一种方法。我要提醒读者,千万不要这么做。一流的交易人成为把一件事情做得很好的专家,而且一做再做。操作能否成功,有一大部分要看你这个人和选用的操作风格是否相配。你应该对自己所做的事情相当放心才对。

资金管理的第一守则,是只玩能赢的游戏。
巴菲特全神贯注,将所有的时间和精力,用在成为代人投资的顶尖好手。他投资别人的企业,成就斐然且独树一格,并为自己和柏克夏哈萨威的其它股东,创造了数百十亿美元的财富。

“把少数事情做好十分重要。没人能够样样事情专精,也没有一位投资人能够把许多股票看顾得很好。葛雷姆将它称做你的势力圈。确定你的原则确实界定了你的能力,而且小心不要成为华尔街经纪圈的磨擦成本或交易成本的牺牲者。经纪商强调的是过度分散投资、积极操作、跨出你的势力圈。”

对少数公司了解很多,而不是对很多公司了解很少。只有这样,你才有办法凭一己之力,对企业的价值做出合适的判断。

力求单纯──提醒自己:想当个出色的投资人,只需要选择五、六家世界一流的公司,在正确的时点买进就可以。做好这件事,就能有大放异采的事业生涯。

巴菲特深信投资人应该做更少但更好的投资决策。华尔街上的一般智慧是:「买进抱牢,直到市场方向改变,然后迅速脱手。」巴菲特相信,如果你买得够好,那么只有在企业的基本面改变,或者另有质量超过许多的投资机会可以掌握利用时,才需要卖出。因此,柏克夏约70%的股票投资(超过300亿美元),集中在四支股票(可口可乐、美国运通、吉列、富国)上。

“聪明的投资法并不复杂,但这和说它十分简单是两回事。投资人需要有能力正确地评估精挑细选的企业。请注意‘精挑细选’一词。你不可能是研究每一家公司的专家,也不可能对许多公司了如指掌。你只需要能够评估力所能及范围内的公司就可以。那个范围有多大,不是很重要,晓得它的边界在哪里才重要。”

“第一次和巴菲特见面,他提到一件事,说不妨将投资想成是拿到一张上面可以剪二十个洞的票卡。你只能投资二十次。二十次之后,就必须抱着手上拥有的东西。用这种方式去思考,真的很有帮助,因为这么一来,你会非常专注,十分小心,对于自己想做的任何变动,都深怀信心才动手。人们只是在翻搅他们的投资组合而已。葛雷姆曾经告诉我,许多散户和机构投资人的投资方式,让他觉得人们只是拿准备换洗的脏衣服彼此交换。他们为了交易而交易,其实并没有『拥有』企业。投资人如果把整副心思放在拥有企业上,而且订下合理的持有时限,收获会好很多。尽可能减少手续费和税负支出的干扰,更多的盈余利上滚利,资金会成长得比较快速。”

国富民穷 中国家庭“内虚”到无法内需?

中国财政部长谢旭人1月5日在全国财政工作会议上透露,2008年中国财政收入料突破6万亿元(人民币,约1万3000多亿新元)。
  
央视《新闻联播》同一天报道说,国有中央企业2008年营业收入11万5000亿元,同比增长20%;实现利润约7000亿元,同比下降30%左右,上缴利税达到1万亿元,同比增长20%。
  
报道指出,扣除去年初冰冻灾以及汶川大地震的影响,中央企业“实现利润总额在1万亿左右,与2007年基本持平”。
  
这些数据除了说明中国经济总量持续增大,也显示政府在国民经济中的强势地位;但是它也同时揭露了中国经济社会的一个隐忧——国富民穷。
  
根据美国耶鲁大学管理学院金融学终身教授、长江商学院访问教授陈志武的计算,到2006年年底,中国国有土地的总价值约50万亿元,11万9000家国有企业资产总计约29万亿元,国有资产总价值约79万亿元;然而到2005年年底,中国全国城镇居民的总资产价值在21万亿元左右,换句话说,只有大概四分之一的资产性财富在民间。
  
2008年财政收入每6元就有约1元来自国有中央企业,说明这个格局并没有改变。
  
陈志武在去年的一篇文章中指出,从1995年到2007年,国家财政税收平均每年上升16%;城镇居民人均可支配收入年均增长8%;农民年均增长只有6.2%。
  
他表示,一个家庭的收入包括劳动收入与资产性财富升值收入;可是中国民众享受的只有劳动收入。他质疑中国社会财富在政府与社会之间失衡的分配后果:“很多经济学家讲我们必须改变中国出口导向型的增长方式,必须通过内需增长带动国民经济发展,但是财富升值的收益没法流入老百姓手里,他们如何消费?”
  
通过刺激民间消费以拉动经济增长,正逐渐成为中国政府应对这轮全球经济危机的重要策略。胡锦涛去年11月28日,在中共中央政治局召开会议时强调:“把扩大居民消费需求放在更加突出的位置,增强消费需求对经济增长的拉动作用”。
  
在欧洲进行“信心之旅”的中国总理温家宝27日表示,中国的信心并非凭空而来,因为中国“内部需求很大”;并且“采取了正确的扩大内需政策”。
  
在中国经济增长两大引擎——出口与投资——同时失速的当儿,拉动消费刺激内需的思路显然正确。可是在具体措施层面,刺激消费的转型策略却面临不少困难。

“新三座大山”没解决
当局打出两年4万亿经济刺激方案的王牌,距离温家宝口中的内部需求(民间消费)仍然有一段距离。批评者形容4万亿主要花在“铁公鸡”——铁路、公路、机场的建设——依然是传统公共投入拉动需求的老路子。
  
此外,2008年中央财政支出并没有看到对于改善民生,保障消费信心大刀阔斧的作为。政治观察者吴木銮就指出,去年财政的教育支出虽然增加了47%,达到1582亿元,可是仅占全国收入2.63%;医疗支出833.6亿元,仅为全国收入1.39%;社保和就业支出为2761.6亿元,为全国收入4.6%。
  
换句话说,民间抱怨的“新三座大山”——教育、医疗、住房——问题还无法有效解决。政治评论者莫之许说,2008年年末各方对中国经济的会诊:内需不振、社会保障体制滞后、投融资体制亟待改革等病因,以及启动内需、推行积极财政政策、加强外向型经济等方法,与10年前的1998年仿佛。
  
莫之许认为,10年轮回,人们依旧慑于不确定的预期而不敢花钱。他说:“经过10年来住房、医疗、教育的强迫内需,大多数中国家庭已经‘内虚’到无法内需了。”
  
要真正实现从出口与投资的增长策略转变为内需拉动,论者莫不希望当局能利用危机进行结构性改革。
  
香港科技大学教授丁学良在一篇分析内需的文章中说:“准确地说,中国的要害是‘民需’不足;抑制‘官需’、提升‘民需’才是结构调整的关键。”
  
陈志武在接受大陆媒体专访时,提出三点来解决国富民穷的弊端。
他说:“为解决这些问题,需要做三件结构性改革,一是民主宪政制度改革,二是减税、退税,三是将剩下的国有资产做民有化改革。”
陈志武建议“退利于民”,通过把国有资产产权注入国民权益基金,让国有资产的升值和盈利直接进入民众的消费预算中。
与任何改革一样,活化内需的体制性调整,必然要损害既得利益者的好处;而经济危机进一步恶化的可能性,却不容决策层在解决问题与利益格局的平衡木上踌躇太久。

Australian growth below zero

AUSTRALIA'S prime minister on Saturday announced that the International Monetary Fund has downgraded the country's growth forecast for 2009, estimating the economy would contract by 0.2 per cent.

'Notwithstanding the fact that we would have the highest growth among the major developed economies for the year ahead, we would nonetheless, according to the IMF, be just below zero without any further measures adopted,' Kevin Rudd told reporters.

The IMF slashed its global economic outlook last week, predicting the financial crisis would slow growth to a virtual standstill this year.

It projected world growth to fall to 0.5 per cent in 2009, its lowest rate since World War II. The Fund did not address Australia's outlook in the briefing last week. Its last estimate, in November, flagged growth for the country at 1.8 per cent, saying it expected Australia to 'slow appreciably'.

Australia had expected to weather the storm better than most, with the government pinning its hopes on a still-growing China and associated commodities demand.
But Mr Rudd said the Asian powerhouse had slowed much more than expected and a US$200 billion (S$302 billion) slump in gross domestic product would wipe $$3.2 billion from Australia's export revenues.

'We see a weaker outlook for Australia,' said IMF Asia-Pacific division head Ray Brooks.
'Certainly Australia's been hit by the sharp decline in demand worldwide and the sharp fall in commodity prices,' he told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

The IMF figures were the second piece of bad news for Australia's economy on Saturday, said Mr Rudd, with data from the US showing its economy shrinking at an annualised rate of nearly four percent at at the end of 2008.

'The bottom line is this: The global economic recession is resulting in falls in economic growth, employment and revenues right across the world, including Australia,' he added.
He emphasised the government's commitment to take 'whatever action is necessary to deal with these falls", increasing speculation he was preparing to announce a second major stimulus package.

A A$10.4 billion economic stimulus package was released in December, aimed mainly at families and first-home buyers to boost consumer spending.

REITS: 'Please weigh the risks!'

I HAVE been asked many a time by friends to explain my pessimistic outlook on Singapore REITs. My starting point is that local analysts have not experienced a collapse of REITs before. Hence, they do not understand fully the inherent risks of REITS.

Here, I hope to explain the risks that one should examine prior to investing in a REIT. A REIT, or Real Estate Investment Trust, is a company that derives most of its income from the rental of properties. It raises funds from the public and uses it to acquire, own and manage real estate. To qualify as a REIT, it has to pay out 90% of its taxable income as dividends to shareholders.

Other characteristics of REITs listed in Singapore include:
* At least 70% of assets invested in real estate;
* 75% or more of income to be derived from rents;
* Leverage limit is 35% of deposited properties, or 60% if a credit rating is obtained and made public.

The first Singapore REIT, CapitalMall Trust, was launched in 2001. In the US, since its beginnings in 1960, when the Congress created this investment tool to allow the public to invest in large scale commercial properties, the industry has grown dramatically. By end 2007, there were over 180 REITs in the US with assets totaling USD 375 billion.

Benefits of REITs
REITs allow investors to hold a diverse portfolio of properties, without having to buy physical real estate. This diversification can be easily achieved through an allocation of investments in mixed portfolios of properties and geographical markets.

There are REITs that invest in Indian industrial properties, Japanese commercial properties as well as the different types of properties in Singapore. Unlike common stocks, REITs are taxed on an individual basis only. In Singapore, this is less of a problem as retail investors do not face double taxation.

Risks of REITs
I have seen many research reports highlighting high distribution yields as the key selling point of a REIT / Shipping Trust, without explaining in detail the risks that lurk. Distribution yields, for one, are a function of REITs’ unit prices, so yields could be high simply because unit prices have dropped dramatically.

Refinancing Risk
The first risk that all REITs / Shipping Trusts face today is refinancing risk. Not many investors understand that refinancing is now the biggest headache faced by the senior management of REITs. But the challenge of refinancing was highlighted by Mr John Lim, CEO of ARA Asset Management, who has openly asked banks to relax their lending to Singapore REITs. He was quoted in the Business Times recently as saying: “In 2009 alone, you have S$4.6 billion of debt for refinancing. In the next four years, it may be close of S$20 billion, including rollover debt. The issue is very real.” The worst case scenario is bankruptcy, as exemplified by a recent REIT case in Japan. New City Residence filed for bankruptcy protection on 9 October in a decision prompted by difficulties relating to financing a recent acquisition and the scheduled repayment of borrowings. If no sponsor is found, New City is expected to be liquidated with its debts to be repaid from the proceeds of all properties to be sold. Any outstanding funds would be distributed to investors.

Over the weekend just past, you would have read that Frasers Commercial Trust (FCOT) has taken a $70 million loan from parent company Fraser and Neave (F&N) to repay debt.

The money has been used to repay $70 million of loan notes issued to Australia's Commonwealth Bank. Other than the $70 million loan, FCOT also owes Commonwealth Bank a further $400 million and $150 million, due in July and December 2009 respectively.

You would also recall that FCOT is actually ex-Allco REIT. In July 2008, Frasers Centrepoint bought 17.7 per cent of Allco Commercial Reit and 100 per cent of the trust's manager for $180 million and renamed Allco REIT as FCOT. If F&N have not stepped in to refinance this $70 million loan, do you think Allco REIT could be the first REIT casualty in this financial tsunami?Dividends will be cut in 2009It is my belief that the Singapore REITs / Shipping Trusts would have to cut their Dividend Per Unit (DPU) in 2009 to preserve their cash holdings. Distribution yields will be adjusted downwards subsequently. And since, the REITs are mainly valued via a Dividend Discount Model (DDM), doesn’t it make sense to downgrade the REITs if the dividends are cut?

Some REITs are taking the innovative approach of offering units as dividends instead of cash. Kudos to the management! Going forward, REITs would be valued more as a bond, rather than a hybrid of debt and equity, given their inability to sustain capital appreciation. Look at the AA-rated bonds trading in the US and you would know roughly how much yields you would be expecting from the REITs.

Reduced Rental & Lower Occupancy Rates
In the past, REITs made acquisitions of properties based on assumed rental rates and occupancy levels. In this current economic downturn, I would be surprised if the REITs are still optimistic about those assumptions. They would be more concerned about keeping their tenants rather than talking about increasing rental next year. Occupancy levels are also likely to take a hit as tenants either reduce their demand for space or source for cheaper alternatives.

Supply Side of the Equation
Having stated the demand side of the equation, I now take a look at the supply portion – which is essentially the strength of the Singapore banking system. Goldman Sachs in a November report said: “In our view, the market seems to be focused on the demand side of the equation, i.e. demand for financing/refinancing, and market participants appear to have simply extrapolated the blanket of tight liquidity from the US and European banking systems onto Singapore. However, we believe that it is equally important to look at the supply side, i.e. the health of Singapore’s banking system and overall system integrity.” Goldman has noted that there are funds available for lending (should banks choose to do so), although banks have become more selective in extending credit. The level and recent progression of SIBOR rates underscored the assertion of continued system liquidity. According to Goldman Sachs, a snapshot of Singapore’s banking system (Domestic Banking Units, DBU) shows a comfortable level of loans to deposits of about 80% as of August 2008, while loans to total assets stands at 41%. There is a significant amount of assets tied up in interbank funding which can easily be moved to higher yielding loans if required (most interbank loans are conducted at SIBOR vs. non-bank loans at SIBOR plus a margin).

2 REIT picks by Goldman SachsSo are there any good

REITs that one can keep a lookout for?
Goldman Sachs’ Nov report highlighted CapitaCommercial Trust (CCT) and Suntec REIT (SUN).

In its view, CCT’s chances of refinancing are strong given its prime commercial office portfolio and the strength of its sponsor, CapitaLand. CCT (Moody’s Baa1 credit rating) has S$656m of debt due by end Dec-09, the bulk of which comprises S$580mn of CMBS due in Mar-09. CCT’s gearing (total debt to assets) is 36.3% as at September 30, 2008. The company has advised that it has undrawn facilities of S$225mn and it intends to complete the refinancing well in advance of the debt maturity date (Mar-09). SUN’s refinancing risk is limited but definitely higher than CCT. In the relative sense, although SUN’s asset portfolio is also of prime quality, its shareholding is fragmented and it lacks a “committed patron” (such as CapitaLand in CCT’s case).

However, Goldman Sachs also noted that Cheung Kong is a major shareholder in SUN’s REIT manager (ARA Asset Management). SUN (Moody’s Baa1 credit rating) has S$125mn in short term financing, though of more significance is the S$700mn of CMBS due in Dec-09. As at September 30, 2008, SUN’s gearing stood at 34.8%. Management has stated that it has started negotiations with its bankers on refinancing its debt that is due in Dec-09, and has further advised it has no plans for equity financing in the foreseeable future. In conclusion, the report highlighted CCT and SUN’s debt refinancing chances are strong, and prime location commercial space landlords like CCT and SUN will be able to sustain their core operations in an environment of declining rental rates.

谢国忠:最伟大的套利

各种形式的套利,包括外国企业在中国劳动力市场上的套利,以及外国人对生活成本的套利,是中国经济发展的重要动力

套利常在 “看不见的手”的本质是市场竞争。每个人都希望自己赚钱,都希望以更低的价格将竞争对手赶出市场。竞争使价格趋近于成本,并使低效率的参与者出局。这一点在购物过程中表现得淋漓尽致。购物者会在一条街上货比三家,这促使商家最终把价格降到商品成本、经营成本加利润边际(以收回投资成本)之和的水平上。在不同城市间,如果一种商品的价格存在价差,就会有人把它从价格低的城市贩卖到价格高的城市。这就是经济学中所讲的套利。在这个例子中,套利活动的有效性以两地间的运输成本为限,直到两地间的价差小于运输成本为止。运输成本是市场竞争中的主要“摩擦力”。

更有趣的是,由于全球变暖的影响,北极冰层不断融化,使得经过北极的商业航线成为可能,这样从东亚到欧洲的航线距离将大大缩短,甚至巴拿马运河也会成为多余。实际上,今天的运输成本已经很低了。1公斤货物从上海运到纽约只需花费1.5元人民币,这就是T恤价格在这两个城市几乎相同的原因所在。

在金融市场上,套利活动取决于信息传播的速度。例如,证券市场指数期货的价格可能会与现货市场的价格背离,反应快的交易者会在两个市场间套利。这种交易无需承担任何风险。当然,这种机会吸引了很多人,使现货市场与期货市场的价差变得越来越小。这种套利活动的利润最终会趋向于零。比如,汇丰银行的股票在香港、伦敦和纽约都挂牌交易,股价经常是不同的。从理论上说,你可以对此进行套利,但这要求交易者在短时间内完成买入、转移、再卖出的操作,才能实现利润。在实际中,这是很难做到的。操作本身需要成本,各地价格的相对高低也可能转换,所以同一股票在不同市场上的价格可能不同,并且能持续相当长时间。  

世界上最重要的套利活动出现在劳动力市场,这也是驱动中国经济增长最重要的力量。中国的出口在2007年可能增至1.1万亿美元,约占GDP的40%。出口增长给GDP增长带来的直接贡献可达4个百分点;间接地,出口会刺激银行储蓄的增长,因此带来更大规模的投资。  

出口的繁荣是生产从高成本国家向中国转移的结果,拥有分销渠道的跨国公司可以通过向低成本国家转移生产来获利。当然,由于跨国公司之间存在竞争,他们的利润率最终也会回落到一般水平上。富有国家的消费者和中国的工人是最终的受益者。中国已经成为轻工业产品最重要的生产者,而且我认为,这一套利过程会进一步把像汽车零件这样的中等技术含量产品的生产转移到中国。在十年内,中国的人均年收入将从现在的2000美元上升到4000美元-5000美元。
生活成本套利难 以上谈到的几种套利活动已经广为人知。

下面我想讨论的生活成本套利则并未受到广泛关注,而它可能给中国及其邻居带来深远的影响。长久以来,很多著名的出版物,如《经济学人》都对世界主要城市的生活成本进行排名。最近的调查显示,挪威的奥斯陆是世界上最贵的城市,而韩国的首尔是亚洲最贵的。这样的调查通常选取一篮子消费价格进行比较,包括房租、日用品、教育、餐饮等等。当然,由于不同地方人们的消费习惯不同,这种比较不可能做到完全精确。对生活成本进行套利是很难的。即使苏州的日用品比上海便宜,上海人都到苏州去买日用品也是不现实的。但是,如果苏州的汽车比上海便宜,套利就成为可能,因为运输成本相对价差显得很小。英国人现在会到纽约去购物,因为英镑兑美元的比价已经从十年前的1∶1升到2∶1。  

汇率经常受到贸易平衡和资本流动等宏观因素的影响。英镑的上扬与从俄罗斯和中东流入的石油美元有很大关系。尽管一些英国人到纽约去采购,但这对资本流出的影响不足以抵消那些俄罗斯大亨们给英国带来的资本流入。不过,来自俄罗斯的资本流入是暂时的,但英国人到美国的采购却会持续下去。最终,这种因素会促使英镑贬值。
尽管购物之旅可以被看作是生活成本套利的一种形式,但终极的套利方式还是人们从成本高的地方搬到成本低的地方。生活成本高的城市工资也高,因此困难在于如何找到一份收入相仿的工作。这对于那些自由职业者和客户不在乎你住在哪里的人是可行的。有些基金经理也在加入这一队伍。比如巴菲特把家安在内布拉斯加州,因为他长线持股,不用每天都关注市场。有些经理却不得不住在纽约、伦敦、香港这样的金融中心,以便及时了解每一个可能影响市场的传言。对多数人而言,搬到低成本的地方意味着只能拿到更少的工资,这使他们放弃了这样的打算。  

不动产价格的差异是一道更难逾越的障碍。1989年夏天,我在东京工作,当时那里正经历着大规模的房地产泡沫。我去拜访一个朋友,他住着一座非常小的独栋房子,与旁边的房子挨得很紧,大约有120平方米。朋友告诉我,房子价值 600万美元,而他家的年收入是12万美元,当时美国和日本的国债收益率都超过6%;也就是说,不动产的价格相当于家庭年收入的50倍,而房屋价值的利息收入是他们家庭年收入的3倍。我提醒他们可以卖掉房子,用收益购买美国国债,这可以让他们在美国过上国王般的生活,然后等房地产价格下跌后再搬回来。但我的朋友轻描淡写地回答我,“我们日本人不这么做”。  
正是因为日本人不曾打算套利,资金不断涌入楼市,却鲜有人获利撤资,日本的房地产泡沫才被吹得如此之大。像纽约、香港这样交易文化发达的城市,其房地产泡沫永远不可能像当时东京那样严重。1997年香港楼市大跌时,其泡沫水平不过东京的一半。

中国的动力  
尽管日本人可能不愿意,但利用房地产进行生活成本套利者大有人在。很多台湾人退休后搬到上海。五年前,台北房价大约是上海的3倍。一个退休者卖掉台北的房子,可以在上海买到差不多大的房子,还留下一笔储蓄。对于那些籍贯本来就在上海的台湾人来说,套利就更可行了。  

不过现在,这一套利的空间已经不存在了,因为两地房价相差无几。当然,这种套利对于武汉这样更便宜的城市还是可能的。有人会说,从文化归属感的角度讲,这种套利对海外华人可能比较容易,对其他国家的人就困难得多。这的确有道理,不过也有例外。我注意到,很多韩国人就因为套利而搬到了中国。
韩国正经历着房地产泡沫。首尔的房价大约是上海的2.5倍。不过,房地产的价格总是很难比较,任何比较都含有主观性。我想讲讲我自己的观察。一套坐落在市中心的150平方米的公寓,在上海大约值350万元人民币,在青岛值180万元,在烟台100万元,在首尔却要900万元。如果一个韩国人卖掉他在首尔的房子,把家搬到烟台,他的下半生靠省下的那800万元,大可以衣食无忧。当然,你会说烟台的生活是不同的,很多韩国人会不习惯。但事实上,已经有成千上万的韩国人搬到那里了。
当地人告诉我,大约有2万韩国人居住在烟台。我觉得有些夸张了,不过这个数字也不会太小。在烟台、威海、青岛,很多小企业都是韩国人开的。假以时日,相当一部分韩国人口都可能移民到山东。韩国有5000万人,其中5%来到中国是完全可能的。如果真是这样,将给韩国经济带来巨大影响。这从本质上说,就是对房价或地价进行套利。在初期,这种移民会使本国消费下降,本国通货膨胀和利率水平也随之下降,从而刺激房价进一步上行,也进一步鼓励了向外移民的套利活动。但最终,削弱的住房需求会抵消低利率对房价的刺激作用,不动产价格会下跌,使移民套利活动不再活跃。现在看来,台湾已经到达了这一阶段。而韩国还处在第一个阶段,韩国人还有机会从中受益。

对中国而言,这种移民的迁入带来资本、技术和购买力。台湾人正成为上海消费和住房市场上的重要购买力,韩国人在山东半岛上也扮演着类似的角色。这种套利就好像水往低处流。发达国家的生活成本高,如果工作机会可转移到相对欠发达的地方,住在高成本地方的居民就会想移民到低成本的地方。这种套利将持续到两地的生活成本差异不再显著为止。

如果经济增长可以通过这样的套利活动轻易实现,那么,为什么并不是所有国家都在进行套利呢?原因在于,很多国家是不欢迎移民的。比如日本和韩国,它们的经济发展是通过利用本国人力资源,建立具有全球竞争力的企业来实现的,这些企业通过出口给国家带来了财富。日本和韩国不大可能会欢迎大批的外国企业。西方国家则通常会欢迎低技能的移民工人,因为他们可以从事本地居民不愿意做的工作。但我想不出哪个国家是欢迎外国人大量移民并进入当地社会的较高阶层的。

相对而言,中国比其他任何国家都更能接纳外国人。总体而言,中国人对外国的态度很务实,民族主义色彩并不浓,这与很多国家恰恰相反。中国文明中的这种开放性,使得套利活动成为中国经济发展的重要动力之一。这对于中国及其周边经济体,也具有非常丰富的含义。

世界经济论坛:全球20年内 “水资源破产”

世界经济论坛所发表的新报告指出,全球将在20年内陷入“水资源破产”(Water Bankruptcy)的困境。这除了将加剧水源争夺战,也会失去数量相等于印度和美国谷类收成总和的作物。粮价将因此暴涨,水也会变得比油更有投资价值。
  
至今,许多地区的水源价格都一直保持在低于正常的水平,而水资源也经常被浪费或过度使用。

因此该报告说,在未来,全球若是继续运用像过去一样的方式来管理水资源的话,整个经济网络将会陷入崩溃。
  
由于能源生产过程中也需要用到大量的水,因此随着能源需求的增加,水的消耗量也会跟着上升。目前在美国和欧盟,能源生产所占的水消耗总量分别为39%和31%,而食用水只占了3%。但美国的能源生产的需水量预计将增长高达165%,欧盟则将增加130%。这将对农业需水量造成极大压力。

世界70个主要河流 水源几乎已经耗尽
另一方面,为了提供水源给蓄水池以及农业灌溉,世界各地的约70个主要河流的水源目前已几乎完全耗尽。
该报告指出,到了2100年,位于喜马拉雅和西藏大数的冰川将会完全融解,但冰川融解所提供的水也只足够让20亿人使用。有鉴于以上各种因素,水源争夺战预计会在未来的20年内变得更为激烈。
联合国秘书长潘基文在前天举行的达沃斯世界经济论坛上说,水供短缺的问题是广泛而具系统性的,因此处理这个问题的方式也应该如此。
  
出席该论坛的一些企业负责人也表达了他们的关注。
雀巢集团主席布拉贝克说,依目前的条件和水的管理方式来看,人们耗尽水的速度将比燃油还来得快。
  
百事可乐公司主席兼行政总裁努伊则表示,要适当并持续地改善这种局势,唯一的途径就是通过各国政府、工业界、学术界和其他利益相关者的合作和努力。

Tuesday, January 27, 2009

房地产与股票投资

我正好有聊天,我的前同事对投资价值的股票与房地产投资 ,在被动收入作为首要关切和资本回报率正在次要的。 在此背景下,投资必须是提供一个稳定的现金流,无论是从每月的租金或股息。

房地产与股票投资
租金与分红
乍一看,财产提供了稳定的租金回报率,通常是在每个月的数字,可以补充,甚至取代积极的收入工作。 每月租金$ 3000至5000元是合理的出租整个3个房间公寓单位在合理的吸引力地点,接近基本设施类似地铁站,食品中心等.
另一方面,从股票的股息支付,通常是每年一次,并远远超过租金大致稳定。
数额通常是微薄的,并认为更多的额外年度奖金超过每月收入的补充。

杠杆与组合
但仔细看看,在显着性差异派彩可以归因于杠杆。
要获取租金上面列出的数字,一个典型的公寓有任何费用从70万元上100万元 。
一个典型的小康中等收入家庭, 可以再购买第二财产通常必须住房贷款范围从80至90 % 。

几个从这一组预计将现金和执行 ,他们的财产。
与此相反,一些明智的人谁投资于股票,目的是获得稳定的红利回报率将采取的任何贷款,以资助其购买。
如果典型的小康以上的中等收入家庭谁可以支付20 %的首期付款或$ 20万元,而不是使用的首期付款,以用于收购,它会赢得他们只1万400元每年的股息或1167元,承担了7 %股息收益率。

这是远低于3000美元至5000美元以上的租金。
差异归因于杠杆作用可以因此被视为非常清楚。

如果他们愿意采取了80万元贷款购买股票?
加上原来的$ 200,000 ,有年度股息收入本来七万元或5833元每月。
但在这两种情况下,我还没有考虑到的借贷成本。
由于贷款通常是无担保和借款成本将远高于可比的住房贷款。

从当前的金融危机, 每一场危机提供了新的机会。 目前的信贷危机没有什么不同。
物业价格及租金已经开始下降,并可能进一步下跌需求疲软和给予更大的供应在未来几年随着越来越多的新的地产项目已经准备就绪。
URA's website 更多信息可在市区重建局的网站上

如果物业价格下跌提供了机会,股票价格提供更大的机会,但风险应当高一些(风险必须相称的高回报) 。
一旦建成,公寓应继续存在,但也不能保证该公司仍然存在,履行股东的索赔。
3航运, 2房地产和2食品工业有关的业务。
的稳定收益的性质产生的业务,如新加坡机场终站服务和太平洋安第斯,或长期合同,如航运信托与不动产投资。
两者合计,这些7提供了一个平均收益率约为26 % 。

再利用的例子,中等收入家庭如上所述,20万元投资将5万元或4333元每年每月,没有杠杆!
但事实上这些股票提供了如此高的收益率是由于潜在的风险。
其他新加坡机场终站服务,其他6企业高杠杆比率,也没有确定所有将渡过目前的信贷风暴。
即使他们可以,就极有机会可以削减股息,由于收入较低,因此减少产量显着。

结论
鉴于当前的信贷风暴,如果我有足够资金购买私人财产,我宁愿将他们买股票.
所有7条的高收益股票变成无用的废纸实际上是相当低的。

A Harsh year in 2009

The past year has been sobering for taxpayers, retail investors and fund managers, what with severe declines in housing, mortgages, banking, stock markets, commodities, retail, automotive, shipping industry, etc. The extreme volatility in 2008 may be over but more of the same challenges await us.

Personally, I have made a new year’s resolution to be a more careful reader of financial reports, and by that, I mean reading with an inquisitive mind. Of course, if a management wants to get creative with their financial statements and the auditors are in a collusive mood (remember, the person who pays the piper calls the tune), our money is fair game for the predators.

That said, we should still do our part in poring over the footnotes. A lot of information can be gleaned from the fine print - an innocuous sentence (like lease arrangements) can make a huge difference to assets/liabilities, and cash flow when in fact the company’s prospects have not changed fundamentally.

Another new year’s resolution is to avoid taking unnecessary risks. Sure, a lot of stocks are now near their all-time lows and in terms of price-to-earnings ratio, there is a strong upside potential once the stock market recovers. Nevertheless, I prefer to cherry pick with moderation. While I continue to average down my investments, I frown upon the use of debts or jeopardizing retirement accounts to chase higher returns.

Some analysts expect a wave of optimism to sweep global stock markets before Obama’s inauguration on the 20th. However, this rally will be more for the short term traders who have their exit strategy ready when the momentum dies out.

Overall, I still maintain a gloomy outlook in 2009. Deflation will continue to be the main theme but we may get a whiff of inflation later in the year. Some of the likely scenarios in 2009 are:

1. More bank losses and failures
As businesses cut expenses to cope with the recession, retrenchments will begin in earnest in 2009. The loss of income will have a dire effect on property prices as people default on their loans or are forced to sell their houses below cost. We can expect banks to report increasing non-performing loans.
Not to forget, delinquencies on credit card debts and auto loans which will further weaken the banks’ balance sheets. Credit card write-downs had already increased significantly and if a behemoth like American Express is severely impaired, other banks will not be having a good time either.

2. Commercial Properties Hit Badly
Bargains and discounts fail to prevent US stores from experiencing their worst holiday sales since 2003. This confirms a severe contraction in demand as consumers become more careful with their cash. Frugality is the new craze sweeping America as many people feel poorer with a sharp decline in their assets and lay-offs.
Amid the bleak business outlook, retailers may have to negotiate for lower leases or be forced to close shop. The earnings of commercial properties are expected to suffer. Managers of commercial REITs will have to work extremely hard to maintain the same results in previous years.

3. Burst of the Treasury bubble
Just a few weeks ago, US Treasury bills trade at negative interest rates. This means that investors have to pay money to provide loans to the US government. Some banks are also using bailout money to purchase US treasuries yielding less than 1%, rather than lending to consumers and businesses at 4-8%.
Don’t make financial sense… but when fear and panic hold sway, anything is possible.
For those who bought 30 year Treasury bonds, they willingly accept 3% interest rate. If inflation is kept at a low 1-2%, a positive real return is possible but over a period of 30 years and with the money printing machines working full-time, inflation will definitely be back with a vengeance and thrash this pathetic return.
In addition, the Federal Reserve is toying with the idea of buying back some of the Treasury bills, so as to inject even more liquidity into the system. This will put upward pressures on T-bills prices while driving down long-term interest rates.
Investors who bought the Treasuries at a high price will suffer a huge loss in face value when inflation and a resurgent stock market return.

5. Crude Oil To Reach $75
I have enjoyed watching crude oil prices fall to its low of $36 and the pump stations adjusting their rates. I will be even happier if crude oil falls to the mid-$20’s, as it will provide further relief to my car expenses and utility bills. Nevertheless, it is not realistic, deep recession or not.
The lowest price of extracting oil is about $30 per barrel (that is for Saudi Arabia, many other oil producing countries have higher break-even cost) and I do not believe oil companies are so charitable that they foot the shortfall out of their own pockets to drill the oil for us.
Oil prices will not rush back to $150 though unless global demand returns and that is not likely to happen soon. An equilibrium price may be the $75-$100 region in 2009. In the long term, write off $200 oil at your own peril.

6. Go Long On Gold
Gold may scale $930 per oz by January 2009. Since hitting a high of $1032.80/oz in March 2008, gold has tumbled by more than 33% to mark a low of $681/oz in October 2008. A recovery in the US dollar, fall in physical demand, collapse in oil prices and liquidation to meet margin calls were to blame for the plunge.
However, gold is expected to bounce back and regain its safe haven status, especially with geopolitical tensions mounting (India vs Pakistan and Israel vs Palestine). The financial crisis and recession are not over yet, and with central banks injecting so much money into the financial system, debasement of currencies will definitely occur.
Gold will become more attractive as a hedge against the dwindling purchasing power and the loss of faith and confidence in paper currencies. At the moment, gold is undervalued and will be a good addition to your portfolio before it gets too expensive.

Gambler's Ruin

Here is a tip for this Chinese New Year gambling.

The concept of Gambler's Ruin was mentioned in a very insightful book called Fortune's Formula which I thought deserve more scruntiny, both from gambling and investing point of view.

The story goes as follows. Imagine you have some money and you decide to bet a fixed amount in a game where your probability of winning is 50%. Say you have $100, you want to bet $1 on "Big" and "Small" (and in this case, there is no "House Win" like double sixes. Bcos if there is "House Win", your winning probability would be less than 50% which we do not want in this story yet).

So what is the probability that you will lose all your money after some time?
Well it's 100%!This is intuitively illogical bcos the odds are 50% right? Why should one lose everything?
Well the caveat here is "after some time" which is as good as saying "playing forever". If you play forever, you are bound to lose everything, which can be shown mathematically and that's what we are gonna do in this post. If you decide to stop after winning a certain amt of money, then good for you, it's possible that you achieve your goal and leave the casino with some money.

The mathematical proof of why you can expect to lose everything if you play for a long time (or rather forever) goes as follows:

The probability of either losing your money or doubling your money is 0.5. Consider these mutually exclusive cases:
Case 1: Probability of losing all your money after X1 no. of bets = 0.5
Case 2: After X1 no. of bets, you have doubled your money (0.5), but you continue to play for another X2 bets, so probability of later losing everything again = 0.5*0.5 = 0.25
Case 3: After X1 + X2 no. of bets, you double your money yet again, lucky you! (0.5*0.5), but you continue to play another X3 bets, and the probability of later losing everything = 0.5*0.5*0.5 = 0.125

The no. of cases go on and you add up all the probability that you will go broke = 0.5+0.25+0.125+... = 1
So, as long as you bet the same absolute amt, even in an even odds game, you WILL lose everything in the end.

This link allows you to simulate exactly what will happen and I tried it and recorded down that it takes about 20,000 games to go broke if you have $100 and the odds are 50% (which is quite a lot, but still the math is against you). If the house odds just goes up by 5% (ie your probability of winning is 45%), you lose everything in less than 1,000 games.

So what to do? Well the book says that you should follow this formula called Kelly's Formula to decide how much to bet (which is a % of your money rather than a fixed absolute amount). In this case, the formula actually says don't bet though...So don't keep betting $1 during the usual CNY Big/Small game. Vary your bet size according to Kelly's Formula!

Can 'we' afford that HDB flat?

I read with interest an article in the Straitstimes on Saturday, 22nd November 2008, "The longest crisis ever?". Much have been mentioned about the economic crisis, credit crunch and technical recession and the article is not really interesting at first glance. However, what really caught my eye was the fact that in each economic crisis that hit Singapore, CPF employer contribution rate was tweaked time and again to save jobs in Singapore.

Hence, as a follow up to my last article on property prices, it brings me to wonder what is the maximum price tag on a HDB flat that a young couple, just starting out, can afford comfortably if it is to be fully financed by CPF funds. i.e. not a cent of cash.

Current CPF contribution Rates and AmountI began with a hypothetical scenario biased on the side of optimism. If this fortunate couple can only afford a HDB for price $X, surely less capable ones shouldn't be overstretching themselves by getting anything more expensive.

The following table is drafted for a successful, fortunate individual with the following profile:
Age: 25
Salary: $4,500 per month (maximum CPF contribution for employee is capped at $4,500)
Average bonus: 2 months (inclusive of 13th month)
Profile: Able to be gainfully employed until age 62 (earning at least the above)

A few points (and simplifications for more concise analysis) to accompany the above table:
Total contribution drops progressively from age 50, from a high of 34.5% to a low of 10% after age 65.
Maximum contribution (capped at a salary of $4,500) to Ordinary Account drops progressively from a high of $1,035.40 at age 35 & below to $45 after age 65.
The maximum accumulated CPF funds column displayed accumulated CPF contributions up to that juncture, e.g. by age 55, the individual would have accumulated $173,961,71 in the special account.
Funds in the ordinary account is not compounded because all of which will be used to pay for the montly HDB loan mortage.
Funds in the special and medisave account are compounded annually at 4%.Coincidental Assumptions
This individual found a corresponding successful and fortunate partner with equal, if not better, earning power and employability
Both initially earned less than combined $8,000 on application for their love nest
Both got promoted and earned more than $4,500 each when they began to service their loan at age 25.

They choose to take the maximum allowed 30-year HDB loan.Under such a scenario, their combined mortage payment power is two times of $378,054.34 or $756,108.68 at the end of 30 years, or age 55.

Using the Total Interest Calculator available on CPF website, $756,000 is sufficient to pay for a principal of $525,000 and interest of $231,642. They can afford to buy a flat that cost nothing more than $525,000 if they only want to finance it solely with CPF funds and not a cent in cash.

CPF contribution rates in major crisis since 1985
The following rates were sourced from either the CPF website or from an article, "The longest crisis ever?". The CPF employer rates were revised down during each crisis and restored (though seldom to the initial rate before the crisis) slowly thereafter.
In 1986 (cost outpaced productivity), employer rate was cut from 25% to 10%.
In 1998 (Asia Financial Crisis), employer rate was cut from 20% to 10%.
In 2003 (SARS), employer rate was cut from 16% to 13%.

Historically, CPF employer contribution rates had been slashed (towards 10%) in each crisis to bring down cost and hence save jobs, payment power via CPF ordinary account will hence be threatened in each juncture.

Buy within one's means
Many new 5 room (and even some 4 room) flats launched recently are in excess of $525,000 each. This brings one to wonder whether those young couples who bought them can actually afford them comfortably. Given major risk factors like employer contribution rates and employability as one ages, the chance for a cash top up sometime down the road is quite material.

If new flats are expensive, resale prices are even more prohibitive.

Conclusion
If the above couple was really able to fully finance their flat with their CPF ordinary account funds, they'll have about $273,396.74 each should they retire at 62. Buying a 30 year,2.5% compounding annuity then will translate to a monthly payout of $1,061.97 or equivalent of $510,40 in today's dollar (assuming inflation rate of 2% over the next 30 years), not really a glamorous sum. But since the flat is fully paid with CPF, they should be cash rich by then to retire comfortably...provided they are prudent with their spare cash.

Property vs Equity as an Investment

Rationale
I happen to have chat with my former colleague on the investment merits of equity versus property, in the context of passive income as primary concern and capital returns being secondary. Under this context, an investment must be one that provides a stable cash flow, either from monthly rentals or dividend payouts.

Property vs Equity
Rents vs Dividend
At first glance, property provides stable rental returns, usually in substantial monthly figures that can supplement or even substitute active incomes from work. Monthly rental figures in the magnitude of $3,000 to $5,000 are reasonable for renting out entire 3-room condominium units in reasonably attractive locations, close to basic amenities like MRT station, food centres etc.
On the other hand, dividend from equities are usually paid out once a year and are far less stable than rents. The amount are usually meagre and are regarded more as extra annual bonus than monthly income supplements.

Leveraged vs Unleveraged Portfolio
But on closer look, the significant difference in payout can be attributed to leverage. To obtain the rental figures listed above, a typical condominium would have cost anything from $700,000 to above $1,000,000. A typical well-to-do middle income household that can afford to purchase a second property would typically have to draw down a housing loan ranging from 80 to 90%. Few from this group will be expected to 'cash and carry' their property.

In contrast, few sensible people who invest in stocks with objective of getting stable dividend returns would take up any loan to finance their purchase. If the typical well-to-do middle income household above who can afford to pay a 20% down payment or $200,000 on a $1,000,000 property, instead use the down payment to for share purchase, it would have earned them only $14,000 in dividend annually or $1167, assuming a 7% dividend yield (a respectable figure in 'normal' times). This is way below the $3,000 to $5,000 for rents above. The difference attributed to leverage can hence be seen quite clearly.

What if they are willing to take up a $800,000 loan to buy shares?
Combined with their original $200,000, there annual dividend income would have been $70,000 or $5833 monthly, a equally respectable figure. But in both scenarios, I have not taken into account the cost of borrowing. Since equity loan are usually unsecured and the cost of borrowing will be much higher than a comparable housing loan.

Fall out from current financial crisis
Every crisis offers new opportunities. The current credit crisis is no different. Property prices and rents have started falling and could plunge further given weaker demand and greater supply in the years ahead as more new property projects are ready.

If falling property prices offers opportunities, plunging equity prices offers even greater opportunities, though the risk should be higher (risk must commensurate higher returns). Once built, the condominium should remain there but there is no guarantee the company still exist to honour the claim by the shareholder.

I extract out 7 relatively high and stable dividend play equities from SGX and summarise them in the following table:

The 7 are well represented by 3 shipping trusts, 2 REITs and 2 food industry related business. The stability in yield arises by nature of the business, e.g. Singapore Airport Terminal Services and Pacific Andes, or by long term contracts e.g. The shipping trusts and REITS.
Taken together, these 7 offers an averaged yield of about 26%. Reusing the example of the middle income household above, a $200,000 investment would give $52,000 annually or $4,333 monthly, without leverage!

But the fact these equities offers such high yields is due to the underlying risk. Other then Singapore Airport Terminal Services, the other 6 businesses are highly leveraged and there is no certainty all will survive the current credit storm. Even if they could, there is a high chance dividend could be cut due to lower income and hence reduce the yield significantly.

Conclusion
Given the current credit storm, if I have the funds to purchase a private property, I would rather threw them into equity. The chance that all 7 high yield stocks above turn into useless scrap paper ALTOGETHER is actually quite low, at least, that's what I think.

Monday, January 26, 2009

自信是成功投资/投机者的最主要特征

科斯托兰尼(André Kostolany)是德国知名的投资大师,被誉为“二十世纪股市见证人”。他在德国投资界的地位,有如美国的巴菲特。斯托兰尼纵横投资界80年,一生以身为投机者而自豪,认为投机是艺术而非科学。作为投机者不必知道太多,但要通盘了解,在关键时刻观察到关联之处,并要相信自己是与众不同,而其它人则是傻瓜。

科斯托兰尼解释股价升跌上落,只是反映供求变化而已。供过于求,股价便跌;求过于供,股价便升,其中并无神秘,亦不用刻意解释。他形容股票玩家在一池混水中钓鱼,边钓边说一堆无意义的废话,池水就是这样被他们自己搞得更浊了。传媒则继续散播这种“股市智能”,使消息更加混乱,往往在股价变动之后才急忙找出个中原因,无异于马后炮。那些预测行情或未来走势的人,与江湖术士无异,因为股市要是能被看透,就不叫做股市。

科斯托兰尼赚大钱的秘诀在于相信自己,逆市操作。

十戒
1. 不要跟着建议跑,不要想能听到内幕消息。
2. 不要相信买方和卖方为什么要买卖,不要相信他们比自己知道更多。
3. 不要想把赔的再赚回来。
4. 不要考虑过去的指数。
5. 不要忘记自己所持股票,不要因妄想而不作决定。
6. 不要太过留意股价变化,不要轻易对风吹草动作出反应。
7. 不要在刚赚钱或蚀钱时作最后结论。
8. 不要因只想赚钱就卖掉股票。
9. 不要受政治好恶而影投资情绪。
10. 获利时,不要太过自负。

风水学

风水学上八种住宅要避忌

为何有些房子一走进去就会感觉到神清气爽,如沐春风;而有的房子则感觉压抑沉闷,坐立不宁?这就在于格局优劣的分别。四方宽敞、正大光明,布置协调的格局是住家上乘之选。

而以下几种类型的住宅则是要避忌的:
  
一、大门正对电梯或楼梯,是犯冲,本来住宅是聚气养生之所,如今与电梯、楼梯直对,宅内之生气则被其尽数吸去,可谓大忌。补救之法则是在进门处要用屏风或玄关隔开。
  
二、大门与阳台如成一直,也需要用屏风或玄关隔开,因为前后通透,可以一眼看透大门与阳台,谚云:“前通后通,人财两空。”并且穿堂风拂动,易令人得病。
  
三、如果大门口直对长走廊,这也是冲煞,走廊越长,对家居越不利,这叫穿心剑格局,若门内无屏风阻隔,则不宜居住。
  
四、若房子的窗户开在走廊之外,属于泄气的格局,住宅的私隐性则荡然无存,对家居也不利。另外,房子里的窗户太多则泄气,房子里窗户太少,则少生气,都属不吉,应加以改变。
  
五、大门不能正对厕门,试想人一进门就见到厕所,则住宅的功能何在?另外,睡房门与厕所门也不能正对,卧室与卧室门也不能正对,这些都犯了门冲。
  
六、厕所的门若与厨房的门连在一起,则厕所的门应牢记时常关闭,免得受污浊之气涤荡。
  
七、住房、客厅或饭厅中,如有横梁切记不可压住床位和坐位,并且天花顶宜高不宜低。
  
八、住宅内部尽量不要有太多尖角,现代许多高层住宅客厅呈菱形,往往会有尖角出现,不但有煞气,而且令客厅失去和谐统一。若有此种情况出现,宜以木柜或矮柜补添在空角之处。倘若不想摆放木柜,则可把一盆高大而浓密的常绿植物摆放在尖角位,可消减尖角对客厅风水的影响。
住宅选址吉凶的关键因素
在风水术中,有关房屋地形和选址购房的忌讳是很多的,如对宅基地形状的要求是“南北要长,金玉满堂;东西窄短,缺衣少碗”。选好宅地形状对于宅屋来说,是吉凶的关键因素之一。

阳宅的基本内容如下:

一、认识住宅:
阳宅亦称阳居,但有基地和屋宇之别。阳宅最重要的是大门。大门好比房屋的嘴巴,房子的门是用来收纳宅前山水的灵气,而大门把收纳的外气(灵气)供给房内各部使用,如灵气充沛,则隆昌。如果大门收纳不吉利的死气,就会居住不平安,影响到后代子孙之幸福。

二、住宅的基本形象:
房子,一定以方形为佳,除此之外还有动、静、内、外之区别,也就是卧房为静,客厅为动,卧房主静,必以方形为主体,而客厅的形式倒比较不受拘束。住宅中,原则上是以浅色为主,深色为辅。如墙壁用浅色作色彩,再配合深色的家俱。若是一清到底,全部用浅色,就会令人产生空虚、寒冷的感觉。

三、阳宅吉形论:
屋造金字平,富贵人丁兴;宅造四字象,秀气天禄长。

四、阳宅凶形论:
屋造八字形,孤贫多疾病;屋造火字形,痰火且闭经。

五、对地基历史的考证:  
1、从前是坟场、墓地、祠堂之地不宜建造房屋,其地不祥。
  
2、建筑房屋之地基,原来是古战场、刑场、道观、保育院,均不吉。不能作为建屋之地。
  
3、在农作物不成熟期,将农作物去掉,并用作建宅地,不吉利。
  
4、在被埋掉的古井、暗沟、原化工厂、原医院停尸房、原污水处理场上建房,均不吉。至少不能盖民用住宅。
  
5、在老河床上建宅不吉,主乏嗣。
  
6、建筑地基要前低后高,大门位地基要高于宅内地基才能有所凭托而蓄住气。
  
7、居高而建,面朝悠悠环绕的小溪,小河或平静如镜的湖,可直接从宇宙气场中获厚益。
  
8、屋少人多为实,居之吉庆。
  
9、宅基地及屋角前园后方,富贵双全;宅基地及屋角南北向长大吉。
  
10、住宅前有半圆形池塘或溪流水,圆方朝前,易发横财。

如何选择"风水宝地"
一、 宅外形法与环境科学不谋而合的共同指向
考古发现,无论半坡时期的部落,还是殷商时期的城邑,都是建在周围有山脉环抱的“背山面水”之处,而且大多数房屋均坐北朝南,便于采光。高垅之地,靠环境形势来“藏风”;平旷之地,靠河流来“聚气”,其目的,是为了抵御风寒,不使人“成疾”。    

二、宅外形法在现代房产开发中的运用
“宅外形法”,又称“阳宅相法”,其内容包含居住建筑选址、布局处理、住宅的内外形态及确定建造时间的方法等等。     

第一,寻求“龙脉”  
环境选址的寻找过程,风水的术语叫“辨形”。“辨形”就是寻找“龙脉”,即自然山水的会聚围合场所。  
从这观点出发,市中心成熟商业街就成为“真龙”;现代的快速轨道交通也成为引气的“龙”。从现实情况看也是如此,临近商业中心的地块炙手可热,房价高得平民百姓不敢问津。临近轨道交通线的房价也要远远高出其他比较偏离的地区,哪怕其相离只在数百米至千米之间。  从实际意义上说,这就是交通问题。古代居住点临江靠河,是因为生活方便,出行则有舟楫之利,与现代人把交通便利作为选择楼盘最重要的条件之一,异曲同工。

第二,得水为上  
有山有水,始终是人们对理想生活环境的追求。  
随着小康社会的建设,生活水平的提高,老百姓已经从有房住,发展到开始关注周边的环境,窗外的景观。而在水资源乏,一马平川的上海中心地带,如何营造良好的“亲水”居住环境,房地产开发商们把眼光投向上海天然的水资源。黄浦江畔、苏州河边,过去一向被认为是“下只角”的地方,现在却成为房产开发中的热门地段。
  
一般来说,能居住在水边,即是得“水龙”之气,是风水宝地了,但尚有几项须注意之处:
  
第一:河水要清
风水学早就认为,水质差的河边是不适宜居住的,这是一个很朴素的道理。上海市政府化大气力改善苏州河的水质,其重大意义之一,就在于给周边居民营造一个健康优美的水环境。
  
第二:水宜蜿蜒静缓,不宜浩荡。
“水抱有情为吉,直去无收为凶”。大江东去,虽能激扬意气,但也容易使人内心难以平静;而小桥流水,则有怡情静心之功,这与中国古园林建筑所追求的氛围是一致的。现代医学也已经证明,居住环境周围的声、光刺激大小,对人的睡眠关系甚大。从比较的意义上说,黄浦江属“浩荡”之水,其边上宜建商业金融类建筑,如选择居住环境,还是以小一些的河边为好。
  
第三:取河道(或道路)转弯的环抱处为好。
《堪舆泄密》称:“水抱边可寻地,水反边不可下”,因为河流的“反弓”处,堤岸易受到冲刷,在此处不利建房。这一点,已经被现代水文学证明是有科学依据的。关于河流的“环抱”处为人们所重视。从《徽州府志》中所载的州县地形图看,其选址均在河道的环抱处。如不能得到水的环抱之处,能够有道路的环抱也是一种不错的选择,风水上称此为“腰带水”。现代房产开发,已经摒弃了“见缝插针”的做法,大都根据道路的规划,来开发整个地块,所开发的楼盘基本都在道路的环抱之中。住宅前面横有河流或道路,风水上称之为“玉带水”。从江南一些知名古镇看,不少名门望族的住宅都临河而建,如果住宅的左面是河,右边是道路,则更理想了。
  
第四:藏风聚气
藏风聚气,是对“风水宝地”的基本看法。古代的城镇、村落,一般都选择在背山面水之处,三面有山环抱,一面对水,以形成“宛委自复,回环重复,欲进而却、欲止而深。来积止聚,冲阳和阴。土高水深,郁草茂林”这样生气盎然的小环境。过去五十至八十年代所建的“工人新村”,以及房产早期开发的一些楼盘规划,采用“井”字形结构,追求道路横平竖直,四周通透。现在已经看不到这样粗犷的规划设计了。近年来所开发的楼盘,不少都在“藏风聚气”上下功夫:楼盘外部,大都利用自身的建筑,或邻近的建筑,形成一种“围合”或半围合的态势。楼盘内部布局则用道路、人工造景,尽可能给人以高低起伏,蜿蜒曲折,林木茂盛的感觉。由于居住点的“围合”,“全封闭”管理相应产生。这与古人构筑良好的生态环境,以及满足“防御“心态(现代则为“安全”的心理)是不谋而合的。
  
第五:坐实朝空
“前朱雀而后玄武,左青龙而右白虎”,这是风水学鉴定“风水宝地”的基本模式。这主要是指住宅宜后有“靠山”,前有开阔的“明堂”。住宅前面不宜压仰局促,视野宜开阔,景色优美,这也是当代环境心理学的一项重要指标。两者相当的吻合。 
由于上海无山,“坐实”难以实现,开发商们在实际操作中进行了变通,如视已经建成的高楼为“山”,背靠高楼进行住宅开发,这适用于面积较小地块的房产开发。而在大片空地的情况下,一些楼盘在规划中着意把最后的一排房子设计得最高,前面房子的高度逐排下降,形成梯次,互为“靠山”。 
  
“朝空”已经为人们普遍接受,其手法更是多样化。
一是利用原有的自然资源或营造新的自然资源,使住宅建筑能够面对大片绿地或水面,即是现今的所谓“景观房”。如利用原有公园绿地,在其周边开发房产。
  
二是一些地方政府干脆大手笔营建一方绿地,绿地当中有大片水面,其四周的土地房产价值立即升温,“黄兴绿地”、“大宁绿地”等,即是典型的例子。
  
三是不少房产开发商在自己的地块中花费大代价、大力气来营造绿地和水面空间。众所周知的如“汤臣”利用高尔夫球场所制造的绿色大空间;“九溪十八岛”开挖出大面积的人工湖,所形成的湖景岛景。而在一个组团住宅群中,营造一块“中心绿地”、人工湖,环绕其四周建房,或建瀑布、喷水池等,已经成了司空见惯的做法。
  
四是回归自然。房地产界的有识之士已经认识到自然景观有着人造景观不可替代的优势,有真山真水的地方,才是能使房产价值最大化的“风水宝地”。一些有实力的房产开发商已经瞄上了上海西部的真山实水,如朱家角湖边的“绿洲江南园”,引自然湖水入小区,专家们认为其价值有着美好的上升空间。

但需要指出的是,住宅前面太空旷,一望无际也不利心理健康。别墅,尤其是海边别墅,依山面水,是“坐实朝空”了,但前面太空,视线没有落脚点,有过于疏远空旷的感觉,长期住此,在心理上会产生失落、惆怅的不良因素。这也是海边别墅只能短暂度假居住,不可久居的道理。 

宅外形法的“忌讳”规则:
风水学中的宅外形法也有许多“忌讳”的原则,并称如果建造或选择了这些“凶宅”,就会“破财”、“病灾”、“损丁”、“官讼”、“手足不安”甚至有“血光之灾”等等。这显然是风水学的糟粕之处。但是如果对这些“忌讳”规则进行扬弃,我们还是能够从中,找到其合理的成分。在房产开发或住宅的选择中,如果尽可能避免这些“忌讳”,不说“趋吉避凶”,至少也是“有利无害”。

(1) 忌孤立高耸,孤君无辅,八面来风,难聚人气。  
见缝插针,建造孤零零的一幢高层住宅,在房产开发的早期是经常可以看见的事。其敝端十分明显,如难以形成配套,难以形成良好的居住氛围等。现在几乎没有人这样做了,也就是住宅小区建筑组团比较受欢迎的原因。

(2) 忌前高后低,靠山无力。  
即是住宅前面忌有高楼遮挡,实际是前面高楼挡住了视线,挡住了阳光。在房产市场上,视觉、光照条件不好的房子每平方米要便宜数百元是常见的事。住宅的后面最好有高过自己的房子,可以抵挡冬天的寒气。同时也忌前后左右均高,本宅太低,除了视线和采光因素外,心理上也会感到很压抑。

(3) 忌“路冲”。  
也就是忌有一条道路直冲自己的住宅而来。如建在“丁”字路相交处的房子,包括建造在“反弓路”、三叉路、四叉路口的房子。犯“路冲”的房子,弊端确实不少。首先,住在房子里的人,成天看到车辆直冲自己的房子而来,久而久之,心理上会产生不良的反应;同时,车辆在门前转弯,噪音不小,影响休息,对健康不利;第三,“路冲”之处,容易发生交通事故。     
紧靠立交路两边不宜建房,风水上叫“腰斩煞”;交通要道,包括地铁两边,风水认为是“散气”之处。从科学道理说,一是噪声大,二是汽车尾气重,都会影响健康。

(4) 忌前方高耸尖顶,屋角冲射。  
不要犯“冲”,是一项重要原则,就是住宅的前方,忌见尖耸的建筑物,如电线杆,高塔,也忌巨大建筑物的屋角直冲自己的住宅而来。风水上称为“形煞”、“白虎昂头”。  
从现代心理学角度分析,这是有一定道理的,前面有一样尖的东西指向你,心理上的感觉总是不好。  

高压电塔、电台、电视塔旁,有很强的电磁波。国家有硬性规定高压线两边一定范围内不可以建房。  
自己居住的房屋对面,面对两座高楼之间的窄缝,风水上称之为“天斩煞”,从科学意义上说,这样的形势容易造成气流的不稳定,对人的健康造成影响。  
现代风水学还提出忌“光煞”,即住宅对面是巨大的玻璃幕墙,其倒影和反光,会形成视觉污染,光污染,这也是有相当道理的。

(5) 忌“萧杀气”及“阴气”太重之地。  
这是指法院、警局、教堂、监狱等地,有“萧杀”之气,庙宇属阴地,阴气太重,风水称“庙照灵煞”。有“宁居庙前,不居庙后”之说,包括原是火葬场、墓葬区的所在地。长久在这些地方居住,对心理上也会产生不良的影响。

(6) 忌污秽之地。  
指对健康不利的环境,如各种污染地,包括垃圾场等。这一条是十分客观科学的。现代医学对地方病进行大量研究之后,认为地理环境在地方疾病的形成中,有着决定性的作用,如“克山病”等。在大城市中,原是高污染区,工厂搬迁后的土地,尤其是化工厂搬迁后的土地用作住宅开发,购房者心里总存有障碍,如果不用科学的测量手段,来证明对人的生理健康无影响,其销售就可能会遇到问题。

(7) 忌异形之屋。  
风水学认为宅局形状以正方、长方、阔方、前窄后阔、前低后高等为“吉宅”;前宽后窄、左右长短不一等形状怪异的房屋为“凶宅”。尤其认为圆形之屋不宜,因为中国传统文化崇尚“天圆地方”,圆形主动,居住其中会不得安宁。从现代设计学角度看,圆形的住宅,室内房间布局上,很容易出现“锐角”的分割,给居住者带来诸多感观上障碍和使用上的不便。

Sunday, January 25, 2009

五大山寨股神2008年历程:林园、杨百万在列

山寨股神一:林园
林园的神奇,在于他的资本从1989年的八千元到2005年的四亿元,找到最适合的投资模式和优质的股票,让他成为牛市中笑傲大盘的赢家。不过,在一年多的熊市中,林园的光环迅速褪去,挂着“林园”名字、由其亲自管理的私募基金,净值已经缩水大半,成绩实在差强人意。一年来,林园的山寨本色显露无遗。
  
山寨理由:复制性太强
林园的选股铁律是:一、选股时要买跟踪3年以上的企业;二、选自己熟悉的行业;三、选未来3年“账好算”的企业,不买未来盈利不确定的公司。
  
林园炒股守则有五条:
一、选中个股,主动做“乌龟”。发现被低估的公司后买入,“猫”在里面,等着上涨。
二、心态是赚大钱的关键。
三、投资一定有时赚钱,有时赔钱,波动会有的,道路会非常曲折。因此,在痛苦中赚钱。
四、投资组合中所选公司,都是行业中的龙头老大,如果有老大,就不选择老二。
五、不会选择在成交清淡时卖出手中的股票,要看市场上有没有人接受,有没有人买进。采取“你不买,我也不卖”的投资方法。
  
一位投资界人士说过这样一段话:“林园选股的思路及长期持股的策略,颇具价值投资的典型特征,从林园身上我看到了价值投资的成功。我们与林园共处在同一个市场,共同面对同样的股票,只要找到成功的途径,那成功就是可以复制的。”
  
山寨点评:会卖才是师傅
怎么看,怎么觉得林园就是冲着巴菲特的那套思路来的。哪怕他总结的所谓选股铁律,也是巴老粉丝们挂在嘴巴的投资圣经。
  
平心而论,只要有长线持股的决心,加之有调研的精神,批量生产类似林园一样的股神并不难。关键是,如何在牛股最牛时懂得全身而退,“卖”才是“买”的“师傅”。
  
山寨股神二:李兆基
李兆基,恒基地产主席,拥有多家香港知名上市公司,在短短的几年间,将500亿港元变成近2000亿港元,成为“亚洲股神”。
  
山寨理由:自称冒牌
香港最有钱的两个富豪都姓李,一个叫李嘉诚,一个叫李兆基。
  
据了解,当年李嘉诚和郑裕彤都认购中国人寿,但在2005年禁售期一过,他们就分别在5块多港元的价位抛售手上一半的股份,回报率分别是40%和50%,各赚3.7亿港元和1.9亿港元,两位富豪虽获利不菲,但比起李兆基,只是“小巫见大巫”。因为李兆基一直持股,中国人寿H股最高时股价达到53港元,4年回报超过10倍。
  
人称四叔的恒基地产主席李兆基,总喜欢慷慨预测大盘的目标位。
  
2007年,信心满满的李兆基曾乐观预期香港恒生指数将冲上33000点高峰;随后指数的“一落千丈”让这位“亚洲股神”略感尴尬,并在公开活动中自拆“股神”招牌,调侃自己是“冒牌股神”。
  
这位“亚洲股神”近期表示,其私人的投资公司“兆基财经”,在高峰期市值达2000亿港元,今年已蒸发1000亿港元,与香港股民同样惨遭雷曼债券套牢。
  
山寨点评:实力犹存
实力证明一切,1000亿港元,对李兆基而言,可能只是财富数字的一个符号。对于我们而言,李兆基在当年熊市中抄底买地的故事,或许比其炒股更有意思。
  
山寨股神三:赵丹阳
赵丹阳,中国阳光私募第一人。2008年1月初,上证指数运行至5200点附近,赵丹阳表示,已找不到既符合投资标准又有足够安全边际的投资标的。很快,他对旗下5只产品清盘。当上证指数跌到1800点时,回过头看看,一年多来,他是本期的几位“股神”中战绩最好的。
  
山寨理由:熬不过牛市
2004年2月20日,当A股市场还在漫漫熊市中挣扎时,赵丹阳与深国投合作发起第一只开放式集合资金信托计划——赤子之心(中国)集合资金信托。在熊市背景下,该基金成立一年来净值节节走高,实际收益率为25.05%,超过上证指数近50个百分点。
  
然而,与熊市中的赫赫战绩相比,赤子之心系列集合信托计划却在前一轮牛市中频频踏空。成立于2007年2月26日的赤子之心(中国)2期成立以来的累计净值增长仅为20.43%。这与2007年偏股型开放式基金动辄超过100%的年收益率相比相去甚远。
  
山寨点评:不完美中的完美
2008年初,赵丹阳在《致投资者的一封信》一文中,就旗下信托基金远远跑输指数表示致歉。在这封道歉信中,赵丹阳并没有泄气。他说,基金的优势首先不体现在一段时间、某只股票赚钱的多少,而是体现在持续控制风险的能力上。风险的量化程度是衡量基金经理专业化程度的标志。在投资界,“活下来”永远是第一位的。
  
牛市中备感煎熬的赵丹阳,却屡屡在熊市中如鱼得水。去年,“活下来”的赵丹阳还花了211万美元与巴菲特共进午餐。这也是山寨股神与正版股神间的第一次亲密接触。
  
山寨股神四:但斌
但斌,曾被认为是国内投资界学习巴菲特最成功的人士。其出版的《时间的玫瑰》一书在广大股民和投资圈中具有上佳口碑。
  
山寨理由:盲目坚守
2004年初至2007年8月,但斌管理的东方港湾基金,3年半时间的复合回报率为1184.39%,而同期上证综指仅上涨227.60%。
  
在本轮牛熊转变中,同样信奉巴菲特的赵丹阳在2008年年初选择了清盘,但斌则选择坚守,导致亏损严重。但斌认为,只要买到好的公司股票,就应该坚守下去。
  
面对亏损,但斌曾表示:“如果连30%或者50%的亏损都不能忍受的话,那么长期坚持就非常困难了……即便像巴菲特(指伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司)那么好的企业,历史上总共都有四次跌幅超过50%。”在本轮A股下跌中,但斌在贵州茅台上的坚守,一度还在私募界引起争议。
  
山寨点评:不要全盘照抄
据说,为了见偶像,但斌购买了巴菲特所拥有的伯克希尔公司的一股股票,然后去美国参加股东大会。他找寻巴菲特居住的小屋并在门前拍照留念。他拜访巴菲特每周必去的牛排馆,告诉侍者“巴菲特吃什么,我就吃什么”。
  
但斌的成功,源自其对巴菲特的复制,但斌的受挫,同样来自其对巴菲特的复制。中国股市的大起大落,一次又一次的证明,我们无法完全借助巴菲特的理论去解释中国股市。
  
2008年,嚼着巴菲特“牛排”的人,绝大多数遇到了“黑天鹅”。如果再一味地啃着巴氏“牛排”不松口,那么只会看到更多的“黑天鹅”。
  
山寨股神五:杨百万
杨百万,号称中国散户第一人。上世纪80年代末参与国库券的买卖致富,后炒股。体验了改革开放后第一代股民的所有悲喜。
  
现在,杨百万专注于他的软件。近一年多,他对股市的评论,有时候会很“雷”。比较出名的是,他的“中石油”情结,哪怕是中石油站在48元的山岗。
  
山寨理由:被中石油雷了
“我只能告诉你,我不知道中石油什么时候到48元,因为我不做股票的庄,也没有这个本领,但有一点我可以告诉你,中石油可以买了,现在价格在30多元,你可以赌一点,放在那里,收益一定会大于银行,而且我负责任地告诉你,我也买了,但我买的数量很有限,我只是把中签的48.6元抛了4000股,在31元下面又买回来。”这是杨百万对中石油的一段经典告白。
  
在股票市场摔打十几年,杨百万经历的风风雨雨多了去了,不能不说是经验丰富的老手,用他自己的话来说,“既不做空头,也不做多头,要做股票市场的滑头。”那么他自己就应该是一个股市的“老滑头”了,但是,“老滑头”杨百万也有看走眼的时候,这说明股市规律性的东西确实是比较难以总结的,仅凭经验之说,在如今的股市靠混是混不下去的。
  
山寨点评:滑头难做
本期的几位山寨股神中,杨百万是本人最熟悉的,也曾当面采访过他老人家。
  
我开始接触股票起,对于杨百万是带着崇敬之心的,因为他的故事太深入人心了。我承认,他作为中国股市中散户致富的“第一人”,是可以被大家接受的。但如果就此封为“民间股神”,可以说是比较“雷”的。
  
若干年后,在我印象中,杨百万说的最多几句话,莫过于“炒股要听话”、“不做多头空头,只做滑头”。在其不厌其烦的谈到他的软件后,我看到的只是一些简单技术指标的叠加。这也难怪很多人将杨百万的中石油拿作笑谈,毕竟他老人家现在的强项在于推销他的软件和书籍。

Quantum founder Soros & Rogers speak on current crisis. Bearish. Bearish.

The stimulus plan the U.S. government is currently considering is necessary to help American citizens, but it will likely not reverse the country's economic decline, hedge fund manager and billionaire philanthropist George Soros said on Monday."

It is not enough to turn the situation around," Soros told the U.S.Conference of Mayors about the $850 billion proposal to increase spendingand cut taxes.

The plan, which was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives lastweek and will likely be passed by next month, will help state and local governments balance their budgets and preserve important social services,Soros said.

At the same time, the $700 billion financial bailout known as TARP for Troubled Assets Relief Program had been carried out in a "haphazard andcapricious way" and "without proper planning," he said.
"Unfortunately it was misused and the way it was done has poisoned thewell. It has created tremendous ill will toward putting up more money,"Soros said.
For more than a year, the United States has been crippled by a recessionthat was triggered by a housing market downturn. Last summer, financial institutions with exposures to securities backed by bad mortgages began tobuckle.

The government stepped in with the TARP to inject liquidity into struggling firms. Last week, President-elect Barack Obama requested Congress releasethe second half of the funds.Soros advocated using bailout money to recapitalize banks, but said the$350 billion would not be enough. He said such a move would take more thanthe entire $700 billion.

The bursting housing bubble "acted like a detonator that exploded a much larger bubble," he said."The economies of the world are falling off a cliff. This is a situation that is comparable to the 1930s. And once you recognize it, you have to recognize the size of the problem is much bigger," he said.

Soros said the United States needed "radical and unorthodox policy measures" to prevent a repeat of the Great Depression of the early 20th century that include recapitalizing banks and writing down the country's accumulated debt.Also, he said, it should create more money to offset the collapse of credit and then rapidly pull that cash out of the system when inflation emerges.

The government would have to be very nimble in the timing of such moves, hesaid."If they are successful...the deflationary pressures will be replaced bythe specter of inflation and the authorities will have to drain the excess money from the economy almost as quickly as they pumped it in. Of the two operations the second one is going to be, politically, even more difficult than the first," he said.

Jim Rogers? He told Bloomberg that UK is dead and heis still a China Bull - The global financial crisis has only strengthened reknowned international investor Jim Rogers' acerbic criticisms about the U.S. economy and his resoundingly optimistic view on China's future.

Rogers, co-founder along George Soros of the Quantum Fund, railed at the Federal Reserve and incoming U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner,while also saying the high saving rate and solid fundamentals in China makeit a powerful force to be reckoned with."
This is going to be the new center of the world, not just the financialbut the political world," he said at the Asian Financial Forum in HongKong.

Rogers, who is now an independent investor living in Singapore, said he wasgoing to use the U.S. dollar rally in the last six months to get out of all his investments in dollar-denominated assets and keep buying Chinese equities, the Japanese yen and commodities.

He said his bets against U.S. investment banks, the two largest U.S.mortgage providers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the yen kept hisportfolio in the positive last year, but the rest of his investments suffered.

He accused U.S. authorities of consciously trying to devalue the U.S.dollar by flooding the market with liquidity -- or in his words, "turning on the printing presses" -- and said anyone chasing the rally in government bonds is making a "terrible mistake."

"The idea that you can fix a period of excess borrowing and excessconsumption by more borrowing and more consumption to me is just ludicrous," he said.
Underscoring his convictions, Rogers began his speech by showing picturesof his two young children, both of whom he said have Swiss bank accountsand speak Mandarin.

坐股投資法看長線投資標準

大家都知道林森池是增長型投資者,原來,他對股息的看重程度亦絕不下於傳統投資者;較之不同的是,林sir看重股息率之餘,更重視股息的增長率。

傳統上,投資是以股息率為主要考慮因素,因為這是退休人仕透過股息獲得現金流的主要途徑;林sir則透過股票的息率增長,評定股份的派息是否反映公司的增長,以現金流增長比較通脹來衡量一項投資是否最有效的投資選擇。

從林sir的角度看,如果現金流增長跑贏通脹,生活需要(質素)不受影響,短期的股票價格上落,就不應是投資者憂慮的問題,而這項投資就可以「坐落去」,直到這項投資的增長(包括股息增長)出現根本性變化。

另外,「坐股投資法」的五大要素亦鞏固了「林森池式」選股的準則:首先,公司的增長潛力仍是最重要;其次,這些增長要跑贏通脹,並要合理地反映在派息上;其三,管理層作風,一要踏實,二要肯派息(直接關係到小股東利益),三要考慮公司多於家族(間接關係到小股東利益)。相信市場上完全符合以上要求的股份選擇不會太多,獲選股票亦絕對值得長線「坐落去」。

聽林森池的節目愈多,愈清楚了解何謂長線投資,尋找長線投資目標的標準(客觀)亦因而更具體。至於能否揸股坐長線,學到林sir與否,就真的要睇大家的修為了,因為這種EQ就連草蛇都做唔到;不過,話分兩頭,林sir又冇堅持佢嘅投資心法係唯一致富出路,大家大可各自修行,或從林sir的心法找到一招半式旁吓身,老來回頭看看邊種投資心法可以令自己早一步達到財務自由!