1968年我老曹剛入行之時,對股票其實一竅不通。第一隻買入股票叫城市酒店。至於點樣將5000元本金在五年內(1972年)變成50萬元?我老曹亦記唔起矣。並唔係自己較別人聰明,亦非我老曹曾接受高深教育,而係剛剛趕上香港股票市場最大一個牛市,恒生指數1970年由100點升到1973年3月1774點。當年認識一位十分有分量股票分析員就係森池兄,佢英資證券公司打工,曉分析,因此曉驚。1972年底森池兄同我老曹同時睇淡,在1972年底恒生指數1100點便沽清貨,然後雙雙睇住1973年1月至3月恒生指數由1100點升到1774點。
由此證明,賺錢同高深教育並無關係。我老曹住5000元賺到50萬元理由係無知,人炒自己又炒,呢段日子相信激死唔少有學識之士。認識森池兄之後,我老曹曉驚,反而賺少60%,不過亦因此避過1973年3月至74年7月大跌市。
1974年7月恒生指數回落到450點附近,我老曹以為見底,加上當年我老曹唔識揀股(stock-picking),決定買入當年炒股和記企業(今天和黃前身),而森池兄則選太古地產(即今天太古前身)。我老曹將50萬元分五次入市,由7元開始、6元、5元、4元、3元每次投入10萬元左右買入和記股份,結果十萬股和記,然後睇住佢跌到每股1.1元,全副身家只值11萬元;反之,森池兄所選太古地產因仍派高息,所以跌幅唔大,損失十分有限。呢一役教曉我老曹要做好資料分析,1974年底我老曹失業後便加入《信報》,1975年起便痛下苦功鑽研投資技巧,唔再盲目相信運氣,開始作理性分析。
今天我老曹投資策略有:
一、止蝕唔止賺;
二、有智慧不如趁勢;
三、溝上唔溝落,
都係當年學曉,一直沿用到今天。亦有D情況,有些股份回落15%止蝕後,便掉頭上升,止蝕變成錯誤決定。不過,人生充滿矛盾及無奈,在整個人生過程中,犯錯係免不了.
成功背後是冗長乏味的工作
我老曹今年快六十歲,從事投資已四十年,雖然唔敢誇口「master of the market」,但總算明白乜係「投資」。順勢之時,錢真係會自己流入你袋;反之,逆勢之時,無論你幾努力,結果一樣輸多少。漸漸明白「謀事在人,成事在天」道理,人算不如天算,唔怕你機關算盡,你係鬥唔過個天。
大部分成功者性格都係嚴守紀律,唔任意妄為,同時持之以恒、唔冒大風險。獲少利之時學曉咬住唔放。大部分成功故事背後,都係冗長及乏味工作,而非投機倒把結果。如能養成獨立思考的習慣,以及培養出同群眾持相反意見勇氣,你已成功一半。
其後我老曹認識郭得勝先生,佢教曉我老曹「三七分」,即睇好之時70%股份、30%現金,睇淡之時70%現金、30%股份,做人唔好太極端。之後遇上1982年北京宣布1997年收回香港主權,我老曹便開始採用佢「三七分」法,把30%資金投資海外、70%留在香港;到1997年改為70%投資海外、30%投資香港;2003年才把70%資金投資香港、30%仍留在海外。去年10月改70%現金、30%股票。呢招「三七分」法十分好用,不但避免自己諗法走向極端,同時為我老曹帶來唔少財富。
How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. 自强不息 勤以静心,俭以养德 天地不仁, 強者生存
Sunday, May 18, 2008
劉德華投資之道
今天翻開「SCMP」,有一篇訪問劉德華先生有關其投資之道,令筆者既吃驚又不感意外。
通常一般傳媒以「投資電影公司失利」來定位劉德華的理財能力,但事實上又是如何?
自1980年初出道以來,劉天王一直用儲下來的錢做兩樣野:
1) 投資物業,並聘請專業團隊助其分析和交易
2) 不斷投資於匯控,按1980年初匯控每股HK$5計(相等於現今的HK$6.67),上星期五(5月2日)匯控收市價(HK$136.3)亦暗示很好的長期回報,還未計入不斷增加的豐厚股息收入。
當記者問及劉德華的投資心得,他說不要盲目跟隨群眾的做法,正當每人都走去買股票和炒樓之時,跌市不遠矣。
另外,他只於低位買貨。「Don't follow what the other people are doing. when everyone is buying property, property prices will fall soon. When everyone is buying stocks, the market will collapse.」「I always buy when the market is down」
只是一項物業投資,已賺了約HK$15.6M,其資產值真是深不可測。「I have invested in overseas properties, including a plot of land in LA for US$16M. I sold it to a Taiwanese businessman, earning about US$2M」
筆者心想,坊間不少人一直低估劉德華的智慧。人家投資電影失利數千萬港元,但從演唱會以及廣告收入多年來賺回的,相信遠超於傳媒所提及的電影損失金額。是你們眼光狹窄,還是劉德華深不可測?為何筆者之前說「不感意外」?
若果大家留心一點,劉德華在其主演的電影內早已道出其投資哲學......「又唔係鸁緊,買黎做mud? 」「你要過足癮輸呀,定係悶悶地蠃?」
通常一般傳媒以「投資電影公司失利」來定位劉德華的理財能力,但事實上又是如何?
自1980年初出道以來,劉天王一直用儲下來的錢做兩樣野:
1) 投資物業,並聘請專業團隊助其分析和交易
2) 不斷投資於匯控,按1980年初匯控每股HK$5計(相等於現今的HK$6.67),上星期五(5月2日)匯控收市價(HK$136.3)亦暗示很好的長期回報,還未計入不斷增加的豐厚股息收入。
當記者問及劉德華的投資心得,他說不要盲目跟隨群眾的做法,正當每人都走去買股票和炒樓之時,跌市不遠矣。
另外,他只於低位買貨。「Don't follow what the other people are doing. when everyone is buying property, property prices will fall soon. When everyone is buying stocks, the market will collapse.」「I always buy when the market is down」
只是一項物業投資,已賺了約HK$15.6M,其資產值真是深不可測。「I have invested in overseas properties, including a plot of land in LA for US$16M. I sold it to a Taiwanese businessman, earning about US$2M」
筆者心想,坊間不少人一直低估劉德華的智慧。人家投資電影失利數千萬港元,但從演唱會以及廣告收入多年來賺回的,相信遠超於傳媒所提及的電影損失金額。是你們眼光狹窄,還是劉德華深不可測?為何筆者之前說「不感意外」?
若果大家留心一點,劉德華在其主演的電影內早已道出其投資哲學......「又唔係鸁緊,買黎做mud? 」「你要過足癮輸呀,定係悶悶地蠃?」
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
怎样减少亏损?
股票投资者,最先要学的,不是怎样赚钱,而是怎样不亏本。
作为散户,我们都是局外人,公司里总有一些黑暗的角落,是我们看不到的,看走了眼,买错股,蒙受亏蚀,是很平常的事。要每一次买进都赚钱,是不可能的,只要做到赚多亏少,就可以致富。
要做到赚多亏少,首先要学习的,是怎样减少亏蚀额。以下是我的一些经验:
1 采取反向策略,尽量买低,越低越好。
大部份股票,在一年中,最高价与最低价相差数十巴仙至数百巴仙不等,你能否赚钱,就看你是在那个价格买进。假如该年的最高价5令吉,最低价为2令吉,价差为2令吉(5令吉-2令吉=3令吉)。如果你在下价区(2令吉至3令吉)买进,你赚钱的机会,比在高价区(4令吉至5令吉)高一倍。在低价区买进在低价区买进,即使股市逆转,你也有足够的时间抛出,亏蚀的可能性就大大减低。要在低价区买进,就一定要养成反向的习惯,在股市低潮时进场。这种情形,就好像百货公司大减价时去买东西一样。但大部份人刚好相反,股价不动就不买,股价高涨时才追买,难怪多数人亏多赚少。一般的货物,价格越便宜越多人买,只有股票,是越低买的人越少,越高越多人买。
2 建立缓冲区:
刚买进股票时,赚与亏的机会是50%对50%,因为股价上升与下跌的机会相等。股价上升风险减低当股价上升了一截之后,你的风险就相应的减低。当股价上升了50%以上时,你已在安全区了。就好像在战场中,你和敌区之间,有一个阔达5公里的缓冲区,敌人的子弹已射不到你了,你已在安全地带。股票投资的第一个原则是“不亏本”。既然你已在安全区,照理应该任由股价奔跑,以获巨利才对,但大部份人却进行套利,失去了赚得更多的机会。“套利总不会错的”这句话,使人杀掉会生金蛋的鹅。正确的做法是:在建立缓冲区之后,如果公司业绩继续改善,就不脱售。如果它有潜能上升200巴仙的话,为什么要在上升100巴仙之后就脱售,正如一只西瓜,若有可能长大至5公斤,为什么在2公斤时摘掉?这就是我在彦武钢铁的股价上升了一倍以后也不要脱售的原因。
3 将股价与基本面挂勾:跟上述情况相反的,如果公司亏蚀,而且短期内没可能扭转,即使股价已跌了一截,也要卖掉,否则,可能亏得更多,甚至血本无归。
4 设止蚀线:例如跌10%就脱售。
5 假如你左右为难无法决定,就卖一半。
作为散户,我们都是局外人,公司里总有一些黑暗的角落,是我们看不到的,看走了眼,买错股,蒙受亏蚀,是很平常的事。要每一次买进都赚钱,是不可能的,只要做到赚多亏少,就可以致富。
要做到赚多亏少,首先要学习的,是怎样减少亏蚀额。以下是我的一些经验:
1 采取反向策略,尽量买低,越低越好。
大部份股票,在一年中,最高价与最低价相差数十巴仙至数百巴仙不等,你能否赚钱,就看你是在那个价格买进。假如该年的最高价5令吉,最低价为2令吉,价差为2令吉(5令吉-2令吉=3令吉)。如果你在下价区(2令吉至3令吉)买进,你赚钱的机会,比在高价区(4令吉至5令吉)高一倍。在低价区买进在低价区买进,即使股市逆转,你也有足够的时间抛出,亏蚀的可能性就大大减低。要在低价区买进,就一定要养成反向的习惯,在股市低潮时进场。这种情形,就好像百货公司大减价时去买东西一样。但大部份人刚好相反,股价不动就不买,股价高涨时才追买,难怪多数人亏多赚少。一般的货物,价格越便宜越多人买,只有股票,是越低买的人越少,越高越多人买。
2 建立缓冲区:
刚买进股票时,赚与亏的机会是50%对50%,因为股价上升与下跌的机会相等。股价上升风险减低当股价上升了一截之后,你的风险就相应的减低。当股价上升了50%以上时,你已在安全区了。就好像在战场中,你和敌区之间,有一个阔达5公里的缓冲区,敌人的子弹已射不到你了,你已在安全地带。股票投资的第一个原则是“不亏本”。既然你已在安全区,照理应该任由股价奔跑,以获巨利才对,但大部份人却进行套利,失去了赚得更多的机会。“套利总不会错的”这句话,使人杀掉会生金蛋的鹅。正确的做法是:在建立缓冲区之后,如果公司业绩继续改善,就不脱售。如果它有潜能上升200巴仙的话,为什么要在上升100巴仙之后就脱售,正如一只西瓜,若有可能长大至5公斤,为什么在2公斤时摘掉?这就是我在彦武钢铁的股价上升了一倍以后也不要脱售的原因。
3 将股价与基本面挂勾:跟上述情况相反的,如果公司亏蚀,而且短期内没可能扭转,即使股价已跌了一截,也要卖掉,否则,可能亏得更多,甚至血本无归。
4 设止蚀线:例如跌10%就脱售。
5 假如你左右为难无法决定,就卖一半。
谁赚走了股市的钱?
股市的投资者,很明显的分为两个阵营。
一个阵营是由组织严密,财力雄厚的投资机构组成,他们就是“大户”。
另一个阵营是由财力薄弱的一般股友组成,他们就是“散户”。
在股市中,他们不是对立,而是共存的。
股市犹如一座宝藏股市好比是一座宝藏,大户和散户,好比是两支队伍,同时出发去寻宝。到底是谁捷足先登?
现在让我们看看谁占优势:
投资机构包括单位信托、资产管理公司、外围投资基金、公积金局、保险公司、信托公司及专业投资人等等。
这些机构的特点是:
⑴ 拥有雄厚的财力。可以大量买进,甚至长期有计划地搜购。往往在股价跌至低点时,仍有能力乘低吸购,以降低平均投资成本。成本低,自然较易赚钱。
⑵ 聘用专才管理投资组合。这些人才不但有高学历,而且经验丰富,在买进之前,对购买对象作有系统及深入的研究与分析,认识深入,胜算自然较高。资讯充足快捷
⑶ 资讯充足及快捷。全面搜集世界、国家、行业及个别公司的资料,并且不断地跟进,以了解最新的发展,作为投资参考。
⑷ 由于财雄势大,他们也受到上市公司领导人的重视。通常他们在大量买进之前,都会见公司的领导人及参观公司的设施,实地了解公司,获取第一手资料。这样,自然能作出较为准确的判断,减少投资失误。
散户则刚好相反:
⑴ 资金有限,而且往往在高价时把钱全部投进去,到股市跌至低点时再也没能力买进,结果是投资成本奇高。成本高,不但难赚钱,而且即使有赚,也属有限。
⑵ 投资知识贫乏,对所买股票不甚了解,甚至一无所知。往往只听到一些传言,就冲动去买进,结果抱满了垃圾股,胜算自然较低。
⑶ 对于世界、国家、行业及个别公司的资讯,永远是后知后觉,或是根本不理不睬,不知己亦不知彼,如何能打胜仗?
⑷ 散户由于所持股数有限,通常都没有机会会见公司的领导人,很难获取第一手资料。对比之下,谁先寻到宝藏,一目了然。
是的,股市的钱,大部分是由投资机构赚去。散户所得,只是一些残羹剩肴。更糟糕的是,散户甚至连残羹剩肴也捞不到。散户倾向投机由于财力有限、知识贫乏、资讯不足、后知后觉,大部分散户倾向投机。
长期投机,有如长赌,长赌必输。所以,能在股市赚钱的散户寥寥无几。
散户如要在股市突围,较可靠的途径是:
⑴ 学习投资机构那样,在买进之前,做足功课。不买你不了解的公司的股票。
⑵ 如果你不懂得或是没有时间做功课,一个可行的方法是选定一批“五星级股票”。当股市逆转时,从中选购几个。
⑶ 贴身跟踪公司的进展。只要公司盈利继续增长,就紧握不放,放长线钓大鱼。若公司转盈为亏,立刻溜之大吉,切勿留恋。
⑷ 永不投机。
如能做到上述四点,你也可以找到宝藏。
一个阵营是由组织严密,财力雄厚的投资机构组成,他们就是“大户”。
另一个阵营是由财力薄弱的一般股友组成,他们就是“散户”。
在股市中,他们不是对立,而是共存的。
股市犹如一座宝藏股市好比是一座宝藏,大户和散户,好比是两支队伍,同时出发去寻宝。到底是谁捷足先登?
现在让我们看看谁占优势:
投资机构包括单位信托、资产管理公司、外围投资基金、公积金局、保险公司、信托公司及专业投资人等等。
这些机构的特点是:
⑴ 拥有雄厚的财力。可以大量买进,甚至长期有计划地搜购。往往在股价跌至低点时,仍有能力乘低吸购,以降低平均投资成本。成本低,自然较易赚钱。
⑵ 聘用专才管理投资组合。这些人才不但有高学历,而且经验丰富,在买进之前,对购买对象作有系统及深入的研究与分析,认识深入,胜算自然较高。资讯充足快捷
⑶ 资讯充足及快捷。全面搜集世界、国家、行业及个别公司的资料,并且不断地跟进,以了解最新的发展,作为投资参考。
⑷ 由于财雄势大,他们也受到上市公司领导人的重视。通常他们在大量买进之前,都会见公司的领导人及参观公司的设施,实地了解公司,获取第一手资料。这样,自然能作出较为准确的判断,减少投资失误。
散户则刚好相反:
⑴ 资金有限,而且往往在高价时把钱全部投进去,到股市跌至低点时再也没能力买进,结果是投资成本奇高。成本高,不但难赚钱,而且即使有赚,也属有限。
⑵ 投资知识贫乏,对所买股票不甚了解,甚至一无所知。往往只听到一些传言,就冲动去买进,结果抱满了垃圾股,胜算自然较低。
⑶ 对于世界、国家、行业及个别公司的资讯,永远是后知后觉,或是根本不理不睬,不知己亦不知彼,如何能打胜仗?
⑷ 散户由于所持股数有限,通常都没有机会会见公司的领导人,很难获取第一手资料。对比之下,谁先寻到宝藏,一目了然。
是的,股市的钱,大部分是由投资机构赚去。散户所得,只是一些残羹剩肴。更糟糕的是,散户甚至连残羹剩肴也捞不到。散户倾向投机由于财力有限、知识贫乏、资讯不足、后知后觉,大部分散户倾向投机。
长期投机,有如长赌,长赌必输。所以,能在股市赚钱的散户寥寥无几。
散户如要在股市突围,较可靠的途径是:
⑴ 学习投资机构那样,在买进之前,做足功课。不买你不了解的公司的股票。
⑵ 如果你不懂得或是没有时间做功课,一个可行的方法是选定一批“五星级股票”。当股市逆转时,从中选购几个。
⑶ 贴身跟踪公司的进展。只要公司盈利继续增长,就紧握不放,放长线钓大鱼。若公司转盈为亏,立刻溜之大吉,切勿留恋。
⑷ 永不投机。
如能做到上述四点,你也可以找到宝藏。
“不劳而获”赚钱法
每一个人,在年青时,都应有“防老”意识。
最好是一开始工作时,就作好“防老”规划。
防老规划不影响生活素质“防老”规划,必须以不影响青、中年时期的生活素质为原则。
以牺牲青、中年时期的生活素质,换取晚年生活的保障,不值得。
现在过得不好,将来过得再好,又有什么意义?
晚年要过好日子,其实,不必付出现在过苦日子的代价。
先“苦”后“甜”是落后的想法。
只要有恒心,方向正确,“防老”可以很轻松。请注意“恒心”和“方向”。
“恒心”是化梦想为现实的纪律精神。
“方向”是化梦想为现实的道路。
有恒心,方向错误,事倍功半。有恒心,方向正确,事半功倍。
走错方向,空有恒心,难以达到目的地——“财务独立”。
有恒心,方向正确,走起来轻松愉快,晚年生活丰富多彩。
防老规划的目标是“财务独立”。
实现“财务独立”只能智取,不能力併。“力併”是拼命节省,拼命储蓄。“智取”是“不劳而获”赚钱法。请不要误会,以为我反对储蓄。我只是反对通过拼命节省过苦哈哈日子的储蓄方式。
储蓄是累积原始资本的必须步骤。请你由工作时开始,每个月从你的薪金中拨出百份之二十,存入银行户口,只化掉剩下的百份之八十。先储蓄,再化钱,绝不妥协。储蓄到一个数目,就投资。这个“数目”,可大可小。我的原则是,银行中只能存有足够三个月生活费的钱,超过此数必须拿去投资。切勿将大笔的钱,长期存放银行。
最近跟一名退休银行家喝拉茶聊天。他对我说:“长期把大笔款项存在银行中,笨!”此话出自退休银行家之口,实不寻常。问题是“投资什么?”。
投资于使你“不劳而获”的项目。是的,要懂得“不劳而获”,才能做到“财务独立”。
假如你在三十年前,在吉隆坡的孟沙区,以一万令吉,买进一间单层排屋,现在价值四十万令吉,你赚了三十九万令吉。你付出了多少“劳”力,来赚这三十九万令吉?
没有,你根本没有付出“劳”力。这就叫“不劳而获”赚钱法。
是谁替你赚这三十九万令吉?
答案是“通货膨胀”。
一提到通货膨胀,大家都谈虎色变。通胀猛于虎也!但是,通胀却是投资的好朋友。在通胀之下,你“不劳而获”,轻轻松松赚个盘满钵满。
受苦的是下层阶级。投资于房地产如此,投资于股票亦然。
一万股云顶现值数百万假如你在三十多年前,以一万多令吉买进一万股云顶,从来不卖,现在价值数百万令吉。这数百万令吉的进账,是“不劳而获”的。这“不劳而获”,是来自云顶盈利的持续成长。“成长”是关键所在。
现在你对“防老”规划,应该有一个清楚的概念了。
第一、在不影响生活素质下,定期储蓄。
第二、储蓄到一个数目(由数百至数千),立刻投资, 股票是一个很好的对象,因为可大可小。
第三、只投资于有成长潜能的项目。
第四、长期持有。
第五、切勿停留在储蓄阶段。不懂得什么项目(股票)有成长潜能?马上着手研究吧。
钱是要靠你自己去赚的。
别人没有替你赚钱的义务。
你的人生,由你自己负责。
最好是一开始工作时,就作好“防老”规划。
防老规划不影响生活素质“防老”规划,必须以不影响青、中年时期的生活素质为原则。
以牺牲青、中年时期的生活素质,换取晚年生活的保障,不值得。
现在过得不好,将来过得再好,又有什么意义?
晚年要过好日子,其实,不必付出现在过苦日子的代价。
先“苦”后“甜”是落后的想法。
只要有恒心,方向正确,“防老”可以很轻松。请注意“恒心”和“方向”。
“恒心”是化梦想为现实的纪律精神。
“方向”是化梦想为现实的道路。
有恒心,方向错误,事倍功半。有恒心,方向正确,事半功倍。
走错方向,空有恒心,难以达到目的地——“财务独立”。
有恒心,方向正确,走起来轻松愉快,晚年生活丰富多彩。
防老规划的目标是“财务独立”。
实现“财务独立”只能智取,不能力併。“力併”是拼命节省,拼命储蓄。“智取”是“不劳而获”赚钱法。请不要误会,以为我反对储蓄。我只是反对通过拼命节省过苦哈哈日子的储蓄方式。
储蓄是累积原始资本的必须步骤。请你由工作时开始,每个月从你的薪金中拨出百份之二十,存入银行户口,只化掉剩下的百份之八十。先储蓄,再化钱,绝不妥协。储蓄到一个数目,就投资。这个“数目”,可大可小。我的原则是,银行中只能存有足够三个月生活费的钱,超过此数必须拿去投资。切勿将大笔的钱,长期存放银行。
最近跟一名退休银行家喝拉茶聊天。他对我说:“长期把大笔款项存在银行中,笨!”此话出自退休银行家之口,实不寻常。问题是“投资什么?”。
投资于使你“不劳而获”的项目。是的,要懂得“不劳而获”,才能做到“财务独立”。
假如你在三十年前,在吉隆坡的孟沙区,以一万令吉,买进一间单层排屋,现在价值四十万令吉,你赚了三十九万令吉。你付出了多少“劳”力,来赚这三十九万令吉?
没有,你根本没有付出“劳”力。这就叫“不劳而获”赚钱法。
是谁替你赚这三十九万令吉?
答案是“通货膨胀”。
一提到通货膨胀,大家都谈虎色变。通胀猛于虎也!但是,通胀却是投资的好朋友。在通胀之下,你“不劳而获”,轻轻松松赚个盘满钵满。
受苦的是下层阶级。投资于房地产如此,投资于股票亦然。
一万股云顶现值数百万假如你在三十多年前,以一万多令吉买进一万股云顶,从来不卖,现在价值数百万令吉。这数百万令吉的进账,是“不劳而获”的。这“不劳而获”,是来自云顶盈利的持续成长。“成长”是关键所在。
现在你对“防老”规划,应该有一个清楚的概念了。
第一、在不影响生活素质下,定期储蓄。
第二、储蓄到一个数目(由数百至数千),立刻投资, 股票是一个很好的对象,因为可大可小。
第三、只投资于有成长潜能的项目。
第四、长期持有。
第五、切勿停留在储蓄阶段。不懂得什么项目(股票)有成长潜能?马上着手研究吧。
钱是要靠你自己去赚的。
别人没有替你赚钱的义务。
你的人生,由你自己负责。
钱的三种用途
假如你手头有1万令吉,你会怎样用它?
用钱也好像赚钱一样,花样百出。怎样用法,是个人的选择,无所谓好不。
对我来说,钱的用途有三。
第一种:存银行,这是下策。
理由:通货膨胀率高过银行定期存款利率。把钱长期存放银行,最后得不偿失。是的,存款人是会得到一点利息。但在现实生活中,发达的多数是付利息的人,因为他们懂得利用别人的钱去赚钱。收利息人很少有发达的,因为他只懂得利用自己的钱去赚钱,自己的钱有限,所得回酬微不足道,怎能发达?做生意、投资而发达的人,我见得多了,可从来没听说过有靠利息收入而发达的。投资家向银行借钱投资,获丰厚回酬而致富,所借的正是你存在银行的钱,你为什么不自己投资而致富?长期把钱存放银行,吃亏的既然是存款人,为什么还有那么多人排除去存款?答案是(1)不懂得投资;(2)因为害怕失掉。钱赚来不易,害怕失掉它,这是投资的最大心理障碍。吃亏总比亏掉好,所以大部份人选择定存。
第二种:花掉,这是中策。
三十年前,7万令吉就可以买到一间独立式洋楼。三十年后的今天,7万令吉只够买一间廉价屋。通货膨胀是金钱之大敌,它在人们不知不觉中,吃掉金钱的价值。如果你不会投资,与其把钱长期存在银行,不如把钱花掉更合算。同样数目的钱,现在所能买到的东西,肯定比将来的多。
第三种:投资,这是上策。
把钱投资在可以增值的资产,或是可以使钱生子又生孙的事业上,似雪球般越滚越大,抵消通膨而有余。钱永远不够你只应把相当于六个月生活费的钱存放在银行,其余的应全部用来投资。一有多余的钱就投资,不要等待存到所谓“足够”时才投资。因为钱永远是不够的。切勿把钱花在购买消费性的资产上,如汽车,它的贬值比货币的贬值更快,你会遭受通膨加贬值的双重损失。
采用上策,你有机会成为富人.
采用中策,你享受了人生。
采用下策,你注定一辈子平凡。
你属于那一种人,决定于你采用何“策”。
用钱也好像赚钱一样,花样百出。怎样用法,是个人的选择,无所谓好不。
对我来说,钱的用途有三。
第一种:存银行,这是下策。
理由:通货膨胀率高过银行定期存款利率。把钱长期存放银行,最后得不偿失。是的,存款人是会得到一点利息。但在现实生活中,发达的多数是付利息的人,因为他们懂得利用别人的钱去赚钱。收利息人很少有发达的,因为他只懂得利用自己的钱去赚钱,自己的钱有限,所得回酬微不足道,怎能发达?做生意、投资而发达的人,我见得多了,可从来没听说过有靠利息收入而发达的。投资家向银行借钱投资,获丰厚回酬而致富,所借的正是你存在银行的钱,你为什么不自己投资而致富?长期把钱存放银行,吃亏的既然是存款人,为什么还有那么多人排除去存款?答案是(1)不懂得投资;(2)因为害怕失掉。钱赚来不易,害怕失掉它,这是投资的最大心理障碍。吃亏总比亏掉好,所以大部份人选择定存。
第二种:花掉,这是中策。
三十年前,7万令吉就可以买到一间独立式洋楼。三十年后的今天,7万令吉只够买一间廉价屋。通货膨胀是金钱之大敌,它在人们不知不觉中,吃掉金钱的价值。如果你不会投资,与其把钱长期存在银行,不如把钱花掉更合算。同样数目的钱,现在所能买到的东西,肯定比将来的多。
第三种:投资,这是上策。
把钱投资在可以增值的资产,或是可以使钱生子又生孙的事业上,似雪球般越滚越大,抵消通膨而有余。钱永远不够你只应把相当于六个月生活费的钱存放在银行,其余的应全部用来投资。一有多余的钱就投资,不要等待存到所谓“足够”时才投资。因为钱永远是不够的。切勿把钱花在购买消费性的资产上,如汽车,它的贬值比货币的贬值更快,你会遭受通膨加贬值的双重损失。
采用上策,你有机会成为富人.
采用中策,你享受了人生。
采用下策,你注定一辈子平凡。
你属于那一种人,决定于你采用何“策”。
Monday, May 5, 2008
Elliot Waves and the Fibonacci Sequence
Ralph Nelson Elliot was born in 1871 in Kansas, and became an accountant in the closing years of the 19th century.
In the late 1920’s, Elliot developed anemia, probably as a result of an infection sustained in Latin America. He was apparently bedridden for several years and during this period began his study of the stock market. Elliot subsequently declared that he had deduced “a law-abiding rhythmic pattern of waves,” which he explained in the late 1930’s in articles for Financial World (a leading stock market magazine of the time) and in a book published in 1938, entitled The Wave Principle. He died in 1948.
Elliot believed that the stock market moves through a “Super Cycle” of from 15 to 20 years, which in turn moves within a “Grand Super Cycle” of at least 50 years, which moves within an even longer cycle of approximately 200 years. Each cycle contains smaller cycles, ending in the “sub-Minuette,” which lasts only a few hours.
A cycle, according to Elliot, is formed by movements of stock prices that occur in patterns that he called waves, hence his approach is known today as Elliot Wave Theory.
Each cycle contains eight waves, declared Elliot, five of which are dominated by “impulse waves,” that is, waves that push prices up, and three of which are bearish, i.e., dominated by “corrective waves,” during which gains are lost to varying degrees.
To anticipate waves, Elliot cited the Fibonacci sequence of numbers, which begins with “0” and “1,” followed by the sum of the two preceding numbers, i.e., 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 133, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597...
There are scattered references to this sequence in the literature of ancient India, but the concept was independently introduced to Western civilization in the early 13th century by an Italian mathematician, Leonardo Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa. He put forth the concept to predict the growth of a hypothetical population of rabbits. Over the past century, Fibonacci’s discovery has found many uses in high-level mathematics and the sciences.
Elliot wrote that stock prices follow the pattern set forth by the Fibonacci sequence, but his explanations of the process are contradictory in many details and do not strictly adhere to a Fibonacci analysis.
Elliot, as noted above, asserted that a price cycle will have five waves that are primarily bullish (that is, dominated by “impulse” waves) and three waves that are bearish (that is, with “corrective” waves predominating). This does not mean that the first five waves will be uniformly upward and followed by three downward waves. Rather, the first waves will consist of a sequence of upward movements followed by relatively shallow pull-packs. The market will then peak, to be followed by a period of price declines with temporary bear rallies during which prices will regain some lost ground only to return to the downside.
By writing in terms of waves within cycles, which in turn are in larger cycles, and by introducing Fibonacci numbers into the discussion, Elliot broke new ground. However, his general idea was not new. In fact, it is standard Dow Theory in that it reflects that a bull market will have a series of peaks that reach new highs, interspersed by declines that stay above previously lows, until such point that the bull market peaks. At this juncture, some of the gains of the bull market will be surrendered (there will be a correction) as prices decline but with the decline interrupted by a bear rally of limited duration (reaching a point below the previous high). While traditional technicians explain this phenomenon by speaking in terms of market psychology inducing changes in the supply and demand of stocks, Elliot cited “the laws of nature” as reflected by, among other factors, Fibonacci numbers.
Wave theory was popularized among the general public in the early 1980’s by Robert Prechter, the author of an investment newsletter who made headlines when he correctly anticipated the start of the bull market in 1982. However, Prechter was blindsided by the market crash of October 1987 and further damaged his reputation when he subsequently became inordinately bearish, going so far as to predict that the Dow Jones indexes would bottom-out at levels not seen since the Truman Administration. Thereafter, Elliot’s renown has been essentially limited to committed technicians.
Elliot took a very long-term view of cycles, which might be easy to dismiss; after all, 200 years seems to be beyond the concern of even the most steadfast of “buy and hold” investors. Nonetheless, Elliot must be given credit for introducing a broad historical approach to stock market analysis.
Elliot's analysis is flawed in that it does not provide a clear roadmap as claimed (such roadmap is an impossibility) and, moreover, his writings are nebulous, contradictory or non-objective on many points. Nonetheless, Elliot broadened the field of stock market analysis by introducing a very long-term historical viewpoint and he also deserves credit for introducing Fibonacci numbers, which subsequently developed into a fertile ground for investment research.
In the late 1920’s, Elliot developed anemia, probably as a result of an infection sustained in Latin America. He was apparently bedridden for several years and during this period began his study of the stock market. Elliot subsequently declared that he had deduced “a law-abiding rhythmic pattern of waves,” which he explained in the late 1930’s in articles for Financial World (a leading stock market magazine of the time) and in a book published in 1938, entitled The Wave Principle. He died in 1948.
Elliot believed that the stock market moves through a “Super Cycle” of from 15 to 20 years, which in turn moves within a “Grand Super Cycle” of at least 50 years, which moves within an even longer cycle of approximately 200 years. Each cycle contains smaller cycles, ending in the “sub-Minuette,” which lasts only a few hours.
A cycle, according to Elliot, is formed by movements of stock prices that occur in patterns that he called waves, hence his approach is known today as Elliot Wave Theory.
Each cycle contains eight waves, declared Elliot, five of which are dominated by “impulse waves,” that is, waves that push prices up, and three of which are bearish, i.e., dominated by “corrective waves,” during which gains are lost to varying degrees.
To anticipate waves, Elliot cited the Fibonacci sequence of numbers, which begins with “0” and “1,” followed by the sum of the two preceding numbers, i.e., 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 133, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597...
There are scattered references to this sequence in the literature of ancient India, but the concept was independently introduced to Western civilization in the early 13th century by an Italian mathematician, Leonardo Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa. He put forth the concept to predict the growth of a hypothetical population of rabbits. Over the past century, Fibonacci’s discovery has found many uses in high-level mathematics and the sciences.
Elliot wrote that stock prices follow the pattern set forth by the Fibonacci sequence, but his explanations of the process are contradictory in many details and do not strictly adhere to a Fibonacci analysis.
Elliot, as noted above, asserted that a price cycle will have five waves that are primarily bullish (that is, dominated by “impulse” waves) and three waves that are bearish (that is, with “corrective” waves predominating). This does not mean that the first five waves will be uniformly upward and followed by three downward waves. Rather, the first waves will consist of a sequence of upward movements followed by relatively shallow pull-packs. The market will then peak, to be followed by a period of price declines with temporary bear rallies during which prices will regain some lost ground only to return to the downside.
By writing in terms of waves within cycles, which in turn are in larger cycles, and by introducing Fibonacci numbers into the discussion, Elliot broke new ground. However, his general idea was not new. In fact, it is standard Dow Theory in that it reflects that a bull market will have a series of peaks that reach new highs, interspersed by declines that stay above previously lows, until such point that the bull market peaks. At this juncture, some of the gains of the bull market will be surrendered (there will be a correction) as prices decline but with the decline interrupted by a bear rally of limited duration (reaching a point below the previous high). While traditional technicians explain this phenomenon by speaking in terms of market psychology inducing changes in the supply and demand of stocks, Elliot cited “the laws of nature” as reflected by, among other factors, Fibonacci numbers.
Wave theory was popularized among the general public in the early 1980’s by Robert Prechter, the author of an investment newsletter who made headlines when he correctly anticipated the start of the bull market in 1982. However, Prechter was blindsided by the market crash of October 1987 and further damaged his reputation when he subsequently became inordinately bearish, going so far as to predict that the Dow Jones indexes would bottom-out at levels not seen since the Truman Administration. Thereafter, Elliot’s renown has been essentially limited to committed technicians.
Elliot took a very long-term view of cycles, which might be easy to dismiss; after all, 200 years seems to be beyond the concern of even the most steadfast of “buy and hold” investors. Nonetheless, Elliot must be given credit for introducing a broad historical approach to stock market analysis.
Elliot's analysis is flawed in that it does not provide a clear roadmap as claimed (such roadmap is an impossibility) and, moreover, his writings are nebulous, contradictory or non-objective on many points. Nonetheless, Elliot broadened the field of stock market analysis by introducing a very long-term historical viewpoint and he also deserves credit for introducing Fibonacci numbers, which subsequently developed into a fertile ground for investment research.
Sunday, May 4, 2008
反向种子早萌芽
我年轻时受尽了穷鬼的气,专心研究股票,唯一的动机,就是想请“股票”这位财神爷,替我赶走穷鬼。
三度拿奖学金深造
穷鬼害我进不了大学,连最廉宜的台湾大学也无缘。好在皇天不负苦心人,后来神差鬼使,竟让我三度拿奖学金,到新加坡、印度和伦敦去读新闻学,尽管只是由几个月到一年的课程,也算圆了我深造之梦。尽管这些课程都与财经无关,但新闻学的训练,加上长期的采访经验,培养了我收集、分析和归纳资料的能力。我能将一堆剪不断、理还乱的资料,在极短的时间内,整理出一篇有条不紊的报导,把这种本领应用到股票研究上,自然得心应手。
我曾经在芙蓉当记者一年,后来被调回怡保,生活安定下来,才开始想生涯规划。
我发现老报人晚景多数不如意,令我心寒。
又发现记者多属通才,见多识广,但没一样精通。
当时在报馆的同事中,名气较大,成为读者的偶像的,都是有一种专长的人,如写“海滨寄简”的连士升,文艺副刊编辑杏影,赛马版主任马如龙,都是有关领域的风云人物。
他们像一面镜子,让我照见自己。
当时我不断地问自己:假如我做到退休,我有什么特长会让读者注意我?
连士升是我心仪的作家,他的一篇“专精一艺可成名”给我很大的启示。
钝钉钉不进,尖钉轻轻一敲就入木三分。
尖钉易入木,都是因为把全部的力量集中在一个最小的面积,故能深入,深入靠专精。
经过一番考量,我觉得我所选择的路,必须符合两个条件:
一,.这个项目必须是没人做的;
二,必须与钱有关,可以助我一臂之力赶穷鬼。
就这样,我选择了股票。
我避开热门走冷门,无意中实践了“反向”策略。
四十年来,始终坚持“反向”路线,不买热门股,不跟风,人退我进,人追我弃,这“反向”的种子,早在四十年前已播下。
这是个痛苦的选择,因为我必须“割爱“--割掉我深爱的文学,从头做起,埋首於枯燥无味的资料,猛啃生硬的理论。
然而像倒吃甘蔗一样,由淡而无味,慢慢的啃出甜味来,时间越久,我越着迷,渐渐的欲罢不能,到了豁然开朗的时候,我知道我进入了另一个境界。
吸购成功多多
我由始至终是个“反向”的信徒。在熊市最严重时,我不退反进。犹记1998年金融风暴最严峻时,综合指数跌到300点以下,我积极吸购成功多多,由2.50令吉买到2令吉,守了一年多,以8令吉抛出。
彦武钢铁(ORNASTEEL)在2005年第3季,由于高价买进原料而蒙受亏蚀,股价由上市时的1.60令吉跌至60仙以下,该公司的资产高达6亿令吉,而市值只剩2亿3千万令吉。
我认为没有人可用2亿3千万令吉去建立像彦武这种规模的工业,这是投资於这项工业的良机,我乃於2006年初以每股60仙左右买进一批收到现在。
彦武钢铁业务稳健回升,将在今年7月12日派发每股10仙的股息,以我60仙左右的投资成本,单单股息回酬就高达15%,尽管股价已回升超过1倍,我也无意脱售。
回首来时路,这四十年前无意间撒下的反向种子,早已开花结果。它成为“冷眼方程式”中的第一个环节,是有其历史根源的。
三度拿奖学金深造
穷鬼害我进不了大学,连最廉宜的台湾大学也无缘。好在皇天不负苦心人,后来神差鬼使,竟让我三度拿奖学金,到新加坡、印度和伦敦去读新闻学,尽管只是由几个月到一年的课程,也算圆了我深造之梦。尽管这些课程都与财经无关,但新闻学的训练,加上长期的采访经验,培养了我收集、分析和归纳资料的能力。我能将一堆剪不断、理还乱的资料,在极短的时间内,整理出一篇有条不紊的报导,把这种本领应用到股票研究上,自然得心应手。
我曾经在芙蓉当记者一年,后来被调回怡保,生活安定下来,才开始想生涯规划。
我发现老报人晚景多数不如意,令我心寒。
又发现记者多属通才,见多识广,但没一样精通。
当时在报馆的同事中,名气较大,成为读者的偶像的,都是有一种专长的人,如写“海滨寄简”的连士升,文艺副刊编辑杏影,赛马版主任马如龙,都是有关领域的风云人物。
他们像一面镜子,让我照见自己。
当时我不断地问自己:假如我做到退休,我有什么特长会让读者注意我?
连士升是我心仪的作家,他的一篇“专精一艺可成名”给我很大的启示。
钝钉钉不进,尖钉轻轻一敲就入木三分。
尖钉易入木,都是因为把全部的力量集中在一个最小的面积,故能深入,深入靠专精。
经过一番考量,我觉得我所选择的路,必须符合两个条件:
一,.这个项目必须是没人做的;
二,必须与钱有关,可以助我一臂之力赶穷鬼。
就这样,我选择了股票。
我避开热门走冷门,无意中实践了“反向”策略。
四十年来,始终坚持“反向”路线,不买热门股,不跟风,人退我进,人追我弃,这“反向”的种子,早在四十年前已播下。
这是个痛苦的选择,因为我必须“割爱“--割掉我深爱的文学,从头做起,埋首於枯燥无味的资料,猛啃生硬的理论。
然而像倒吃甘蔗一样,由淡而无味,慢慢的啃出甜味来,时间越久,我越着迷,渐渐的欲罢不能,到了豁然开朗的时候,我知道我进入了另一个境界。
吸购成功多多
我由始至终是个“反向”的信徒。在熊市最严重时,我不退反进。犹记1998年金融风暴最严峻时,综合指数跌到300点以下,我积极吸购成功多多,由2.50令吉买到2令吉,守了一年多,以8令吉抛出。
彦武钢铁(ORNASTEEL)在2005年第3季,由于高价买进原料而蒙受亏蚀,股价由上市时的1.60令吉跌至60仙以下,该公司的资产高达6亿令吉,而市值只剩2亿3千万令吉。
我认为没有人可用2亿3千万令吉去建立像彦武这种规模的工业,这是投资於这项工业的良机,我乃於2006年初以每股60仙左右买进一批收到现在。
彦武钢铁业务稳健回升,将在今年7月12日派发每股10仙的股息,以我60仙左右的投资成本,单单股息回酬就高达15%,尽管股价已回升超过1倍,我也无意脱售。
回首来时路,这四十年前无意间撒下的反向种子,早已开花结果。它成为“冷眼方程式”中的第一个环节,是有其历史根源的。
游手好闲的爸爸
本文所述,是关於一位同学的爸爸的故事。
这个故事,宛如一颗芝蔴般大小的种子,这枚叫股票的种子在我心中发芽、生根、长大,使我跟股票,一辈子结了不解之缘。
话说1960年我高中毕业后,深感英文程度不够,难以觅职,就进入一间补习性质的学院去读英文。这间学院所收的,都是政府英文学校的初级文凭落第生。跟我同座的同学,是一位十六岁的小伙子,功课差得很,只是敷衍着过日子。他每天由司机载送上学,可见家境挺富裕的。
我是个超龄的穷学生,每天要替人补习两场来赚取学费,对这样的一位同学,一方面是羡慕,一方面也是好奇,就问他:“你爸爸是做什么职业的?” 他说:“他没有工作”。
我的好奇心更重了,问他:“没有工作,靠什么生活?” 他的回答更妙:“别人寄钱给他啰!” 我问:“谁寄钱给他?”。他也说不清楚,总之,他知道有人定期把钱寄到他家里,他父亲只把支票放进银行,就用之不尽了。 我真的很想弄清楚,为什么人家会寄钱给他父亲呢?
我追问得多了,大概他也想知道是怎么一回事,就回去问他母亲,然后回来告诉我:是“股票”。 他说是他祖父买的“股票”。
这是我第一次听到“股票”。根本不知道是什么东西。
后来慢慢的听懂了。原来他的祖父是一名矿家,父亲自小娇生惯养,不事生产。
他的祖父怕他的父亲没钱受苦,就买了大批的锡矿股和树胶股,遗嘱写明白不准出售,只准收股息。 那时的锡矿和树胶股股息异常丰厚,周息率十多巴仙的比比皆是。他的父亲定期收到这些锡矿和树胶公司派发的股息,过着富裕的生活。
我的兴趣,一向是文学,小学时穷追武侠小说,初中时醉心新文学,高中时嗜古文如命。
喜欢文学的人,视财经书籍为畏途,我在新加坡的新闻工作者训练课程,也没财经新闻这一科,所以对财经一向是很陌生的。
直到我做记者的第二年,才下决心搞财经。
实际上,我开始时研究的是经济,后来发现经济的范围太广,不易专精,乃决定研究一个课题“英国殖民地政府怎样控制殖民地的经济”。 在对这个课题进行研究后,发现除非我了解股票和股市,我是不可能澈底了解殖民地政府搜括殖民地财富的手段的。
就这样我转而研究股票。在研究过程中,我想起了那位同学的父亲的“财源”,这正符合了我的梦想,就一头栽进去,从此就没有回过头。
只要投资观念正确长期累积好股,每一个人都有可能像“游手好闲的爸爸”那样,靠股息生活。
这个故事,宛如一颗芝蔴般大小的种子,这枚叫股票的种子在我心中发芽、生根、长大,使我跟股票,一辈子结了不解之缘。
话说1960年我高中毕业后,深感英文程度不够,难以觅职,就进入一间补习性质的学院去读英文。这间学院所收的,都是政府英文学校的初级文凭落第生。跟我同座的同学,是一位十六岁的小伙子,功课差得很,只是敷衍着过日子。他每天由司机载送上学,可见家境挺富裕的。
我是个超龄的穷学生,每天要替人补习两场来赚取学费,对这样的一位同学,一方面是羡慕,一方面也是好奇,就问他:“你爸爸是做什么职业的?” 他说:“他没有工作”。
我的好奇心更重了,问他:“没有工作,靠什么生活?” 他的回答更妙:“别人寄钱给他啰!” 我问:“谁寄钱给他?”。他也说不清楚,总之,他知道有人定期把钱寄到他家里,他父亲只把支票放进银行,就用之不尽了。 我真的很想弄清楚,为什么人家会寄钱给他父亲呢?
我追问得多了,大概他也想知道是怎么一回事,就回去问他母亲,然后回来告诉我:是“股票”。 他说是他祖父买的“股票”。
这是我第一次听到“股票”。根本不知道是什么东西。
后来慢慢的听懂了。原来他的祖父是一名矿家,父亲自小娇生惯养,不事生产。
他的祖父怕他的父亲没钱受苦,就买了大批的锡矿股和树胶股,遗嘱写明白不准出售,只准收股息。 那时的锡矿和树胶股股息异常丰厚,周息率十多巴仙的比比皆是。他的父亲定期收到这些锡矿和树胶公司派发的股息,过着富裕的生活。
我的兴趣,一向是文学,小学时穷追武侠小说,初中时醉心新文学,高中时嗜古文如命。
喜欢文学的人,视财经书籍为畏途,我在新加坡的新闻工作者训练课程,也没财经新闻这一科,所以对财经一向是很陌生的。
直到我做记者的第二年,才下决心搞财经。
实际上,我开始时研究的是经济,后来发现经济的范围太广,不易专精,乃决定研究一个课题“英国殖民地政府怎样控制殖民地的经济”。 在对这个课题进行研究后,发现除非我了解股票和股市,我是不可能澈底了解殖民地政府搜括殖民地财富的手段的。
就这样我转而研究股票。在研究过程中,我想起了那位同学的父亲的“财源”,这正符合了我的梦想,就一头栽进去,从此就没有回过头。
只要投资观念正确长期累积好股,每一个人都有可能像“游手好闲的爸爸”那样,靠股息生活。
股票投资 - 冯时能
不循正道 散户容易倾家荡产 (第一篇)
股票投资,一开始就抱着错误的态度,你几乎可以肯定,永远无法达到财务自主的境界。不但如此,你可能会倾家荡产。
股市对态度正确的人是金矿,对态度错误的人是坟墓。
循正道做人,也许不能出人头地,但最低限度还是个堂堂正正的人,也许对社会没有什麽值得歌颂的贡献,但最低限度不会为害社会。
循正道投资,也许收获不如你预想的那麽大,但最低限度不会使你倾家荡产,使你的家人的生活陷入水深火热之中,使你的人生之路走得更自在。
那麽,什麽是股票投资的正道,又什麽是股票投资的“左道”?
很简单“左道”就是在股市投机。
“正道”就是从商业的角度,依据基本面进行投资。股票投资者如果一开始就对股市存着错误的观念,以为可以在股市快捷致富,那麽,他的下场,几乎肯定是悲惨的。
如果你以为股市是个做无本生意的地方--可以靠“对敲”致富,而且上了“对敲”的瘾,那麽,你已患上软骨症,永远站不起来。
如果你存着一种想法:可以击败股市,那麽你是自讨苦吃,因为你已成为孙悟空,永远跳不出股市这个如来佛的手掌,最後必然是来也空空,去也空空。
而导致“左道”投资者无法抬头的最主要原因,是因为股市的游戏,是“零数游戏”(ZERO SUM GAME),是因为不存在的价值,最终一定会消失无踪,是因为财富的创造,必须建立在价值的创造上。作为经济的一部份,作为商业的一环,股票价值不能无中生有。无中生有如果存在,也只能是昙花一现,--晚上开花,太阳还没有升上来就枯萎了。
股票市场,实在是个天才的发明,但是,演变到今天,已逐渐变质,成为最大的赌场--大马百万的“股友”,美其名为“投资者”,实际上,绝大多数是“赌友”--抱着“搏一搏”的心理进场,股票是筹码,跟它所代表的资产和业务脱节。“赌友”们的普遍态度是“管他是好股还是坏股,只要会起,就是好股”。大部份人不了解公司,也没有兴趣去研究,他们把重点放在股市,不投向公司,投向股价,不投向基本面。
我目击数以万计的PN4公司的股东,亏掉了数百亿令吉的血汗钱,而其中绝大部份是散户。我发现散户们在股市一错再错--屡战屡败。我为他们惋惜。身为散户之一,我很幸运我找到了自己的道路,我坚持循正道而行。股票改变了我的命运,我希望有更多人分享我的心得,所以我写了“30年股票投资心得”。一书,最近又在吉隆坡、槟城和新山主持心得分享会,惟一的目的,就是希望有更多的人分享我的心得,减少股票投资的错误。
买股票就是买股份 (第2篇)
最简单的道理,常常也是最基本及最重要的。
就以股票投资来说,很少人去想过一个很简单的问题;股票是什么?
在开始投资之前,首先要建立正确的投资观念,循正道而行,表面上看起来,这样做很老土,实际上这是最有效,最稳当的途径。
如果你一开始就持着错误的态度,以为在股市中投机可以致富,那么,你在股市越久,亏得越多,跟财富绝缘。所以,要走上投资正道,第一件要做的,就是要知道“股票”是什么?
“股票”也者,就是股份的票据,你参加一家公司的股份,公司的股份注册处,发给你一纸证书,证明你在这家公司拥有的股份额,这张证书,就是“股份”。这种情形,就好像土地局发给你一张地契,证明你在该段土地的拥有权一样。如果你拥有一间屋子的话,你不妨拿出屋子的地契来看一看,你一定会发现,发展商把一段很大的土地,分割为数以千计的小段,你的屋子占有其中的一小段。同样的,一家有限公司的股份,可能是一亿令吉,分为一亿股,每股一令吉,如果你投资100令吉在这家公司(在股市,每100股为一个交易单位)你就是持有这家公司100股的股份,在过去,公司注册处发给你一张证书,证明你的股份额,这就是股票,其性质跟地契证明你是屋地的拥有者没有两样。现在由于实施无票制,由中央存票处登记你的股份额,股东已看不到“票”了,但拥有权更有保障,因为股份纪录是在中立的中央存票处保持,上市公司的董事无法做手脚,居心不良者无法印假股票。
明乎此,你就不难理解:买股票就是买公司的股份。股票代表公司的资产及业务,就好像地契代表土地一样。这个观念的建立,是非常重要的,我可以说,这也是股票投资的成败关键所在。
没有确立这个观念,你很难在股市投资成功。
所以,投资者一定要时刻记住“买股票就是买公司的股份”这句话,每一次在买进之前,都提醒自己:我是在买进这家公司的股份,不是买进赌桌上的筹码。在认识清楚买股票就是买股份之后,你整个投资景观就完全改变了。
买进股份后,你就是该公司的股东,换句话说,你是跟数以千计,万计完全不认识的人,合股做生意。
有限公司分为两大类:私人有限公司和公共有限公司。
两者的区别有二:
(1)私人公司股东少,公共公司股东多(上市公司必须有25%的股份分散在小股东手中,最少要有1千名每名持有不少过100股的小股东)。
(2)上市公共公司的股份可以在股市,通过拍卖制转让。其他方面的分别不大。
假如你跟几个朋友组织一家私人有限公司从事某种生意的话,你占有10%股权,如果意见不合,或是你急需现金以济燃眉之急,或是公司表现欠佳,你很难退股,我有一些跟人合股做生意的朋友,就面对这样的困境。如果他所参股的是上市公共公司(公共公司也有不上市的),他只要给经纪打一个电话就“退股”了,不必看大股东的脸色。
我曾有许多参股私人有限公司的机会,都不加以考虑,就是不想受大股东的气。
另一个重要的理由,是950家上市公司任由我选择参股,何必做无权过问的私人有限公司的小股东?
在了解到你不是在买一张“票”,而是在买公司的股份,那么,在参股之前,你就会问:
这家公司做的是什么生意?
这门生意有前途吗?
什么人在主持这家公司的业务?
这个人是否精明能干?
是否诚实可靠?
是正派做生意,还是藉做生意来刮股东的钱?
这家公司的财务情况如何?
是否有负债?
如果负债很高,目前的生意是否有足够的CASH FLOW 来还本还息?
公司是否有长远的发展蓝图?
你要知道,公司的拥有权和管理权是分开的。你把公司的经营权交给董事部,除了常年股东大会及重要事项需要你的批准之外,平常你是无权过问公司的营运的(否则,天下会大乱,职员无所适从)。所以,你最好购买你对公司领导层有信心的公司的股份,否则,吃亏的是你自己。
记住,买股票就是买股份,也就是参股于有关公司,所以,在参股之前,一定要对有关公司有深入的了解。参股之前,勤做功课,是投票投资成功的最基本条件。
不了解你的公司,就不要参股,就好像你不知道你的朋友做的是什么生意,就不要跟他合股做生意一样。参股於公共公司要比跟朋友合股做生意更谨慎,因为你是跟陌生人合股做生意。
股票投资风险有多高? (第3篇)
提到股票投资,一般人的反应是:股市是赌场,风险很高。
再询问你身边买过股票的人,你会发现,十之八九亏本,赚钱的不到十之一,二。更使人好奇的是:既然如此,何以仍有人前仆后继?
我想股市的魅力,就是在它的变幻莫测,越难以捉摸的东西,吸引力越大。在股市中,每一个交易都是一个挑战,每一次的交易,盈亏都是个未知数,就好像进入赌场的人,有下注就有赢钱的希望一样,所以,尽管明知十赌九输,仍乐此不倦。我曾经询问在股市中投机的朋友,屡战屡败,何以仍不离开股市,他们也无法解释。
更令人感到惊奇的是:在股市中失手的,不少是受过高等教育的专业人士,他们在专业的岗位上,精明能干,但进入股市,总是铩羽而归,似乎知识并无助于提高胜算。跟别的投资管道,尤其是购买房地产相比,股票投资的风险,肯定比较高,有多高?我的答案是:不会比做生意的风险更高。
在“买股票就是买股份”一文中,我已经说得很清楚:买股票就是买公司的股份,买进一家公司的股份,就是投资于有关公司。很明显的,购买股份的风险,就等于有关公司的生意的风险。如果说买股票没有风险的话,那是痴人说梦话。大家都知道,做生意一定会面对风险。有赚无亏的生意,少之又少,即使用,当所有的人趋之若鹜时,这门生意的竞争激烈了,赚率会逐步下降,最后那些管理不当或资金不够雄厚的业者,会面对亏蚀,最后是被淘汰,优胜劣败,在商场中尤其明显。既然买股份就是跟数以万计的陌生人合股做生意,则股份的风险,其实就等于生意的风险。所以,买股票的风险,不会比直接做生意的风险更高。因为你的股份所代表的就是企业的业务。企业经营成功,你的股份的价值跟着上升,企业经营失败,你的股份的价值跟着贬值。如果是企业一蹶不振,就好像整百家被列为PN4的公司那样,股份的价值可能是一文不值。不过,在有限公司下,作为小股东,“O”是你的亏蚀的极限,即使公司的资产沦为负数,也不至于连累你。
假如你是直接做生意,是私人有限公司的大股东,银行要你对贷款,提供个人担保的话,当公司负债高过资产时,你仍无法脱身。作为小股东,你所承担的风险,实际上比私人公司或合股企业的大股东更低。股份(我不喜欢用“股票”两个字,因为容易误导人)的价值,既然是决定于公司的成败,或是决定于生意的成败,则作为小股东,只要选择购买生意成功的公司的股份,自然而然的就可以赚到钱,其理至明,看起来非常简单,照理是在股市赚钱并不是困难的事,为什么那么多人亏本?
我想主要的原因为:
①大部份人在买进时,根本对有关公司的基本面--业务、结构、盈利、管理层结构、财务情况、前景等等,一无所知。他们在买进时,只关心有关股票会不会被炒起,公司的好坏,对他们来说,并不重要。对他们来说,会涨价的就是好股,不会涨价,好股有何用?他们根本没有参股的念头,他是在买赌桌上的筹码,所以常常买进没有前途的公司的股票,股票价值不断下降,怎能赚钱。
②高价买进劣股,后果自然是悲惨的。在购买股份时,即使是好的公司,如果售价太高,也很难赚钱,何况是高价买进坏股?大家千万不要忘记,投资赚钱与否,跟你的成本息息相关,成本太高,即使是好的公司的股份,也要很长的时间才能赚回来钱,何况是买坏股?参加私人公司的股份,或是自己做生意,你从事的是一个行业,更准确的是一个行业中的一家公司,你是孤注一掷,如果生意失败,你将失去一切。购买上市公司的股份,你可以进行多元化投资。在大马股票交易所上市的公司多达950家,只要你腾出一点业余的时间,进行研究,严加选择,你总可以从中选出十家八家有成长潜能的公司,把资金分散在十家不同行业的公司,其风险肯定比投注于一家公司的风险为低。因为,股票投资的风险,不应比直接投资于生意来得更高。
从以上的分析,我们可以得出结论:
①股票投资的风险,源自企业的失败,叫“企业风险”。
②来自股价的下跌--买价太高。高价买好股,尚且难赚钱;何况高价买劣股。我在“30年股票投资心得”一书中所提出的“冷眼方程式--反向+成长+时间=财富”,就是治本之道。凡是投资,都有风险,股票投资的风险是无法避免的,就好像做生意无法避免风险一样。但若坚守冷眼方程式,循正道而行,可减低风险。
股市赚钱不靠“炒” (第4篇)
最近在首都举行的一个投资展览会中,无意间听到这样的对话:投资者问:“贵公司的股票价格何以不会起?”有关上市公司董事答:“因为没有人炒作。”该名董事的意思是说:股票的涨价,要靠炒作,而不是靠业绩表现的不健康想法,就难怪广大的投资者,都作如是想了。
实际上,该公司每股每年只赚二发,以当时RM1.10的市价,本益比高达55倍(即55年才能赚回本钱),稍有投资头脑的人都会同意,合理的本益比为10倍(10年回本),55倍的本益比高得离谱,该公司的股价已被高估,不起是正常,如股份上升,是属反常。
大部分股票投资者都对股票投资存有错误的观念,即惟有买到有人炒作的股票,才有可能赚钱,所以他们天天都在寻求有可能被“炒”起的股票,对于公司的基本面,不屑一顾。普遍的想法是:好股没人炒,不会涨价,有什么用?倒不如有人炒作的坏股,在最短的时间内暴涨,既赚钱,又刺激,不欲快哉!这种投机心理,使散户将注意力,集中在“消息”上,只要听到某股将被炒的谣言,就不假思索,马上大买特买,为较早时静悄悄地在熊市中,低价累积了大批股票的炒家,制造了高价脱售股票的机会,散户最终成为装满劣股的垃圾桶,哀哉!没有一个炒家会笨到,未买够股票就放出“消息”的,所以,散户听到“消息”时实际上股价已近颠峰,此散户永远成为输家的原因之一。
炒家的招数,层出不穷,套套新鲜,其中之一的杀手战是在极短的时间内使股价暴跌30%,到了交易所规定的跌幅极限,措手不及的散户,根本没有脱售的机会,炒家要“玩残”散户,易如反掌,此为散户屡战屡败的原因之二。在950家上市公司中,被炒家点中的,不到一巴仙,散户买到此娄股票的机会微之又微,99%散户无法受益,此为散户无法靠“炒”股赚钱的原因之三。
散户既然不能靠“炒”,又靠什么在股市赚钱?答案是:靠公司的业绩表现。
散户一定要建立一个信念:即“短期来说,股价可能跟公司的业绩表现脱节,但长期来说,股价必然反映公司的业绩。”只要公司有良好的业绩表现,股价必然上升。如果一个企业的盈利,长期保持上升的趋势,股价必然亦步亦趋。
业绩改善,股价随之,这种现象,屡试不爽。靠基本面的改善而使股价上升,这种赚钱法,比靠“炒”更有把握。所以,散户与其去听谣言,找“炒”股,倒不如多化心思去找业绩可能改善的公司,买进其股票,长期持有,这是股市赚钱的更可靠途径。
做生意的目的,是赚钱,我们没有必要投资于不能赚钱的公司,其理至明。但大部份人在买进股票之前,都忘记了他们是在买公司的股份,他们把注意力集中在股价,忽略了基本面。实际上价值是“末”,基本面才是“本”,多数人失败在舍本逐末。
谈到公司的盈利,许多人的观念非常模糊,不知如何去判断。例如有人听到一家公司赚3千万令吉,就眉飞色舞,认为这是家了不起的公司。实际上,若不跟资本挂钩,3千万令吉这个数字是没有多大意义的。假如这家公司的资本是10亿令吉的话,一年赚3千万令吉,有什么值得提的?它还比不上银行定存的利息回酬。
所以,最重要的数字是每股净和(Earning Per Share,简称EPS)。这是评估股票价值中最重要的数字。投资者把注意力集中在这个数字上,永远错不了。所谓“成长股”,就是EPS年年增加的公司。有了EPS,我们可以轻而易举的评会估股价是否过高。以EPS去除股价,得出本益比,例如:EPS:RM0.30,股价RM1.50,则本益比为RM1.50÷RM0.30 = 5。本益比就是赚回本钱所需的年数(见“30年股票投资心得”对本益比有详细论述!可参考)。通常10倍的本益比是属合理。但如果公司没有什么成长,最好取8倍的本益比,成长快速的公司,本益比可达15倍。每EPS RM0.30的公司,以8倍的本益比计算,合理股价为RM0.30X8= RM2.40,如果目前的股价为RM1.50,值得买进。以这种方法预测股价,比在股市投机取巧,有更高的把握。必须强调的是EPS或本益比只是评估的标准之一,投资者还要配合其他的因素,才能作出较为正确的投资决定。
例如,另一项极为重要的是,是“成长”,遵循冷眼方程式,低价买进成长股,长期持有,准错不了。根据基本面,聚焦于EPS,注重成长,使股价跟着股票的价值上升,这种赚钱法,比靠“炒”赚钱更有把握,风险也更低。有意于通过股票累积财富的投资者,应摒弃“炒”风,永不投机。
刻舟求剑要不得 (第5篇)
我写股票投资专栏,写了三十多年,我的主张,三十年不变,其中之一就是反对投机,主张长期投资。
我最近出版的“30年股票投资心得”一书,最后一篇为“一万如何变百万”,我举了五个例子:马来亚银行、大众银行、丰隆贷款、OYL和东方实业,证明长期投资,可以致富。
买进这五家公司的股票,平均收藏30年,一万令吉可以变成一百万令吉。我以30年为标准,是假设一个人由25岁开始工作,到55岁退休,刚好工作了30年。假设他在进入职场投资一万令吉于上述五家公司之一,到他退休时他已是百万富翁。
最近我与一个做律师的朋友用午餐,他告诉我他20年前花数万令吉买进一批云顶的股票,收藏了一两个月卖掉,赚了一万多令吉,他高兴得不得了,假如他收藏至今,这批股票价值超过三百万令吉。
10年前,他在机场遇见一名银行家,该银行家对他说:假如他投资10万令吉于该银行的股票,他退休时将有足够的钱渡晚年。他听从该银行家的话,以10万令吉买进该银行的一批股票,紧握不放,10年后的今天,该批股票价值一百万令吉。这名曾在股市翻过筋斗的前辈律师的结论是:长期投资是致富的最佳途径。
大家知道,跟陈水扁争台湾总统宝座的连战,是台湾富豪之一,身家数十亿,我最近看到一份有关他发迹的资料,令我感到惊异的是连战并不像王永庆等人有自己的事业,他的家族只是买进好股及地点优良的地皮,紧握不放,经数十年,靠股票与地产的增值成为巨富。
由于我一而再地强调长期投资,就给人一个错误的印象,就是我主张买进一万令吉的股票后,锁在保险箱,不理不睬,30年后打开保险箱,发现他已成为百万富翁。这个印象,似乎已深入人心,牢不可破。
我最近在吉隆坡、槟城和新山举行免费的股票投资心得分享会,目的是要跟大家分享我30年的投资心得,希望有助于散户减少错误。在分享会上,不断的有人质疑紧握股票30年,是不是明智之举。读者这样质疑,是无可厚非的,因为纪录显示,在30年中能保持技续成长纪录的公司,少之又少,我所举的五个例子,是非常特殊,也是“极品”股。
在 900多家上市公司中,在30年后,有可能成为“一万变百万”的公司,毕竟是少之又少,不是每一个投资者都有那么神奇的眼光,或是那么好的运气,买到这种股票。在30年的漫长岁月中,许多公司经不起考验,早已消失无踪,近年来百家上市公司被列为PN4,就是很好的例证。假如你买到这样的公司,早已血本无归,更不要说“一万变百万”了。照这样说法,我岂不是自打嘴吧?
请允许我先在这里讲一个小故事:古代有一个楚国人,坐船过河,船行至河中央,他一不小心,背着的一把剑掉进河里,他马上在利剑落水的船边,做了一个记号,船靠岸后,他才从记号的地方下水找剑。问题是船继续前进,剑却留在落水的地方,两者相距已数里,他当然找不到剑,这个故事的成语叫“刻舟求剑”。
股票投资,最忌刻舟求剑。股票就是公司的股份,好比是船。公司做生意,好比渡河的船,不断的前进,不断的在变化,剑好比是公司的盈利。当我们买进公司的股份时,我们是根据当时的环境来预测公司的盈利。如果环境保持不变的话,我们所预测的盈利当然会准确地出现。就好像我们在剑落水的地方,下水找剑,当然找到剑。
但是,影响公司业务的环境,天天在变,盈利可能受到冲击,公司不但没钱赚,可能还蒙受亏蚀,就好像船已前进,你下水找剑,自然是空手而回。这说明了,你买进公司的股份之后,一定要贴身跟踪公司的业务进展,切不可置之不理。如果你发现公司持续不断地成长,就好像马来亚银行、大众银行、丰隆贷款、OYL和东方实业一样,而且以后也还会成长下去,那么你就紧握你的股票不卖,不要说30年,即使50年、60年也可以,西方不是有许多百年公司,还在继续成长吗?
长守这样的公司的股票,比短期买进卖出,赚得更多。丹斯郑鸿标、丹斯里林梧桐、丹斯里李莱生的家族、郭鹤年、丹斯里李深静、丹斯里郭令灿等就是这样成为富豪的。
但是,假如你发现,你持有股份的公司的业务,因环境的变动而日走下坡,而且在可以预见的将来,没有复苏的可能,那么,你再守下去,就是“刻舟求剑”,不但赚不到钱,而且会血本无归,就好像过河客永远找不到他的剑一样。
所以,长期投资的倡议是对的,投资30年的理念也没错,但是,必须配合有效的股票组合管理才有效果,如果一味死守、呆守、守株待兔,兔子已死,守之作么?如果你发现环境已变,公司已没有前途,不要说赚钱,即使亏本也要脱售,否则你会亏得更多更惨。
所以,买进时应作长期投资的打算,但要逐季、逐年检讨,不可置之不理。“长期投资”由数个月至数十年,是否继续投资下去,不应由时间,而应由公司的表现决定。你买进时不妨作终身投资的打算,但是假如股市疯狂,股价被推至极为离谱的高价,你再不出售,你就不是股票投资的料子。
股票生活化 (第6篇)
大部分股票投资者对上市公司,感到陌生,他们觉得,股票跟他们的生活,没有什么关系。
实际上,股票跟我们的生活,甚至我们的人生,息息相关。我可以说,大部分人生活中的大部分时间,都与股票有关。
让我们看看一名普通受薪职员每天的生活,是怎样渡过的。
早上他一觉醒来,第一件事就是开灯,电流是由上市的国家能源,独立发电厂马拉卡夫或杨忠礼电力等上市公司供应的,其他供应电力的上市公司还有砂越企业,丹绒,环球等。他是洗脸,洗脸的自来水不是由上市公司高峰,达力,联熹公用,槟州水供,或是英丹,其中一家公司供应的,这就要看他是住在那一州那一市而定。梳洗之后,他吃早餐,如果他吃谷类的话,他多数吃雀巢的产品,喝雀巢出产的美碌,阿华田,或是喝子母牌的鲜奶,或是花莎尼生产的炼奶,也许他会在美碌中加上炼奶,那么他已用了两家上市公司的产品。如果他时间很匆忙,要赶着去开会,也许他会吃在数分钟就能准备好的快熟面,那么,他可能吃了妈咪大宝达,杨协成或是雀巢的美极快熟面,吃饱后再喝一杯雀巢的咖啡精,也跟上市公司脱离不了关系。吃早餐时,他觉得他应该增加营养,於是吃了两粒安利的营养丸,安利这家美国公司,是直销业的泰斗,股息非常丰厚。他一面吃早餐,一面翻阅当天的报纸他受过中英文教育,所以他订阅由上市公司南洋报业出版的南洋商报和星报出版社出版的星报,有时他也看新海峡时报和中国报,作为执行人员,他在上班前一定看中英文报的经济版,放工回家后才读社会新闻和政治新闻,当然,他也注意股票行情,因为他持有一些上市公司的股票。当他被一则股票新闻吸引时,他的妻子来催促他上班。他匆匆提了公事包,进入他的普腾赛佳,他的车当然是由国产汽车控股公司生产的,这家上市公司正面对东协关税措施实行后,入口车降价的挑战,能在群车围剿中脱颖而出吗?国产车总经销在将资产分发给股东后,由於已不再是国产车的总经销商,正在努力寻求别种牌子的代理权,企图成为汽车的超级市场,前途如何?他把车驾离家园时,注意到车子的保险快到期,他还没有决定向太平洋与东方,澄心亚洲,丰隆保险(属丰隆贷款)等上市公司那一间公司购买保险。看一看油表,他知道油箱的汽油已不多,他把车子驾进国油贸易的油站,加满了油再上道。国油贸易是国家石油公司的子公司,是一只蓝筹股,他拥有这家公司的股票。不过,有时他也向其他上市公司蚬壳,埃索的油站添油,看他车在何处而定。他沿着由金务大的子公司环城控股所拥有的白沙罗浦种大道,再进入由八打灵通往吉隆坡的SPRINT,前往於首都黄金三角的办公室,沿途经过上市产业公司成隆机构的总部成隆楼,雪兰莪产业(SelangorProp)开发的白沙罗高原。进入惹兰敦依斯迈后,黄金三角出现在眼前,他看到了森那美大厦,由辉百控制的沙里顿酒店,由拉昔胡申公司发展,目前暂时搁置的宏景城,怡保花园拥有一半股权的礼那申酒店,郭鹤年的香格里拉酒店,由贸易机构(前称国企)拥有的珍珠酒店,龙马控股的金河广场,杨忠礼机构拥有的Lot10,星山和J.W玛丽奥酒店,毅成拥有的威斯汀酒店和激成的办公大厦,成功集团的吉隆坡广场和成功时代广场。望向安邦路,他可以看到新近上市的城中城产业以及由亚太置地拥有的帝国塔楼和公主酒店,当然,他也有到位於拉查朱兰的莫实德大厦。这些都是上市公司的地标。进入办公室后,他拿出一叠由金狮森林工业制造的书写纸,草拟一份业务报告。金狮拥有的沙巴森林工业是大马惟一以树桐制成纸浆,再制成高级书写纸的企业。他打开由上市公司1公司制造的电脑,通过电邮与在外国谈生意的同事沟通,他知道他用到多家大马自动报价市场的上市公司提供的资讯服务,他感谢这些高科技公司,解决他在处理业务,储存资料方面所面对的困扰。他通过数码网络或明讯的手机服务或电讯公司的有线电话,跟他的顾客保持联络,完成多宗交易之后,午餐时间到,他感到有点疲倦,而用餐时间不多,他信步走进附近的肯德基快餐店,叫了一份炸鸡,他知道,他填满了肚子,而这家上市公司又做了一笔小生意。当天下午,他向老板作了一份汇报,又与同事开了两个小时会议,会议冗长又枯燥,他想打瞌睡,乃叫冲茶的阿婶给他来一杯雀巢的咖啡精,以提一提神,因为中秋将至,他叫人买了些大同酒家的月饼,作为茶果,使会议多了点人情味。下班时,已是万家灯火,他回到温暖的家,吃着由国家稻米公司的入口白米煮成的香喷喷白饭,配以太太亲手煮出来的菜肴,见到在英迪学院深造的儿子在勤力做功课,他感到心满意足,於是扭开了Astro的娱乐节目,欣赏凤凰台的人物访谈,有时也扭开由新海峡集团拥有的TV3,听新闻报告。
从这人一天的生活,我们可以看出,股票为上市公司的股份,而上市公司所提供的,正是我们日常生活中所需要的东西或服务,将股票抽象化是投资者最易犯的毛病。
假如你在应用这些公司所提供的服务,或是所生产的产品时,立刻将有关上市公司的资料包括业务、资本、业绩等在脑海中温习一次,久而久之,你就会对大部分的上市公司,了如指掌,这将有助於你在投资股票时,作出更明智的选择。
为什么不能等三年? (完结篇)
●你买了一间屋子,由跟发展商签约到发展商交屋给你,前后三年,你觉得这是理所当然的事,三年的等待,你觉得一点也不长。在这期间,你没有分文收入,却定期的给银行利息,你也毫无怨言。
●你买了一百英亩的荒地,开辟为油棕园,由伐木、烧芭、开路挖沟,育苗,种植,除草,施肥,整整忙了三年,才看到棕果出现,收成仍不足以维持开支,再等两年,棕果渐丰,油棕园的收支才达到平衡,仍没钱赚。这已是第五个年头了。忙了五年,只有付出,没有收入,你不以为苦,因为你知道那是赚钱无可避免的途径。
●你买了五十亩的地,是树胶园,属农业地,你要把它发展为住宅区,於是你向土地局申请将农业地转为屋地,再将屋地分割为五、六百段每段20′× 75′的屋地,以兴建五,六百间排屋出售。分割后为每段屋地申请个别地契,请绘测师设计屋子的图样,请工程师计算成本,请承包商承建屋子,由市场部登广告出售屋子,跟银行接洽融资问题,屋子建筑过程中要处理许多附近居民的申诉,要按期向购屋者收款,到领到入伙纸,把屋交给购屋者,由购买土地到交屋收工,前后长达五年,总算钱赚到了手。作为发展商,你认为以五年的时间赚钱,是正常的,是合理的,你耐心地等待,从无怨言。
●你是一名中小型企业家,你有制造某种产品的经验,过去你是为别人管理公司的,现在决定自己创业,你决定建一间工厂,你从调查市场,向银行接洽借款,寻找厂地,设计厂房,招聘员工,装置机器,试验生产,到产品推入市场,从策划到产品出现在百货公司的货架上,前后三年,再苦撑两年,才开始有盈利,那已是第五个年头了。你认为这是创业的正常过程,你心甘情愿与你的事业同行五年,毫无怨言。
●你是开药剂店的,你决定在城市的另一区,开一间分店,为来自该区的顾客服务,从寻找店铺,装修,聘请药剂师,筹备开张,到正式做生意,前后也要一年半。以上的五个例子--买屋子收租,开辟油棕园,建屋出售,从事工业,开零售店,从筹备到赚钱,快则一年半,慢则五年,业者从无怨言,因为他们了解,做任何事业,都需要时间,绝对没有一蹴即成这回事。
以上的五个例子有一个共同点,那就是投入资金,希望赚取合理的利润,这叫“投资”,业者除了知道投资需要时间外,他们也接受一个事实,即凡是投资,都有风险,没有任何投资是没有风险的,风险是他们赚取比银行定存更高的利润所面付出的代价。
投资者接受两项事实:
①投资需要时间才能赚到利润,没有捷径可操。
②凡投资都有风险,风险的高低常与利润成正比。
股票投资,是许许多多投资管道之一,为什么投资者不能接受以上的两项事实。
做事业,你可以等三、五年,股票投资为什么不能等三、五年?绝大部份的股票投资者,都希望今天买进,明天就卖出,赚取暴利。假如你告诉他,低价买进好股,持握三年,可以赚钱,他们觉得时间太长,难以接受。为什么买屋子可以等三年,买股票却不能?为什么肯化五年的时间去完成一项建屋计划,等油棕成熟,等工业产生利润,为什么股票投资不肯等五年?为什么肯化一年半的时间去开一间药剂店分行,买股票却不愿等一年半载?
股票就是公司的股份,跟合资买屋,参股种油棕,建屋,开工厂,开药剂店分行没有两样,你拥有股份的上市公司,跟你所参股的别的私人公司一样,需要时间去完成业务,才能赚到钱,为什么你用不一样的态度去对待同样的股份?这种态度合理吗?
投资生意有赚有亏,做生意的人坦然面对,无怨无尤。你持有股份的上市公司也是在做生意,当然也是有赚有亏,投资者为什么不能忍受亏蚀,为什么不能接受可能亏蚀的事实而怨无尤人?
上市公司多达950家,任你挑选参股的对象,你因为无知,因为贪婪,因为听信谣言,而参股於错误的企业,岂能完全归咎於股市?你自己没有责任吗?大多数股票每年的股价波动幅度由数十巴仙至数百巴仙不等,你在低价时不买,高价时抢进,亏了本,不怨自己怨别人,合理吗?参股做生意,例如合股种油棕,六、七年之后才可能分红,买棕油股,当年就可分到股息,不是更合算吗?在做任何事情失败后,多数人只怨别人,把责任推在别人或环境身上,能自我反省的人少之又少。
股票投资也一样,亏了本不是怨股市,就是怨别人使奸用诈,从来不检讨自己失败的原因。我再问:买屋子可以等三年,为什么买股票不能等三年?
股票投资,一开始就抱着错误的态度,你几乎可以肯定,永远无法达到财务自主的境界。不但如此,你可能会倾家荡产。
股市对态度正确的人是金矿,对态度错误的人是坟墓。
循正道做人,也许不能出人头地,但最低限度还是个堂堂正正的人,也许对社会没有什麽值得歌颂的贡献,但最低限度不会为害社会。
循正道投资,也许收获不如你预想的那麽大,但最低限度不会使你倾家荡产,使你的家人的生活陷入水深火热之中,使你的人生之路走得更自在。
那麽,什麽是股票投资的正道,又什麽是股票投资的“左道”?
很简单“左道”就是在股市投机。
“正道”就是从商业的角度,依据基本面进行投资。股票投资者如果一开始就对股市存着错误的观念,以为可以在股市快捷致富,那麽,他的下场,几乎肯定是悲惨的。
如果你以为股市是个做无本生意的地方--可以靠“对敲”致富,而且上了“对敲”的瘾,那麽,你已患上软骨症,永远站不起来。
如果你存着一种想法:可以击败股市,那麽你是自讨苦吃,因为你已成为孙悟空,永远跳不出股市这个如来佛的手掌,最後必然是来也空空,去也空空。
而导致“左道”投资者无法抬头的最主要原因,是因为股市的游戏,是“零数游戏”(ZERO SUM GAME),是因为不存在的价值,最终一定会消失无踪,是因为财富的创造,必须建立在价值的创造上。作为经济的一部份,作为商业的一环,股票价值不能无中生有。无中生有如果存在,也只能是昙花一现,--晚上开花,太阳还没有升上来就枯萎了。
股票市场,实在是个天才的发明,但是,演变到今天,已逐渐变质,成为最大的赌场--大马百万的“股友”,美其名为“投资者”,实际上,绝大多数是“赌友”--抱着“搏一搏”的心理进场,股票是筹码,跟它所代表的资产和业务脱节。“赌友”们的普遍态度是“管他是好股还是坏股,只要会起,就是好股”。大部份人不了解公司,也没有兴趣去研究,他们把重点放在股市,不投向公司,投向股价,不投向基本面。
我目击数以万计的PN4公司的股东,亏掉了数百亿令吉的血汗钱,而其中绝大部份是散户。我发现散户们在股市一错再错--屡战屡败。我为他们惋惜。身为散户之一,我很幸运我找到了自己的道路,我坚持循正道而行。股票改变了我的命运,我希望有更多人分享我的心得,所以我写了“30年股票投资心得”。一书,最近又在吉隆坡、槟城和新山主持心得分享会,惟一的目的,就是希望有更多的人分享我的心得,减少股票投资的错误。
买股票就是买股份 (第2篇)
最简单的道理,常常也是最基本及最重要的。
就以股票投资来说,很少人去想过一个很简单的问题;股票是什么?
在开始投资之前,首先要建立正确的投资观念,循正道而行,表面上看起来,这样做很老土,实际上这是最有效,最稳当的途径。
如果你一开始就持着错误的态度,以为在股市中投机可以致富,那么,你在股市越久,亏得越多,跟财富绝缘。所以,要走上投资正道,第一件要做的,就是要知道“股票”是什么?
“股票”也者,就是股份的票据,你参加一家公司的股份,公司的股份注册处,发给你一纸证书,证明你在这家公司拥有的股份额,这张证书,就是“股份”。这种情形,就好像土地局发给你一张地契,证明你在该段土地的拥有权一样。如果你拥有一间屋子的话,你不妨拿出屋子的地契来看一看,你一定会发现,发展商把一段很大的土地,分割为数以千计的小段,你的屋子占有其中的一小段。同样的,一家有限公司的股份,可能是一亿令吉,分为一亿股,每股一令吉,如果你投资100令吉在这家公司(在股市,每100股为一个交易单位)你就是持有这家公司100股的股份,在过去,公司注册处发给你一张证书,证明你的股份额,这就是股票,其性质跟地契证明你是屋地的拥有者没有两样。现在由于实施无票制,由中央存票处登记你的股份额,股东已看不到“票”了,但拥有权更有保障,因为股份纪录是在中立的中央存票处保持,上市公司的董事无法做手脚,居心不良者无法印假股票。
明乎此,你就不难理解:买股票就是买公司的股份。股票代表公司的资产及业务,就好像地契代表土地一样。这个观念的建立,是非常重要的,我可以说,这也是股票投资的成败关键所在。
没有确立这个观念,你很难在股市投资成功。
所以,投资者一定要时刻记住“买股票就是买公司的股份”这句话,每一次在买进之前,都提醒自己:我是在买进这家公司的股份,不是买进赌桌上的筹码。在认识清楚买股票就是买股份之后,你整个投资景观就完全改变了。
买进股份后,你就是该公司的股东,换句话说,你是跟数以千计,万计完全不认识的人,合股做生意。
有限公司分为两大类:私人有限公司和公共有限公司。
两者的区别有二:
(1)私人公司股东少,公共公司股东多(上市公司必须有25%的股份分散在小股东手中,最少要有1千名每名持有不少过100股的小股东)。
(2)上市公共公司的股份可以在股市,通过拍卖制转让。其他方面的分别不大。
假如你跟几个朋友组织一家私人有限公司从事某种生意的话,你占有10%股权,如果意见不合,或是你急需现金以济燃眉之急,或是公司表现欠佳,你很难退股,我有一些跟人合股做生意的朋友,就面对这样的困境。如果他所参股的是上市公共公司(公共公司也有不上市的),他只要给经纪打一个电话就“退股”了,不必看大股东的脸色。
我曾有许多参股私人有限公司的机会,都不加以考虑,就是不想受大股东的气。
另一个重要的理由,是950家上市公司任由我选择参股,何必做无权过问的私人有限公司的小股东?
在了解到你不是在买一张“票”,而是在买公司的股份,那么,在参股之前,你就会问:
这家公司做的是什么生意?
这门生意有前途吗?
什么人在主持这家公司的业务?
这个人是否精明能干?
是否诚实可靠?
是正派做生意,还是藉做生意来刮股东的钱?
这家公司的财务情况如何?
是否有负债?
如果负债很高,目前的生意是否有足够的CASH FLOW 来还本还息?
公司是否有长远的发展蓝图?
你要知道,公司的拥有权和管理权是分开的。你把公司的经营权交给董事部,除了常年股东大会及重要事项需要你的批准之外,平常你是无权过问公司的营运的(否则,天下会大乱,职员无所适从)。所以,你最好购买你对公司领导层有信心的公司的股份,否则,吃亏的是你自己。
记住,买股票就是买股份,也就是参股于有关公司,所以,在参股之前,一定要对有关公司有深入的了解。参股之前,勤做功课,是投票投资成功的最基本条件。
不了解你的公司,就不要参股,就好像你不知道你的朋友做的是什么生意,就不要跟他合股做生意一样。参股於公共公司要比跟朋友合股做生意更谨慎,因为你是跟陌生人合股做生意。
股票投资风险有多高? (第3篇)
提到股票投资,一般人的反应是:股市是赌场,风险很高。
再询问你身边买过股票的人,你会发现,十之八九亏本,赚钱的不到十之一,二。更使人好奇的是:既然如此,何以仍有人前仆后继?
我想股市的魅力,就是在它的变幻莫测,越难以捉摸的东西,吸引力越大。在股市中,每一个交易都是一个挑战,每一次的交易,盈亏都是个未知数,就好像进入赌场的人,有下注就有赢钱的希望一样,所以,尽管明知十赌九输,仍乐此不倦。我曾经询问在股市中投机的朋友,屡战屡败,何以仍不离开股市,他们也无法解释。
更令人感到惊奇的是:在股市中失手的,不少是受过高等教育的专业人士,他们在专业的岗位上,精明能干,但进入股市,总是铩羽而归,似乎知识并无助于提高胜算。跟别的投资管道,尤其是购买房地产相比,股票投资的风险,肯定比较高,有多高?我的答案是:不会比做生意的风险更高。
在“买股票就是买股份”一文中,我已经说得很清楚:买股票就是买公司的股份,买进一家公司的股份,就是投资于有关公司。很明显的,购买股份的风险,就等于有关公司的生意的风险。如果说买股票没有风险的话,那是痴人说梦话。大家都知道,做生意一定会面对风险。有赚无亏的生意,少之又少,即使用,当所有的人趋之若鹜时,这门生意的竞争激烈了,赚率会逐步下降,最后那些管理不当或资金不够雄厚的业者,会面对亏蚀,最后是被淘汰,优胜劣败,在商场中尤其明显。既然买股份就是跟数以万计的陌生人合股做生意,则股份的风险,其实就等于生意的风险。所以,买股票的风险,不会比直接做生意的风险更高。因为你的股份所代表的就是企业的业务。企业经营成功,你的股份的价值跟着上升,企业经营失败,你的股份的价值跟着贬值。如果是企业一蹶不振,就好像整百家被列为PN4的公司那样,股份的价值可能是一文不值。不过,在有限公司下,作为小股东,“O”是你的亏蚀的极限,即使公司的资产沦为负数,也不至于连累你。
假如你是直接做生意,是私人有限公司的大股东,银行要你对贷款,提供个人担保的话,当公司负债高过资产时,你仍无法脱身。作为小股东,你所承担的风险,实际上比私人公司或合股企业的大股东更低。股份(我不喜欢用“股票”两个字,因为容易误导人)的价值,既然是决定于公司的成败,或是决定于生意的成败,则作为小股东,只要选择购买生意成功的公司的股份,自然而然的就可以赚到钱,其理至明,看起来非常简单,照理是在股市赚钱并不是困难的事,为什么那么多人亏本?
我想主要的原因为:
①大部份人在买进时,根本对有关公司的基本面--业务、结构、盈利、管理层结构、财务情况、前景等等,一无所知。他们在买进时,只关心有关股票会不会被炒起,公司的好坏,对他们来说,并不重要。对他们来说,会涨价的就是好股,不会涨价,好股有何用?他们根本没有参股的念头,他是在买赌桌上的筹码,所以常常买进没有前途的公司的股票,股票价值不断下降,怎能赚钱。
②高价买进劣股,后果自然是悲惨的。在购买股份时,即使是好的公司,如果售价太高,也很难赚钱,何况是高价买进坏股?大家千万不要忘记,投资赚钱与否,跟你的成本息息相关,成本太高,即使是好的公司的股份,也要很长的时间才能赚回来钱,何况是买坏股?参加私人公司的股份,或是自己做生意,你从事的是一个行业,更准确的是一个行业中的一家公司,你是孤注一掷,如果生意失败,你将失去一切。购买上市公司的股份,你可以进行多元化投资。在大马股票交易所上市的公司多达950家,只要你腾出一点业余的时间,进行研究,严加选择,你总可以从中选出十家八家有成长潜能的公司,把资金分散在十家不同行业的公司,其风险肯定比投注于一家公司的风险为低。因为,股票投资的风险,不应比直接投资于生意来得更高。
从以上的分析,我们可以得出结论:
①股票投资的风险,源自企业的失败,叫“企业风险”。
②来自股价的下跌--买价太高。高价买好股,尚且难赚钱;何况高价买劣股。我在“30年股票投资心得”一书中所提出的“冷眼方程式--反向+成长+时间=财富”,就是治本之道。凡是投资,都有风险,股票投资的风险是无法避免的,就好像做生意无法避免风险一样。但若坚守冷眼方程式,循正道而行,可减低风险。
股市赚钱不靠“炒” (第4篇)
最近在首都举行的一个投资展览会中,无意间听到这样的对话:投资者问:“贵公司的股票价格何以不会起?”有关上市公司董事答:“因为没有人炒作。”该名董事的意思是说:股票的涨价,要靠炒作,而不是靠业绩表现的不健康想法,就难怪广大的投资者,都作如是想了。
实际上,该公司每股每年只赚二发,以当时RM1.10的市价,本益比高达55倍(即55年才能赚回本钱),稍有投资头脑的人都会同意,合理的本益比为10倍(10年回本),55倍的本益比高得离谱,该公司的股价已被高估,不起是正常,如股份上升,是属反常。
大部分股票投资者都对股票投资存有错误的观念,即惟有买到有人炒作的股票,才有可能赚钱,所以他们天天都在寻求有可能被“炒”起的股票,对于公司的基本面,不屑一顾。普遍的想法是:好股没人炒,不会涨价,有什么用?倒不如有人炒作的坏股,在最短的时间内暴涨,既赚钱,又刺激,不欲快哉!这种投机心理,使散户将注意力,集中在“消息”上,只要听到某股将被炒的谣言,就不假思索,马上大买特买,为较早时静悄悄地在熊市中,低价累积了大批股票的炒家,制造了高价脱售股票的机会,散户最终成为装满劣股的垃圾桶,哀哉!没有一个炒家会笨到,未买够股票就放出“消息”的,所以,散户听到“消息”时实际上股价已近颠峰,此散户永远成为输家的原因之一。
炒家的招数,层出不穷,套套新鲜,其中之一的杀手战是在极短的时间内使股价暴跌30%,到了交易所规定的跌幅极限,措手不及的散户,根本没有脱售的机会,炒家要“玩残”散户,易如反掌,此为散户屡战屡败的原因之二。在950家上市公司中,被炒家点中的,不到一巴仙,散户买到此娄股票的机会微之又微,99%散户无法受益,此为散户无法靠“炒”股赚钱的原因之三。
散户既然不能靠“炒”,又靠什么在股市赚钱?答案是:靠公司的业绩表现。
散户一定要建立一个信念:即“短期来说,股价可能跟公司的业绩表现脱节,但长期来说,股价必然反映公司的业绩。”只要公司有良好的业绩表现,股价必然上升。如果一个企业的盈利,长期保持上升的趋势,股价必然亦步亦趋。
业绩改善,股价随之,这种现象,屡试不爽。靠基本面的改善而使股价上升,这种赚钱法,比靠“炒”更有把握。所以,散户与其去听谣言,找“炒”股,倒不如多化心思去找业绩可能改善的公司,买进其股票,长期持有,这是股市赚钱的更可靠途径。
做生意的目的,是赚钱,我们没有必要投资于不能赚钱的公司,其理至明。但大部份人在买进股票之前,都忘记了他们是在买公司的股份,他们把注意力集中在股价,忽略了基本面。实际上价值是“末”,基本面才是“本”,多数人失败在舍本逐末。
谈到公司的盈利,许多人的观念非常模糊,不知如何去判断。例如有人听到一家公司赚3千万令吉,就眉飞色舞,认为这是家了不起的公司。实际上,若不跟资本挂钩,3千万令吉这个数字是没有多大意义的。假如这家公司的资本是10亿令吉的话,一年赚3千万令吉,有什么值得提的?它还比不上银行定存的利息回酬。
所以,最重要的数字是每股净和(Earning Per Share,简称EPS)。这是评估股票价值中最重要的数字。投资者把注意力集中在这个数字上,永远错不了。所谓“成长股”,就是EPS年年增加的公司。有了EPS,我们可以轻而易举的评会估股价是否过高。以EPS去除股价,得出本益比,例如:EPS:RM0.30,股价RM1.50,则本益比为RM1.50÷RM0.30 = 5。本益比就是赚回本钱所需的年数(见“30年股票投资心得”对本益比有详细论述!可参考)。通常10倍的本益比是属合理。但如果公司没有什么成长,最好取8倍的本益比,成长快速的公司,本益比可达15倍。每EPS RM0.30的公司,以8倍的本益比计算,合理股价为RM0.30X8= RM2.40,如果目前的股价为RM1.50,值得买进。以这种方法预测股价,比在股市投机取巧,有更高的把握。必须强调的是EPS或本益比只是评估的标准之一,投资者还要配合其他的因素,才能作出较为正确的投资决定。
例如,另一项极为重要的是,是“成长”,遵循冷眼方程式,低价买进成长股,长期持有,准错不了。根据基本面,聚焦于EPS,注重成长,使股价跟着股票的价值上升,这种赚钱法,比靠“炒”赚钱更有把握,风险也更低。有意于通过股票累积财富的投资者,应摒弃“炒”风,永不投机。
刻舟求剑要不得 (第5篇)
我写股票投资专栏,写了三十多年,我的主张,三十年不变,其中之一就是反对投机,主张长期投资。
我最近出版的“30年股票投资心得”一书,最后一篇为“一万如何变百万”,我举了五个例子:马来亚银行、大众银行、丰隆贷款、OYL和东方实业,证明长期投资,可以致富。
买进这五家公司的股票,平均收藏30年,一万令吉可以变成一百万令吉。我以30年为标准,是假设一个人由25岁开始工作,到55岁退休,刚好工作了30年。假设他在进入职场投资一万令吉于上述五家公司之一,到他退休时他已是百万富翁。
最近我与一个做律师的朋友用午餐,他告诉我他20年前花数万令吉买进一批云顶的股票,收藏了一两个月卖掉,赚了一万多令吉,他高兴得不得了,假如他收藏至今,这批股票价值超过三百万令吉。
10年前,他在机场遇见一名银行家,该银行家对他说:假如他投资10万令吉于该银行的股票,他退休时将有足够的钱渡晚年。他听从该银行家的话,以10万令吉买进该银行的一批股票,紧握不放,10年后的今天,该批股票价值一百万令吉。这名曾在股市翻过筋斗的前辈律师的结论是:长期投资是致富的最佳途径。
大家知道,跟陈水扁争台湾总统宝座的连战,是台湾富豪之一,身家数十亿,我最近看到一份有关他发迹的资料,令我感到惊异的是连战并不像王永庆等人有自己的事业,他的家族只是买进好股及地点优良的地皮,紧握不放,经数十年,靠股票与地产的增值成为巨富。
由于我一而再地强调长期投资,就给人一个错误的印象,就是我主张买进一万令吉的股票后,锁在保险箱,不理不睬,30年后打开保险箱,发现他已成为百万富翁。这个印象,似乎已深入人心,牢不可破。
我最近在吉隆坡、槟城和新山举行免费的股票投资心得分享会,目的是要跟大家分享我30年的投资心得,希望有助于散户减少错误。在分享会上,不断的有人质疑紧握股票30年,是不是明智之举。读者这样质疑,是无可厚非的,因为纪录显示,在30年中能保持技续成长纪录的公司,少之又少,我所举的五个例子,是非常特殊,也是“极品”股。
在 900多家上市公司中,在30年后,有可能成为“一万变百万”的公司,毕竟是少之又少,不是每一个投资者都有那么神奇的眼光,或是那么好的运气,买到这种股票。在30年的漫长岁月中,许多公司经不起考验,早已消失无踪,近年来百家上市公司被列为PN4,就是很好的例证。假如你买到这样的公司,早已血本无归,更不要说“一万变百万”了。照这样说法,我岂不是自打嘴吧?
请允许我先在这里讲一个小故事:古代有一个楚国人,坐船过河,船行至河中央,他一不小心,背着的一把剑掉进河里,他马上在利剑落水的船边,做了一个记号,船靠岸后,他才从记号的地方下水找剑。问题是船继续前进,剑却留在落水的地方,两者相距已数里,他当然找不到剑,这个故事的成语叫“刻舟求剑”。
股票投资,最忌刻舟求剑。股票就是公司的股份,好比是船。公司做生意,好比渡河的船,不断的前进,不断的在变化,剑好比是公司的盈利。当我们买进公司的股份时,我们是根据当时的环境来预测公司的盈利。如果环境保持不变的话,我们所预测的盈利当然会准确地出现。就好像我们在剑落水的地方,下水找剑,当然找到剑。
但是,影响公司业务的环境,天天在变,盈利可能受到冲击,公司不但没钱赚,可能还蒙受亏蚀,就好像船已前进,你下水找剑,自然是空手而回。这说明了,你买进公司的股份之后,一定要贴身跟踪公司的业务进展,切不可置之不理。如果你发现公司持续不断地成长,就好像马来亚银行、大众银行、丰隆贷款、OYL和东方实业一样,而且以后也还会成长下去,那么你就紧握你的股票不卖,不要说30年,即使50年、60年也可以,西方不是有许多百年公司,还在继续成长吗?
长守这样的公司的股票,比短期买进卖出,赚得更多。丹斯郑鸿标、丹斯里林梧桐、丹斯里李莱生的家族、郭鹤年、丹斯里李深静、丹斯里郭令灿等就是这样成为富豪的。
但是,假如你发现,你持有股份的公司的业务,因环境的变动而日走下坡,而且在可以预见的将来,没有复苏的可能,那么,你再守下去,就是“刻舟求剑”,不但赚不到钱,而且会血本无归,就好像过河客永远找不到他的剑一样。
所以,长期投资的倡议是对的,投资30年的理念也没错,但是,必须配合有效的股票组合管理才有效果,如果一味死守、呆守、守株待兔,兔子已死,守之作么?如果你发现环境已变,公司已没有前途,不要说赚钱,即使亏本也要脱售,否则你会亏得更多更惨。
所以,买进时应作长期投资的打算,但要逐季、逐年检讨,不可置之不理。“长期投资”由数个月至数十年,是否继续投资下去,不应由时间,而应由公司的表现决定。你买进时不妨作终身投资的打算,但是假如股市疯狂,股价被推至极为离谱的高价,你再不出售,你就不是股票投资的料子。
股票生活化 (第6篇)
大部分股票投资者对上市公司,感到陌生,他们觉得,股票跟他们的生活,没有什么关系。
实际上,股票跟我们的生活,甚至我们的人生,息息相关。我可以说,大部分人生活中的大部分时间,都与股票有关。
让我们看看一名普通受薪职员每天的生活,是怎样渡过的。
早上他一觉醒来,第一件事就是开灯,电流是由上市的国家能源,独立发电厂马拉卡夫或杨忠礼电力等上市公司供应的,其他供应电力的上市公司还有砂越企业,丹绒,环球等。他是洗脸,洗脸的自来水不是由上市公司高峰,达力,联熹公用,槟州水供,或是英丹,其中一家公司供应的,这就要看他是住在那一州那一市而定。梳洗之后,他吃早餐,如果他吃谷类的话,他多数吃雀巢的产品,喝雀巢出产的美碌,阿华田,或是喝子母牌的鲜奶,或是花莎尼生产的炼奶,也许他会在美碌中加上炼奶,那么他已用了两家上市公司的产品。如果他时间很匆忙,要赶着去开会,也许他会吃在数分钟就能准备好的快熟面,那么,他可能吃了妈咪大宝达,杨协成或是雀巢的美极快熟面,吃饱后再喝一杯雀巢的咖啡精,也跟上市公司脱离不了关系。吃早餐时,他觉得他应该增加营养,於是吃了两粒安利的营养丸,安利这家美国公司,是直销业的泰斗,股息非常丰厚。他一面吃早餐,一面翻阅当天的报纸他受过中英文教育,所以他订阅由上市公司南洋报业出版的南洋商报和星报出版社出版的星报,有时他也看新海峡时报和中国报,作为执行人员,他在上班前一定看中英文报的经济版,放工回家后才读社会新闻和政治新闻,当然,他也注意股票行情,因为他持有一些上市公司的股票。当他被一则股票新闻吸引时,他的妻子来催促他上班。他匆匆提了公事包,进入他的普腾赛佳,他的车当然是由国产汽车控股公司生产的,这家上市公司正面对东协关税措施实行后,入口车降价的挑战,能在群车围剿中脱颖而出吗?国产车总经销在将资产分发给股东后,由於已不再是国产车的总经销商,正在努力寻求别种牌子的代理权,企图成为汽车的超级市场,前途如何?他把车驾离家园时,注意到车子的保险快到期,他还没有决定向太平洋与东方,澄心亚洲,丰隆保险(属丰隆贷款)等上市公司那一间公司购买保险。看一看油表,他知道油箱的汽油已不多,他把车子驾进国油贸易的油站,加满了油再上道。国油贸易是国家石油公司的子公司,是一只蓝筹股,他拥有这家公司的股票。不过,有时他也向其他上市公司蚬壳,埃索的油站添油,看他车在何处而定。他沿着由金务大的子公司环城控股所拥有的白沙罗浦种大道,再进入由八打灵通往吉隆坡的SPRINT,前往於首都黄金三角的办公室,沿途经过上市产业公司成隆机构的总部成隆楼,雪兰莪产业(SelangorProp)开发的白沙罗高原。进入惹兰敦依斯迈后,黄金三角出现在眼前,他看到了森那美大厦,由辉百控制的沙里顿酒店,由拉昔胡申公司发展,目前暂时搁置的宏景城,怡保花园拥有一半股权的礼那申酒店,郭鹤年的香格里拉酒店,由贸易机构(前称国企)拥有的珍珠酒店,龙马控股的金河广场,杨忠礼机构拥有的Lot10,星山和J.W玛丽奥酒店,毅成拥有的威斯汀酒店和激成的办公大厦,成功集团的吉隆坡广场和成功时代广场。望向安邦路,他可以看到新近上市的城中城产业以及由亚太置地拥有的帝国塔楼和公主酒店,当然,他也有到位於拉查朱兰的莫实德大厦。这些都是上市公司的地标。进入办公室后,他拿出一叠由金狮森林工业制造的书写纸,草拟一份业务报告。金狮拥有的沙巴森林工业是大马惟一以树桐制成纸浆,再制成高级书写纸的企业。他打开由上市公司1公司制造的电脑,通过电邮与在外国谈生意的同事沟通,他知道他用到多家大马自动报价市场的上市公司提供的资讯服务,他感谢这些高科技公司,解决他在处理业务,储存资料方面所面对的困扰。他通过数码网络或明讯的手机服务或电讯公司的有线电话,跟他的顾客保持联络,完成多宗交易之后,午餐时间到,他感到有点疲倦,而用餐时间不多,他信步走进附近的肯德基快餐店,叫了一份炸鸡,他知道,他填满了肚子,而这家上市公司又做了一笔小生意。当天下午,他向老板作了一份汇报,又与同事开了两个小时会议,会议冗长又枯燥,他想打瞌睡,乃叫冲茶的阿婶给他来一杯雀巢的咖啡精,以提一提神,因为中秋将至,他叫人买了些大同酒家的月饼,作为茶果,使会议多了点人情味。下班时,已是万家灯火,他回到温暖的家,吃着由国家稻米公司的入口白米煮成的香喷喷白饭,配以太太亲手煮出来的菜肴,见到在英迪学院深造的儿子在勤力做功课,他感到心满意足,於是扭开了Astro的娱乐节目,欣赏凤凰台的人物访谈,有时也扭开由新海峡集团拥有的TV3,听新闻报告。
从这人一天的生活,我们可以看出,股票为上市公司的股份,而上市公司所提供的,正是我们日常生活中所需要的东西或服务,将股票抽象化是投资者最易犯的毛病。
假如你在应用这些公司所提供的服务,或是所生产的产品时,立刻将有关上市公司的资料包括业务、资本、业绩等在脑海中温习一次,久而久之,你就会对大部分的上市公司,了如指掌,这将有助於你在投资股票时,作出更明智的选择。
为什么不能等三年? (完结篇)
●你买了一间屋子,由跟发展商签约到发展商交屋给你,前后三年,你觉得这是理所当然的事,三年的等待,你觉得一点也不长。在这期间,你没有分文收入,却定期的给银行利息,你也毫无怨言。
●你买了一百英亩的荒地,开辟为油棕园,由伐木、烧芭、开路挖沟,育苗,种植,除草,施肥,整整忙了三年,才看到棕果出现,收成仍不足以维持开支,再等两年,棕果渐丰,油棕园的收支才达到平衡,仍没钱赚。这已是第五个年头了。忙了五年,只有付出,没有收入,你不以为苦,因为你知道那是赚钱无可避免的途径。
●你买了五十亩的地,是树胶园,属农业地,你要把它发展为住宅区,於是你向土地局申请将农业地转为屋地,再将屋地分割为五、六百段每段20′× 75′的屋地,以兴建五,六百间排屋出售。分割后为每段屋地申请个别地契,请绘测师设计屋子的图样,请工程师计算成本,请承包商承建屋子,由市场部登广告出售屋子,跟银行接洽融资问题,屋子建筑过程中要处理许多附近居民的申诉,要按期向购屋者收款,到领到入伙纸,把屋交给购屋者,由购买土地到交屋收工,前后长达五年,总算钱赚到了手。作为发展商,你认为以五年的时间赚钱,是正常的,是合理的,你耐心地等待,从无怨言。
●你是一名中小型企业家,你有制造某种产品的经验,过去你是为别人管理公司的,现在决定自己创业,你决定建一间工厂,你从调查市场,向银行接洽借款,寻找厂地,设计厂房,招聘员工,装置机器,试验生产,到产品推入市场,从策划到产品出现在百货公司的货架上,前后三年,再苦撑两年,才开始有盈利,那已是第五个年头了。你认为这是创业的正常过程,你心甘情愿与你的事业同行五年,毫无怨言。
●你是开药剂店的,你决定在城市的另一区,开一间分店,为来自该区的顾客服务,从寻找店铺,装修,聘请药剂师,筹备开张,到正式做生意,前后也要一年半。以上的五个例子--买屋子收租,开辟油棕园,建屋出售,从事工业,开零售店,从筹备到赚钱,快则一年半,慢则五年,业者从无怨言,因为他们了解,做任何事业,都需要时间,绝对没有一蹴即成这回事。
以上的五个例子有一个共同点,那就是投入资金,希望赚取合理的利润,这叫“投资”,业者除了知道投资需要时间外,他们也接受一个事实,即凡是投资,都有风险,没有任何投资是没有风险的,风险是他们赚取比银行定存更高的利润所面付出的代价。
投资者接受两项事实:
①投资需要时间才能赚到利润,没有捷径可操。
②凡投资都有风险,风险的高低常与利润成正比。
股票投资,是许许多多投资管道之一,为什么投资者不能接受以上的两项事实。
做事业,你可以等三、五年,股票投资为什么不能等三、五年?绝大部份的股票投资者,都希望今天买进,明天就卖出,赚取暴利。假如你告诉他,低价买进好股,持握三年,可以赚钱,他们觉得时间太长,难以接受。为什么买屋子可以等三年,买股票却不能?为什么肯化五年的时间去完成一项建屋计划,等油棕成熟,等工业产生利润,为什么股票投资不肯等五年?为什么肯化一年半的时间去开一间药剂店分行,买股票却不愿等一年半载?
股票就是公司的股份,跟合资买屋,参股种油棕,建屋,开工厂,开药剂店分行没有两样,你拥有股份的上市公司,跟你所参股的别的私人公司一样,需要时间去完成业务,才能赚到钱,为什么你用不一样的态度去对待同样的股份?这种态度合理吗?
投资生意有赚有亏,做生意的人坦然面对,无怨无尤。你持有股份的上市公司也是在做生意,当然也是有赚有亏,投资者为什么不能忍受亏蚀,为什么不能接受可能亏蚀的事实而怨无尤人?
上市公司多达950家,任你挑选参股的对象,你因为无知,因为贪婪,因为听信谣言,而参股於错误的企业,岂能完全归咎於股市?你自己没有责任吗?大多数股票每年的股价波动幅度由数十巴仙至数百巴仙不等,你在低价时不买,高价时抢进,亏了本,不怨自己怨别人,合理吗?参股做生意,例如合股种油棕,六、七年之后才可能分红,买棕油股,当年就可分到股息,不是更合算吗?在做任何事情失败后,多数人只怨别人,把责任推在别人或环境身上,能自我反省的人少之又少。
股票投资也一样,亏了本不是怨股市,就是怨别人使奸用诈,从来不检讨自己失败的原因。我再问:买屋子可以等三年,为什么买股票不能等三年?
同甘而不共苦
做人,要有情有义。
尤其是跟你同患共难的伙伴及跟你出生入死的战友,一定要同甘共苦。但是,这个做人的原则,切勿应用到股票投资上。
对股票,一定要炼就一副铁石心肠,不但要无情,而且要无义。三种情愫我们常常听到“不要与股票发生感情”之类的话,但不是每一个人都了解此言之深义。
实际的意义,就是“对股票,要无情。”
股友对股票,可以生出三种情愫:
第一种:一见钟情
对股票一见钟情,就好像一对一见钟情的男女,眼中只见其优点,不见其弱点,很容易作出错误的判断。
第二种:日久生情
对长期收藏的股票,发生感情,即使公司业务走向亏损,也不捨得脱售。他会找出种种理由来支持他不卖的决定。结果是亏损越来越严重,最后一无所有。
第三种是意乱情迷。
“意乱”就是心乱如麻,“情迷”就是情绪迷惘,不知何去何从。在这种情况下,思路焉得清晰?思路不清,如何能作出正确的判断?无法作出判断的人,多数没有主见,这种人最易被人牵着鼻子走。在股市屡次上当的,都是这种人。
凡是对股票一见钟情,或是日久生情,或是意乱情迷,最后都是身陷情网,为情所害。所以,对股票,一定要“无情”。
那么,何以对股票,还要“无义”呢?小股东以血汗钱买股票,就是购买公司的股份。购买公司的股份,其实就是提供免息的资金给公司。一厢情愿他希望与大股东同甘共苦,但,这只是一厢情愿的想法。
作为公司掌舵人的大股东,十之八九都以本身的利益为大前提,能为股东全体利益着想的并不多。散户只是搭客,大股东才是司机。汽车要驶向何方,完全掌握在司机手中,搭客无法置喙。
公司即使蒙受严重亏损,掌舵人照领高薪,小股东一无所得。既然大股东不能与小股东“共苦”,小股东又何必与大股东“同甘”呢?
所以,当汽车抛锚时,作为搭客的小股东一定要马上下车,切勿枯坐车中,浪费时间。跟股票发生感情,即使公司走向破产,仍不捨得脱售,就好像眼见铁坦尼号已快沉没了,仍不肯上救生艇,愚不可及。
所以,对所投资的公司,小股东要“有福同享,有难不同当”。这样做,有点残酷,却是小股东和散户生存之道。记住,对人不可无情。对股票不可有情。
尤其是跟你同患共难的伙伴及跟你出生入死的战友,一定要同甘共苦。但是,这个做人的原则,切勿应用到股票投资上。
对股票,一定要炼就一副铁石心肠,不但要无情,而且要无义。三种情愫我们常常听到“不要与股票发生感情”之类的话,但不是每一个人都了解此言之深义。
实际的意义,就是“对股票,要无情。”
股友对股票,可以生出三种情愫:
第一种:一见钟情
对股票一见钟情,就好像一对一见钟情的男女,眼中只见其优点,不见其弱点,很容易作出错误的判断。
第二种:日久生情
对长期收藏的股票,发生感情,即使公司业务走向亏损,也不捨得脱售。他会找出种种理由来支持他不卖的决定。结果是亏损越来越严重,最后一无所有。
第三种是意乱情迷。
“意乱”就是心乱如麻,“情迷”就是情绪迷惘,不知何去何从。在这种情况下,思路焉得清晰?思路不清,如何能作出正确的判断?无法作出判断的人,多数没有主见,这种人最易被人牵着鼻子走。在股市屡次上当的,都是这种人。
凡是对股票一见钟情,或是日久生情,或是意乱情迷,最后都是身陷情网,为情所害。所以,对股票,一定要“无情”。
那么,何以对股票,还要“无义”呢?小股东以血汗钱买股票,就是购买公司的股份。购买公司的股份,其实就是提供免息的资金给公司。一厢情愿他希望与大股东同甘共苦,但,这只是一厢情愿的想法。
作为公司掌舵人的大股东,十之八九都以本身的利益为大前提,能为股东全体利益着想的并不多。散户只是搭客,大股东才是司机。汽车要驶向何方,完全掌握在司机手中,搭客无法置喙。
公司即使蒙受严重亏损,掌舵人照领高薪,小股东一无所得。既然大股东不能与小股东“共苦”,小股东又何必与大股东“同甘”呢?
所以,当汽车抛锚时,作为搭客的小股东一定要马上下车,切勿枯坐车中,浪费时间。跟股票发生感情,即使公司走向破产,仍不捨得脱售,就好像眼见铁坦尼号已快沉没了,仍不肯上救生艇,愚不可及。
所以,对所投资的公司,小股东要“有福同享,有难不同当”。这样做,有点残酷,却是小股东和散户生存之道。记住,对人不可无情。对股票不可有情。
Buffett Says Credit Crisis Ebbs for Wall Street Firms
Warren Buffett, said the global credit crunch has eased for bankers, and the Federal Reserve probably averted more failures by helping to rescue Bear Stearns Cos.
“The worst of the crisis in Wall Street is over,” Buffett said today on Bloomberg Television. “In terms of people with individual mortgages, there’s a lot of pain left to come.”
Buffett, the world’s richest man according to Forbes magazine, said the Fed acted properly when it arranged a $2.4 billion buyout in March of New York-based Bear Stearns by JPMorgan Chase & Co. The billionaire said he turned down the opportunity because he lacked enough capital and time to craft a solution. More failures and wider panic may have resulted if the regulators didn’t halt the run on Bear Stearns, he said.
“The worry was that there would be contagion; it was a very real worry,” Buffett said. “If Bear Stearns had gone, the next day, somebody else would have gone. It could’ve been a very, very, very chaotic situation.”
Buffett, 77, said he was contacted in March before JPMorgan, the third-biggest U.S. bank by assets, agreed to buy Bear Stearns. The person calling him, whom he wouldn’t identify, was “someone responsible” and wasn’t from the Federal Reserve or the Treasury. The call lasted about half an hour, Buffett said.
Too Big for Buffett
“As I understand it, Bear Stearns had $65 billion due on Monday and I didn’t have $65 billion,” Buffett said. “I couldn’t get my mind around that situation in the required time.” New York-based JPMorgan was the right buyer for Bear Stearns, he added.
Berkshire had about $35 billion in cash as of March 31, according to a regulatory filing yesterday.
JPMorgan agreed in mid-March to acquire Bear Stearns, once the fifth-biggest U.S. securities firm, after customers grew concerned about the company’s health and pulled out their money, leaving Bear Stearns short on cash. JPMorgan, which got financial support from the Federal Reserve, raised the purchase price a week later to $10 a share from $2 to mollify Bear Stearns shareholders who said they weren’t getting enough.
The 24-company KBW Bank Index has advanced 14 percent since the Bear Stearns bailout was announced in March, and the 11- company Amex Securities Broker/Dealer Index has climbed 30 percent.
Credit Losses
In a question-and-answer session at the shareholder meeting, Buffett said that from a risk perspective, some banks got “too big to manage.”
The world’s largest banks and investment firms have recorded more than $300 billion of losses and writedowns tied to mortgages, bonds and loans.
Berkshire’s own investment in derivative contracts recovered $500 million to $600 million of lost value since the end of March, Buffett said. The company will make “significant money” on the derivatives over the long term, he said at the meeting. Berkshire said yesterday the value of the investments had declined by $1.7 billion in the first quarter. The entire company’s quarterly profit plunged 64 percent to $940 million.
Buffett is scheduled to embark on a four-city European trip this month to scout potential acquisitions, including family- owned companies. He has been investing in China, Israel and the U.K. to spur profit growth after saying that U.S. investments meeting his criteria have become scarce.
International Earnings
“Over time we’d like to develop more international earnings,” Buffett said. “If it’s a $2 billion deal, fine; if it’s a $20 billion dollar deal, fine.”
Buffett, who made his first non-U.S. acquisition in 2006, paying $4 billion for 80 percent of Israel-based Iscar Metalworking Cos., said he can’t predict the location of the next company Berkshire will acquire.
“They can come from Europe, they can come from the United States, you just never know,” he said. “Somebody, someplace is going to have a situation where we fit. They’re going to call me; I want to make sure I’m on their radar screen.”
Buffett said during the meeting he’d like to buy businesses in India and China, and that he wanted to acquire one or two non- U.S. companies in the next three years. He is looking as competition forces down insurance rates in the U.S. for Berkshire, which typically gets about half its profit from insurance units including National Indemnity, General Re Corp. and Geico Corp.
The U.S. dollar will keep weakening and Buffett feels “no need to hedge” against currency risk when buying large companies outside the U.S., he said.
Landing From Mars
“If I landed from Mars today with a billion of Mars dollars, or whatever they call them on Mars, and I was thinking about where to put my money,” he said. “I don’t think I’d put the entire billion in U.S. dollars.”
Berkshire Hathaway has spent $4 billion investing in the municipal auction-rate bond market, taking advantage of payouts that topped 10 percent after regular bidders fled the market. Markets were so disrupted, Buffett said, that bonds from the same issue were selling simultaneously from the same broker with yields of 6 percent and 11 percent.
Berkshire has risen about 22 percent in New York Stock Exchange composite trading during the past 12 months and gained about 4,700 percent in 20 years through Dec. 31, about six times more than the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index including dividends.
Buffett took shareholder questions for more than five hours on dozens of issues.
Other topics Buffett addressed include:
– There’s “no guarantee” Berkshire Hathaway won’t be a buyout target after his death, though such a takeover is unlikely.
– He said he’s in good health because of his diet, “some Wrigley, some Mars, some See’s, some Coke.” Berkshire this week committed $6.5 billion to help finance candy company Mars Inc.’s takeover of Wm. Wrigley Jr., the world’s biggest maker of chewing gum. Berkshire owns See’s Candies and is the top shareholder of Coca-Cola Co.
– He doesn’t support a push for companies or countries to boycott the Olympics in China based on that country’s human rights record.
– He would buy shares of PetroChina Co. again if they are at a level he considers cheap, Buffett said. Berkshire sold a stake in the company last year.
– Factories in China have different norms for working conditions than those in the U.S., and he won’t “tell the world how to run” their businesses.
“The worst of the crisis in Wall Street is over,” Buffett said today on Bloomberg Television. “In terms of people with individual mortgages, there’s a lot of pain left to come.”
Buffett, the world’s richest man according to Forbes magazine, said the Fed acted properly when it arranged a $2.4 billion buyout in March of New York-based Bear Stearns by JPMorgan Chase & Co. The billionaire said he turned down the opportunity because he lacked enough capital and time to craft a solution. More failures and wider panic may have resulted if the regulators didn’t halt the run on Bear Stearns, he said.
“The worry was that there would be contagion; it was a very real worry,” Buffett said. “If Bear Stearns had gone, the next day, somebody else would have gone. It could’ve been a very, very, very chaotic situation.”
Buffett, 77, said he was contacted in March before JPMorgan, the third-biggest U.S. bank by assets, agreed to buy Bear Stearns. The person calling him, whom he wouldn’t identify, was “someone responsible” and wasn’t from the Federal Reserve or the Treasury. The call lasted about half an hour, Buffett said.
Too Big for Buffett
“As I understand it, Bear Stearns had $65 billion due on Monday and I didn’t have $65 billion,” Buffett said. “I couldn’t get my mind around that situation in the required time.” New York-based JPMorgan was the right buyer for Bear Stearns, he added.
Berkshire had about $35 billion in cash as of March 31, according to a regulatory filing yesterday.
JPMorgan agreed in mid-March to acquire Bear Stearns, once the fifth-biggest U.S. securities firm, after customers grew concerned about the company’s health and pulled out their money, leaving Bear Stearns short on cash. JPMorgan, which got financial support from the Federal Reserve, raised the purchase price a week later to $10 a share from $2 to mollify Bear Stearns shareholders who said they weren’t getting enough.
The 24-company KBW Bank Index has advanced 14 percent since the Bear Stearns bailout was announced in March, and the 11- company Amex Securities Broker/Dealer Index has climbed 30 percent.
Credit Losses
In a question-and-answer session at the shareholder meeting, Buffett said that from a risk perspective, some banks got “too big to manage.”
The world’s largest banks and investment firms have recorded more than $300 billion of losses and writedowns tied to mortgages, bonds and loans.
Berkshire’s own investment in derivative contracts recovered $500 million to $600 million of lost value since the end of March, Buffett said. The company will make “significant money” on the derivatives over the long term, he said at the meeting. Berkshire said yesterday the value of the investments had declined by $1.7 billion in the first quarter. The entire company’s quarterly profit plunged 64 percent to $940 million.
Buffett is scheduled to embark on a four-city European trip this month to scout potential acquisitions, including family- owned companies. He has been investing in China, Israel and the U.K. to spur profit growth after saying that U.S. investments meeting his criteria have become scarce.
International Earnings
“Over time we’d like to develop more international earnings,” Buffett said. “If it’s a $2 billion deal, fine; if it’s a $20 billion dollar deal, fine.”
Buffett, who made his first non-U.S. acquisition in 2006, paying $4 billion for 80 percent of Israel-based Iscar Metalworking Cos., said he can’t predict the location of the next company Berkshire will acquire.
“They can come from Europe, they can come from the United States, you just never know,” he said. “Somebody, someplace is going to have a situation where we fit. They’re going to call me; I want to make sure I’m on their radar screen.”
Buffett said during the meeting he’d like to buy businesses in India and China, and that he wanted to acquire one or two non- U.S. companies in the next three years. He is looking as competition forces down insurance rates in the U.S. for Berkshire, which typically gets about half its profit from insurance units including National Indemnity, General Re Corp. and Geico Corp.
The U.S. dollar will keep weakening and Buffett feels “no need to hedge” against currency risk when buying large companies outside the U.S., he said.
Landing From Mars
“If I landed from Mars today with a billion of Mars dollars, or whatever they call them on Mars, and I was thinking about where to put my money,” he said. “I don’t think I’d put the entire billion in U.S. dollars.”
Berkshire Hathaway has spent $4 billion investing in the municipal auction-rate bond market, taking advantage of payouts that topped 10 percent after regular bidders fled the market. Markets were so disrupted, Buffett said, that bonds from the same issue were selling simultaneously from the same broker with yields of 6 percent and 11 percent.
Berkshire has risen about 22 percent in New York Stock Exchange composite trading during the past 12 months and gained about 4,700 percent in 20 years through Dec. 31, about six times more than the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index including dividends.
Buffett took shareholder questions for more than five hours on dozens of issues.
Other topics Buffett addressed include:
– There’s “no guarantee” Berkshire Hathaway won’t be a buyout target after his death, though such a takeover is unlikely.
– He said he’s in good health because of his diet, “some Wrigley, some Mars, some See’s, some Coke.” Berkshire this week committed $6.5 billion to help finance candy company Mars Inc.’s takeover of Wm. Wrigley Jr., the world’s biggest maker of chewing gum. Berkshire owns See’s Candies and is the top shareholder of Coca-Cola Co.
– He doesn’t support a push for companies or countries to boycott the Olympics in China based on that country’s human rights record.
– He would buy shares of PetroChina Co. again if they are at a level he considers cheap, Buffett said. Berkshire sold a stake in the company last year.
– Factories in China have different norms for working conditions than those in the U.S., and he won’t “tell the world how to run” their businesses.
生日礼物
大部份股票投资者,都有一种错误的想法:那就是在股市中不断地把股票买来卖出,赚取价差,是最好的赚钱法。
实际上,这样做,能赚大钱的人并不多。虽然没有人做过研究,也无法以数字加以证实,但我可以很有信心地说:通过这种投资方法发达的人,绝无仅有。
那些真正赚大钱的,几乎都不是活跃于股市的投资者。他们几乎从来没有脱售过他们的股票。不信的话,请你们看看马来西亚最富有的40个人中,有那一个是不断地将他们所持有的股票,买来卖去,而赚到他们今天的庞大财富?
长期持股累积财富尽管他们所从事的行业不同,做生意的手法也不同,但他们都有一个共同点:都是靠长期持有公司的股票而累积了庞大的财富。他们所持的股票,以复利的方式增长,经过了20、30、40年,增值数百倍。他们的身家,就这样如雪球般,越滚越大,把他们推上了大马富豪榜。如果他们在股价上涨5倍、10倍以后就把股票卖掉,他们绝对无法挤身于富豪之林。
以云顶(Genting,3182,主板贸服股)为例。假如你在1971年云顶上市时,以每股2令吉买进1千股,30多年来,不管股价起得多高,你都没有脱售,经过红股与股票拆细后,原来的1千股,现在变成了约35万股。以目前的股价,价值250万令吉左右。云顶在1989年时将部份名胜世界(Resorts,4715,主板贸服股)的股票分发给股东,然后让名胜世界上市。假如把云顶分发给股东的名胜世界股票,以及云顶和名胜世界历年所派发的股息计算在内的话,当初以2千令吉买进的1千股,现在估计价值500万令吉。假如小股东也好像已故丹斯里林梧桐那样,把云顶股票锁在保险箱中,一股也不卖,30多年后的今天,那些买进几千股的小股东,个个都是千万富翁。难怪一名老律师对我说:他在云顶上市时买进1万股,赚了10倍利润时就卖掉,当时还沾沾自喜,认为自己很聪明。今天当他回顾自己的投资时,他才发现这是他一生中所作的最大错误决定,如果他收藏这批云顶至今,他的身家直逼5千万令吉,他可以提早10年退休。
一般人总认为,只在富人才有机会在股市赚大钱。如果是这样的话,工薪阶级就没有机会升级为富人了。实际的情况是,大部份富人都不是来自富裕家庭。40个富豪榜中人,大部份年轻时都不富有。是的,不是每一个人都有像他们的际遇,成就他们这么庞大的事业。
我们其实也不必像他们那么富有,作为工薪阶级,在退休时手头有一、二百万令吉,晚年就可以过得很写意。若善于投资,这是大部份中等收入的工薪阶级都可以做到的。
定期投资五星级股票一个可行的方法是定期定量投资于五星级股票。请你在开始工作那年起你在每年生日那天,为自己买进1千股五星级股票,年年如此,累积至退休时,极有可能已是百万富翁。如果你在孩子出世时起,每年他生日那天,买进1千股五星级股票,你多数不必负担他的大学教育费。
请坚持以下几点:
(1)只买五星级股票。
(2)只要公司盈利持续上升,就不卖。
(3)把股息重新投资在派息公司的股票,可以加速复利增长率。
(4)绝不投机。
实际上,这样做,能赚大钱的人并不多。虽然没有人做过研究,也无法以数字加以证实,但我可以很有信心地说:通过这种投资方法发达的人,绝无仅有。
那些真正赚大钱的,几乎都不是活跃于股市的投资者。他们几乎从来没有脱售过他们的股票。不信的话,请你们看看马来西亚最富有的40个人中,有那一个是不断地将他们所持有的股票,买来卖去,而赚到他们今天的庞大财富?
长期持股累积财富尽管他们所从事的行业不同,做生意的手法也不同,但他们都有一个共同点:都是靠长期持有公司的股票而累积了庞大的财富。他们所持的股票,以复利的方式增长,经过了20、30、40年,增值数百倍。他们的身家,就这样如雪球般,越滚越大,把他们推上了大马富豪榜。如果他们在股价上涨5倍、10倍以后就把股票卖掉,他们绝对无法挤身于富豪之林。
以云顶(Genting,3182,主板贸服股)为例。假如你在1971年云顶上市时,以每股2令吉买进1千股,30多年来,不管股价起得多高,你都没有脱售,经过红股与股票拆细后,原来的1千股,现在变成了约35万股。以目前的股价,价值250万令吉左右。云顶在1989年时将部份名胜世界(Resorts,4715,主板贸服股)的股票分发给股东,然后让名胜世界上市。假如把云顶分发给股东的名胜世界股票,以及云顶和名胜世界历年所派发的股息计算在内的话,当初以2千令吉买进的1千股,现在估计价值500万令吉。假如小股东也好像已故丹斯里林梧桐那样,把云顶股票锁在保险箱中,一股也不卖,30多年后的今天,那些买进几千股的小股东,个个都是千万富翁。难怪一名老律师对我说:他在云顶上市时买进1万股,赚了10倍利润时就卖掉,当时还沾沾自喜,认为自己很聪明。今天当他回顾自己的投资时,他才发现这是他一生中所作的最大错误决定,如果他收藏这批云顶至今,他的身家直逼5千万令吉,他可以提早10年退休。
一般人总认为,只在富人才有机会在股市赚大钱。如果是这样的话,工薪阶级就没有机会升级为富人了。实际的情况是,大部份富人都不是来自富裕家庭。40个富豪榜中人,大部份年轻时都不富有。是的,不是每一个人都有像他们的际遇,成就他们这么庞大的事业。
我们其实也不必像他们那么富有,作为工薪阶级,在退休时手头有一、二百万令吉,晚年就可以过得很写意。若善于投资,这是大部份中等收入的工薪阶级都可以做到的。
定期投资五星级股票一个可行的方法是定期定量投资于五星级股票。请你在开始工作那年起你在每年生日那天,为自己买进1千股五星级股票,年年如此,累积至退休时,极有可能已是百万富翁。如果你在孩子出世时起,每年他生日那天,买进1千股五星级股票,你多数不必负担他的大学教育费。
请坚持以下几点:
(1)只买五星级股票。
(2)只要公司盈利持续上升,就不卖。
(3)把股息重新投资在派息公司的股票,可以加速复利增长率。
(4)绝不投机。
此时不买何时买?
四十年的投资经验告诉我:要准确地预测股市何时跌到底,是不可能的。因为股市是不可预测的。
最有成就的投资家,没有一个是靠预测“时机”(Timing)而成功的。我认为“可以买进了”,并非我有预测股市动向的能力。我没有这种“先知”的能力,我也不认为有谁有这种能力。即使是最成功的投资家和经济学家,也没有这种能力,何况是平凡的我们。我认为可以买进的理由是:许多股票已很便宜了,值得买进作为长期投资了。
我强调“长期”,是因为经验告诉我:股票投资不能靠“短期”赚钱。买进价值被低估,前景不错的股票,长期持有,是最稳当的赚钱途径。赚大钱需长期投资诸位不可立志赚快钱,却不可不立志赚大钱。赚大钱非长期投资不可。股票惟有价值被低估时才可以买进。现在价值被低估的股票,比比皆是。
随手举一个例子:以本月初4.50令吉的价格买进贸易风(TWS,4421,主板消费股),等于你免费得到一间糖厂。这话怎么说?原来贸易风拥有贸易风种植(TWS Plnt,6327,主板种植股)的74%股权,以本月初贸易风种植3.50令吉的股价计算,单这74%股权价值超过13亿令吉。贸易风在沙阿南拥有一间大糖厂,价值数亿令吉。假设你以月初每股RM4.50,买完贸易风全部2亿9千600万股的股票,总投资额为13亿令吉。然后以每股RM3.50卖掉所持有的74%贸易风种植股票的话,刚好收回13亿令吉,你是不是免费得到一间价值数亿令吉的大糖厂?
不需要高深的理论,只要以常识去判断,就可以沙里淘金,找到价值被低估,而前景展望不错的股票。再举一个简单的例子,速远机构(Zhulian,5131,主板消费股)去年每股净赚18仙,派息15.5仙,以月初1.03令吉的股价,本益比为5.7倍,周息率高达15%,是不是值得考虑?许多人不敢买进,因为他们把股价孤立起来看,只看到股市和股价的波动,忘记了股票背后所代表的资产,所以,在股价下跌时,不敢买进。
实际上,在股票投资中,股市下跌才是机会,因为你才可以低价买到好股。养成反向思维习惯养成反向思维的习惯,在所有人不敢买进的时候,当所有在报章上出现的,都是坏消息的时候,就是买进的良机。无可否认的,美国经济已进入衰退期。次贷危机还未到尾声。
股市中人心惶惶,这是个危机,而机会往往就藏在危机中。我不知道股市明天会怎样,我没有这种本领,我也不靠这种本领赚钱。我的经验是:只要股票价值被低估,而所买股票的公司,前景展望良好。就应该买进。买进后贴身跟踪有关公司的业务进展,只要公司盈利继续上升,就不理会股价的波动,就不卖,可以赚钱。现在是择肥而噬的时候了。
不要忘记,股市通常是跑在经济前头六个月的。此时不买何时买?
最有成就的投资家,没有一个是靠预测“时机”(Timing)而成功的。我认为“可以买进了”,并非我有预测股市动向的能力。我没有这种“先知”的能力,我也不认为有谁有这种能力。即使是最成功的投资家和经济学家,也没有这种能力,何况是平凡的我们。我认为可以买进的理由是:许多股票已很便宜了,值得买进作为长期投资了。
我强调“长期”,是因为经验告诉我:股票投资不能靠“短期”赚钱。买进价值被低估,前景不错的股票,长期持有,是最稳当的赚钱途径。赚大钱需长期投资诸位不可立志赚快钱,却不可不立志赚大钱。赚大钱非长期投资不可。股票惟有价值被低估时才可以买进。现在价值被低估的股票,比比皆是。
随手举一个例子:以本月初4.50令吉的价格买进贸易风(TWS,4421,主板消费股),等于你免费得到一间糖厂。这话怎么说?原来贸易风拥有贸易风种植(TWS Plnt,6327,主板种植股)的74%股权,以本月初贸易风种植3.50令吉的股价计算,单这74%股权价值超过13亿令吉。贸易风在沙阿南拥有一间大糖厂,价值数亿令吉。假设你以月初每股RM4.50,买完贸易风全部2亿9千600万股的股票,总投资额为13亿令吉。然后以每股RM3.50卖掉所持有的74%贸易风种植股票的话,刚好收回13亿令吉,你是不是免费得到一间价值数亿令吉的大糖厂?
不需要高深的理论,只要以常识去判断,就可以沙里淘金,找到价值被低估,而前景展望不错的股票。再举一个简单的例子,速远机构(Zhulian,5131,主板消费股)去年每股净赚18仙,派息15.5仙,以月初1.03令吉的股价,本益比为5.7倍,周息率高达15%,是不是值得考虑?许多人不敢买进,因为他们把股价孤立起来看,只看到股市和股价的波动,忘记了股票背后所代表的资产,所以,在股价下跌时,不敢买进。
实际上,在股票投资中,股市下跌才是机会,因为你才可以低价买到好股。养成反向思维习惯养成反向思维的习惯,在所有人不敢买进的时候,当所有在报章上出现的,都是坏消息的时候,就是买进的良机。无可否认的,美国经济已进入衰退期。次贷危机还未到尾声。
股市中人心惶惶,这是个危机,而机会往往就藏在危机中。我不知道股市明天会怎样,我没有这种本领,我也不靠这种本领赚钱。我的经验是:只要股票价值被低估,而所买股票的公司,前景展望良好。就应该买进。买进后贴身跟踪有关公司的业务进展,只要公司盈利继续上升,就不理会股价的波动,就不卖,可以赚钱。现在是择肥而噬的时候了。
不要忘记,股市通常是跑在经济前头六个月的。此时不买何时买?
知道風險投機較投資安全
大家都知道,凱恩斯是把操縱經濟的大權從神靈手上奪回交給政府的經濟學一代宗師,對他在投機上的成就,知之者似乎不多或僅略知一二。
事實上,凱恩斯在投機市場,雖然屢敗屢戰(其資本主要來自稿費和版稅),但最終仍藉投機外滙、期貨、股票和債券,賺取可觀利潤。以今天的購買力,遺產約達一億港元,對於學者來說,這樣的財富,史家指出只有李嘉圖勝他一籌。
不論站在什麼角度,凱恩斯的投機成績都很出色,雖然期間他數度「押錯寶」瀕臨破產之厄,唯整體而言,以複利計算,每年平均增值仍高達百分之十三(以「七二法則」〔Rule of 72〕推算,五年多便翻一番),雖比不上畢非德和索羅斯之輩,卻遠較大部分專業投資經理為佳.
凱恩斯不僅自己發財,他負責的劍大英皇書院的基金亦有可觀的增長,這些事實,知之者則不少,唯他的投機秘訣與心得,則向來甚少人提及。對於他的「投機倒把」亦隻字不提.
說凱恩斯投機而非投資,並非筆誤而是大有道理。在一般人心目中,投資是正道,投機是左道,這是基於投資所冒風險較小較安全的設想;但凱恩斯的看法完全相反,他自稱是「嚴格的賭徒」(scientific gambler),認為投機較投資安全,因為投機者知道他須冒風險,同時清楚風險所在,因此投機之前必定設想周到,處處設防(如定下止蝕價位,即投機項目升跌逸出預算時便「壯士斷臂」割掉損失),結果反而沒有危險或把風險限制在可以承擔的水平;若把買賣視作投資,投資者以為一切都在計算之中,許多時候忽視或漠視了隱藏的風險,結果反而更不安全。
凱恩斯因此認為劃分投機和投資的簡便方法,是前者知道危險而後者不知道危險。這段話是凱恩斯一九三八年寫信給他一位友人時提及的,其精義便是現在眾所周知的投機者座右銘:「知道危險沒有危險!」意味真正投機者在買賣前必須對形勢作全面評估—連可能出現的風險都在計算之中。筆者的看法是,香港人入市(任何市場),即使抱持長線「投資」的宗旨,亦應以投機心情觀察市場變化,才不會受「投資」之名所累而吃虧。
說起「長線投資」,大家不期然會記起凱恩斯那句膾炙人口的話「長期而言,我們都一命嗚呼」(in the long run we are all dead)
事實上,凱恩斯從不認為能夠「預測最短期的經濟甚至最短期(內公布)的公司盈利」,香港政府多年來數度調低經濟增長預測,便是一個活生生的例子。凱恩斯於一九三一年和一九三四年兩度遊美,對華爾街大亨誇言能預測六個月後的公司業績,大感驚奇並大不以為然。
凱恩斯的投資哲學和實踐手法很值得學習;那些知道凱恩斯精於投資和投機之道的,可能忽略他的成功取決於其簡單的「相反理論實力主義」(Contrarian Fundamentalism),而非倚賴他的經濟學理論或熟悉金融市場內幕。凱恩斯的投機習慣令人羡慕,其買賣決策於早上在床上完成—他醒後在床上進早餐、讀報、接聽倫敦經紀「報行情」的電話,然後在電話中落單買賣。
凱恩斯不大重視投資專家特別是經紀行的分析,亦極少公開談論市道,他的投機活動在他起床後告終,以後的時間埋首於學術研究;假如你希望找尋一位投機大師作為仿效榜樣,不妨考慮凱恩斯這位偉大的英國唯美主義者和經濟學家。基本上,他是一名典型的業餘投機者,把投機視作豐裕人生中的一個環節。他洞悉投機對象的真正價值,加上有知識分子的高傲性格,以致他的投資策略經常與群眾(包括一些自以為消息靈通的市場人士)背道而馳。
他於一九四四年致友人(基金經理)的函件中說:「我的投資原則,不同流俗。因為當人們看好某種股票時(agreed about its merits),其股價肯定已被炒高,因此亦失去吸購的價值。」凱恩斯認為股民是盲目的,因此他要「背離群眾」;不但如此,他還經常說服他們買入或沽出,然後採取相反步驟,以現在的標準,這當然是不道德的。
凱恩斯這句來自其一九二三年發表的〈貨幣改革短論〉(A Tract on Monetary Reform),整段話是:「This long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that when the storm is long past the ocean is flat again.」試譯如下:「看得太遠,對當前事務有誤導作用。長期而言,大家都一命嗚呼。經濟學家為自己定下太容易太容易達致的工作目標,這便如在狂風驟雨中經濟學家老說風暴過後天氣會再晴朗。」凱恩斯重複long run二字,頗有幽默的味道,本該照譯,才能顯其妙趣,但中文讀起來有點不自然,遂改之如上.
事實上,凱恩斯在投機市場,雖然屢敗屢戰(其資本主要來自稿費和版稅),但最終仍藉投機外滙、期貨、股票和債券,賺取可觀利潤。以今天的購買力,遺產約達一億港元,對於學者來說,這樣的財富,史家指出只有李嘉圖勝他一籌。
不論站在什麼角度,凱恩斯的投機成績都很出色,雖然期間他數度「押錯寶」瀕臨破產之厄,唯整體而言,以複利計算,每年平均增值仍高達百分之十三(以「七二法則」〔Rule of 72〕推算,五年多便翻一番),雖比不上畢非德和索羅斯之輩,卻遠較大部分專業投資經理為佳.
凱恩斯不僅自己發財,他負責的劍大英皇書院的基金亦有可觀的增長,這些事實,知之者則不少,唯他的投機秘訣與心得,則向來甚少人提及。對於他的「投機倒把」亦隻字不提.
說凱恩斯投機而非投資,並非筆誤而是大有道理。在一般人心目中,投資是正道,投機是左道,這是基於投資所冒風險較小較安全的設想;但凱恩斯的看法完全相反,他自稱是「嚴格的賭徒」(scientific gambler),認為投機較投資安全,因為投機者知道他須冒風險,同時清楚風險所在,因此投機之前必定設想周到,處處設防(如定下止蝕價位,即投機項目升跌逸出預算時便「壯士斷臂」割掉損失),結果反而沒有危險或把風險限制在可以承擔的水平;若把買賣視作投資,投資者以為一切都在計算之中,許多時候忽視或漠視了隱藏的風險,結果反而更不安全。
凱恩斯因此認為劃分投機和投資的簡便方法,是前者知道危險而後者不知道危險。這段話是凱恩斯一九三八年寫信給他一位友人時提及的,其精義便是現在眾所周知的投機者座右銘:「知道危險沒有危險!」意味真正投機者在買賣前必須對形勢作全面評估—連可能出現的風險都在計算之中。筆者的看法是,香港人入市(任何市場),即使抱持長線「投資」的宗旨,亦應以投機心情觀察市場變化,才不會受「投資」之名所累而吃虧。
說起「長線投資」,大家不期然會記起凱恩斯那句膾炙人口的話「長期而言,我們都一命嗚呼」(in the long run we are all dead)
事實上,凱恩斯從不認為能夠「預測最短期的經濟甚至最短期(內公布)的公司盈利」,香港政府多年來數度調低經濟增長預測,便是一個活生生的例子。凱恩斯於一九三一年和一九三四年兩度遊美,對華爾街大亨誇言能預測六個月後的公司業績,大感驚奇並大不以為然。
凱恩斯的投資哲學和實踐手法很值得學習;那些知道凱恩斯精於投資和投機之道的,可能忽略他的成功取決於其簡單的「相反理論實力主義」(Contrarian Fundamentalism),而非倚賴他的經濟學理論或熟悉金融市場內幕。凱恩斯的投機習慣令人羡慕,其買賣決策於早上在床上完成—他醒後在床上進早餐、讀報、接聽倫敦經紀「報行情」的電話,然後在電話中落單買賣。
凱恩斯不大重視投資專家特別是經紀行的分析,亦極少公開談論市道,他的投機活動在他起床後告終,以後的時間埋首於學術研究;假如你希望找尋一位投機大師作為仿效榜樣,不妨考慮凱恩斯這位偉大的英國唯美主義者和經濟學家。基本上,他是一名典型的業餘投機者,把投機視作豐裕人生中的一個環節。他洞悉投機對象的真正價值,加上有知識分子的高傲性格,以致他的投資策略經常與群眾(包括一些自以為消息靈通的市場人士)背道而馳。
他於一九四四年致友人(基金經理)的函件中說:「我的投資原則,不同流俗。因為當人們看好某種股票時(agreed about its merits),其股價肯定已被炒高,因此亦失去吸購的價值。」凱恩斯認為股民是盲目的,因此他要「背離群眾」;不但如此,他還經常說服他們買入或沽出,然後採取相反步驟,以現在的標準,這當然是不道德的。
凱恩斯這句來自其一九二三年發表的〈貨幣改革短論〉(A Tract on Monetary Reform),整段話是:「This long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that when the storm is long past the ocean is flat again.」試譯如下:「看得太遠,對當前事務有誤導作用。長期而言,大家都一命嗚呼。經濟學家為自己定下太容易太容易達致的工作目標,這便如在狂風驟雨中經濟學家老說風暴過後天氣會再晴朗。」凱恩斯重複long run二字,頗有幽默的味道,本該照譯,才能顯其妙趣,但中文讀起來有點不自然,遂改之如上.
Saturday, May 3, 2008
美減稅法案將自動失效
美股方面,2000年殊仔上台後提出減稅方案(股息稅由35%降至15%,資本升值稅由20%降到15%,2003年生效,到2009年12月31日後失效)。
除非明年新總統上台後立即通過臨時減稅法案加以延長,不然2009年後美股將大受壓力,因上述減稅方案係令美股由2003年起上升嘅其中一項重要因素;上述法案卻喺二十個月後自動失效,將係2009年後美股另一威脅。响美國政府財政赤字咁龐大嘅情況下,又有邊位新總統有吉士一上台便要求將上述減稅法案延長而同時獲國會通過?2009年同2002年環境唔同,當年因發生2001年「九一一慘劇」,人人憂慮美國出現衰退。當年客觀環境有利通過減股息稅及資本升值稅法案(何況係臨時);依家客觀環境卻大大唔同。
拉斯維加斯嘅金沙集團(全球最大賭業集團)宣布,今年首季虧損1120萬美元或每股3美仙(去年同期獲利9090萬美元或每股26美仙)。該公司投資120億美元喺澳門興建酒店及賭場。金沙今年首季收益雖然較去年同期上升 72%,達10.08億美元,但仍未符合分析員事前估計嘅12.2億美元。消息公布後金沙股價喺場外交易跌7.22美元,至69美元;今年金沙股價已回落 26%。
今年1月金沙集團响拉斯維加斯開業嘅Palazzo入住率只有79%,較拉斯維加斯另一酒店威尼斯人91%(一年前99%)為低,主要受高油價影響,令揸車去拉斯維加斯賭嘅人數較估計中少。
2004年响澳門開業嘅金沙酒店EBITDA亦跌36%,至6530萬元,主因係被去年8月開業嘅威尼斯人搶走部分VIP客戶,以及去年5月新濠國際開業嘅Crown酒店影響。今年4月23日澳門政府宣布停發新賭牌,維持只有六個,因回歸後至今賭場數目已增加超過一倍,至二十九間,而且未來仍然在增加中。
金沙集團亦有投資新加坡聖淘沙嘅賭場,2009年開業,涉及資金40億美元。另喺美國賓州伯利恒城投資一間賭場,涉及投資8億美元,並有意用7500萬英鎊購入倫敦賭場Les Ambassadurs。
過去一般人認為生意淡薄,不離賭博。睇嚟世界性賭業一樣受經濟吹淡風所影響!
除非明年新總統上台後立即通過臨時減稅法案加以延長,不然2009年後美股將大受壓力,因上述減稅方案係令美股由2003年起上升嘅其中一項重要因素;上述法案卻喺二十個月後自動失效,將係2009年後美股另一威脅。响美國政府財政赤字咁龐大嘅情況下,又有邊位新總統有吉士一上台便要求將上述減稅法案延長而同時獲國會通過?2009年同2002年環境唔同,當年因發生2001年「九一一慘劇」,人人憂慮美國出現衰退。當年客觀環境有利通過減股息稅及資本升值稅法案(何況係臨時);依家客觀環境卻大大唔同。
拉斯維加斯嘅金沙集團(全球最大賭業集團)宣布,今年首季虧損1120萬美元或每股3美仙(去年同期獲利9090萬美元或每股26美仙)。該公司投資120億美元喺澳門興建酒店及賭場。金沙今年首季收益雖然較去年同期上升 72%,達10.08億美元,但仍未符合分析員事前估計嘅12.2億美元。消息公布後金沙股價喺場外交易跌7.22美元,至69美元;今年金沙股價已回落 26%。
今年1月金沙集團响拉斯維加斯開業嘅Palazzo入住率只有79%,較拉斯維加斯另一酒店威尼斯人91%(一年前99%)為低,主要受高油價影響,令揸車去拉斯維加斯賭嘅人數較估計中少。
2004年响澳門開業嘅金沙酒店EBITDA亦跌36%,至6530萬元,主因係被去年8月開業嘅威尼斯人搶走部分VIP客戶,以及去年5月新濠國際開業嘅Crown酒店影響。今年4月23日澳門政府宣布停發新賭牌,維持只有六個,因回歸後至今賭場數目已增加超過一倍,至二十九間,而且未來仍然在增加中。
金沙集團亦有投資新加坡聖淘沙嘅賭場,2009年開業,涉及資金40億美元。另喺美國賓州伯利恒城投資一間賭場,涉及投資8億美元,並有意用7500萬英鎊購入倫敦賭場Les Ambassadurs。
過去一般人認為生意淡薄,不離賭博。睇嚟世界性賭業一樣受經濟吹淡風所影響!
市場永遠是Forward Looking
要投資成功,高學歷和複雜的財經知識可能是優勢,並有助投資者鑽研各類金融資產之虛實。
但說句老實話,知識和分析力不是最重要的成功因素,反而一些看似是常識(Common Sense)的因素往往能影響大局,如下:
1) 良好的心理質素 --- 心亂了,那管閣下坐擁億萬圓資金,亦只會敗陣.
2) 紀律 --- 即使有上好戰略,軍中陣法亂了亦很難取勝.
3) 實行已定計劃 --- 即是簡單至「Buy & Hold」大型藍籌股,亦是一項計劃。若然不老實執行,就算是諸葛亮的「隆中對」亦亳無用處.
4) 有承認錯誤的勇氣,凡人不是全能全知的 --- 發現看錯了市場形勢,或者是選錯了股票,最聰明的做法是立即沽出認賠(Cut Loss)。若然基本面嚴重轉壞,下跌20%的股票可以再跌多20%、30%,直至一文不值之時閣下才可說不能再跌.
5) 用「Common Sense」及「Simple Logic」去思考,並用「Simple Maths」去「廟算」。太深的事情可能不是投資者應去接觸
6) 了解欲投資的國家、行業和個股,並用「Simple Words」再講一次個「Story」,即是包括其業務性質、競爭優勢、前景、風險、估值等等
7) 若然自認不能做到. 大可向人請教。若然自認問人太麻煩,可投資於「Exchanged Traded Fund (ETF)」,如盈富基金.
8) 永遠保持彈性,形勢變了就要重新評估策略,切忌墨守成規.
9) 專家意見僅能作參巧,盲目迷信而不作獨立思考是十分危險的事情。始終,投資人是要向自己負責,逃避是最差劣的輸家做法,而以欠公平或不客觀的方法去進行分析亦能導至致命的犯錯(Fatal Mistake).
10) 別以為自已能夠時常戰勝市場 --- 事實上,大部份時間市場是有效率(當然有時市場失效),而且比起大部份人聰明。不少基金長遠跑輸大市,但是大部份大眾的表現比起基金經理還要差勁.
11) 哲學(尤是Logic和東方哲學)、心理、歷史等書籍,不能不看.
12) 向前望,而不是用倒後鏡 --- 永遠不要忘記,資本市場永遠是向前看(Forward Looking)。若然等到業績、經濟數據或事情成為新聞之際,很多時早已被市場反映。因此,優秀的投資者應該像棋手一般,由蛛絲馬跡中聞到市場或基本面的趨勢轉變,並有先見之明早作分析和部暑。不少人,甚至包括專家,只依靠滯後的事實來預測未來。對於這類人,筆者只能說: 「傻瓜,市場是Forward Looking的!」
但說句老實話,知識和分析力不是最重要的成功因素,反而一些看似是常識(Common Sense)的因素往往能影響大局,如下:
1) 良好的心理質素 --- 心亂了,那管閣下坐擁億萬圓資金,亦只會敗陣.
2) 紀律 --- 即使有上好戰略,軍中陣法亂了亦很難取勝.
3) 實行已定計劃 --- 即是簡單至「Buy & Hold」大型藍籌股,亦是一項計劃。若然不老實執行,就算是諸葛亮的「隆中對」亦亳無用處.
4) 有承認錯誤的勇氣,凡人不是全能全知的 --- 發現看錯了市場形勢,或者是選錯了股票,最聰明的做法是立即沽出認賠(Cut Loss)。若然基本面嚴重轉壞,下跌20%的股票可以再跌多20%、30%,直至一文不值之時閣下才可說不能再跌.
5) 用「Common Sense」及「Simple Logic」去思考,並用「Simple Maths」去「廟算」。太深的事情可能不是投資者應去接觸
6) 了解欲投資的國家、行業和個股,並用「Simple Words」再講一次個「Story」,即是包括其業務性質、競爭優勢、前景、風險、估值等等
7) 若然自認不能做到. 大可向人請教。若然自認問人太麻煩,可投資於「Exchanged Traded Fund (ETF)」,如盈富基金.
8) 永遠保持彈性,形勢變了就要重新評估策略,切忌墨守成規.
9) 專家意見僅能作參巧,盲目迷信而不作獨立思考是十分危險的事情。始終,投資人是要向自己負責,逃避是最差劣的輸家做法,而以欠公平或不客觀的方法去進行分析亦能導至致命的犯錯(Fatal Mistake).
10) 別以為自已能夠時常戰勝市場 --- 事實上,大部份時間市場是有效率(當然有時市場失效),而且比起大部份人聰明。不少基金長遠跑輸大市,但是大部份大眾的表現比起基金經理還要差勁.
11) 哲學(尤是Logic和東方哲學)、心理、歷史等書籍,不能不看.
12) 向前望,而不是用倒後鏡 --- 永遠不要忘記,資本市場永遠是向前看(Forward Looking)。若然等到業績、經濟數據或事情成為新聞之際,很多時早已被市場反映。因此,優秀的投資者應該像棋手一般,由蛛絲馬跡中聞到市場或基本面的趨勢轉變,並有先見之明早作分析和部暑。不少人,甚至包括專家,只依靠滯後的事實來預測未來。對於這類人,筆者只能說: 「傻瓜,市場是Forward Looking的!」
Thursday, May 1, 2008
When those who didn't care meet those who didn't think
What happens when the one who doesn't care meets the one who doesn’t think?
It is a recipe for mischief and ultimately disaster in the field of investment.In investment, who is the one who doesn’t care and who is the one who doesn’t think is clearly distinguishable.
As Warren Bufett remarked, “First, many on Wall Street – a community which quality control is not prized – will sell investors anything they will buy. Generally, many market participants will not think what they will buy. A public opinion poll will usually replace thoughts for them which is the first step towards disaster. Obviously, no single event works per se can cause destruction to the world of investment. It’s usually a chain of events that lead to it. And we will try to unravel some of the critical events and key players that lead to it.
And of course, simply by following a contrarian approach is just as foolish as a follow-the-crowd strategy. Just because a stock or business is unpopular does not make it an intelligent purchase. What’s required is thinking rather than polling.
In reality, unfortunately, Bertrand Russell’s observation about life in general applies with an uncanny truth in the financial world: “Most men would rather die than think. Many do.”Originally, bonds that were initially investment-grade and downgraded were termed as “fallen-angels.” But yet again, Wall Street is full of illusionists.
Then, in the 1980s, a new kind of bastardized fallen angel burst onto the investment scene – “Junk bonds” that were far below investment grade when issued. As the decade passed, new offerings of manufactured junks became ever junkier and ultimately the predictable outcome occurred: Junk bonds lived up to their name and obviously it was started promoted by those who didn’t care to those who didn’t think. In 1990 – even before the recession dealt its blows – the financial sky became dark with the bodies of failing corporations.
The preacher of debt assured us that this collapse wouldn’t happen: Huge debt, we were told, would cause operating managers to focus their efforts as never before (remember when you were a student, it is so easy to come up with dozens of positive reason for doing something but then most of it are illusions), much as a dagger mounted on the steering wheel of a car could be expected to make its driver proceed with intensified care. With such attention given, a very alert driver will be produced. But another certain consequence would be a deadly – and unnecessary – accident if the car hit even the tiniest pothole. The roads of business are riddled with potholes; a plan that required dodging them all is a plan for disaster.
In the final chapter of The Intelligent Investor Ben Graham forcefully rejected the dagger thesis: “Confronted with a challenge to distill the secret of sound investment into three words, we venture the motto, Margin of Safety.” The failure of investors to heed this simple message caused them staggering losses as the 1990s began.
At the height of the debt mania, capital structures were concocted that guaranteed failure: In some cases, so much debt was issued that even highly favorable business results could not produce the funds to service it. Many businesses, good or bad, then bought with a mountain of debts could not service the interest with the gross income. Many of the bonds that financed the purchase were sold to the eventual failing savings and loan associations. And guess again who pick up the tabs for this folly? Again, it is the taxpayer.
When these disservices were done, however, dagger-selling investment bankers or rather promotees pointed to the “scholarly” research of academics, which reported that over the years the higher the interest rates received from low-grade bonds had more than compensated for their higher rate of default. Thus, said the friendly salesmen, a diversified portfolio of junk bonds would produce greater net returns than would a portfolio of high-grade bonds.
But, there was a flaw in the salesmen’s logic – one that a first-year student in statistics is taught to recognize. An assumption was being made that the universe of newly-minted junk bonds was identical to the universe of low-grade fallen angels and that, therefore, the default experience of the latter group was meaningful in predicting the default experience of the new issues.
The universes were of course unlike in several vital respects. For openers, the manager of a fallen angel almost invariably yearned to regain investment-grade status and worked towards that goal. The junk-bond operator was usually an entirely different breed. Behaving much as a heroin user might, he devoted his energies not to finding a cure for his debt-ridden condition, but rather to finding another fix. Additionally, the fiduciary sensitivities of the executives managing the typical fallen angel were often, though not always, more finely developed than were those of the junk-bond-issuing ones.
Wall Street cared little for such distinctions. As usual, the Street’s enthusiasm for an idea was proportional not to its merit, but rather to the revenue it would produce. Mountains of junk bonds were sold by those who didn’t care to those who didn’t think – and there was no shortage of either.
It is a recipe for mischief and ultimately disaster in the field of investment.In investment, who is the one who doesn’t care and who is the one who doesn’t think is clearly distinguishable.
As Warren Bufett remarked, “First, many on Wall Street – a community which quality control is not prized – will sell investors anything they will buy. Generally, many market participants will not think what they will buy. A public opinion poll will usually replace thoughts for them which is the first step towards disaster. Obviously, no single event works per se can cause destruction to the world of investment. It’s usually a chain of events that lead to it. And we will try to unravel some of the critical events and key players that lead to it.
And of course, simply by following a contrarian approach is just as foolish as a follow-the-crowd strategy. Just because a stock or business is unpopular does not make it an intelligent purchase. What’s required is thinking rather than polling.
In reality, unfortunately, Bertrand Russell’s observation about life in general applies with an uncanny truth in the financial world: “Most men would rather die than think. Many do.”Originally, bonds that were initially investment-grade and downgraded were termed as “fallen-angels.” But yet again, Wall Street is full of illusionists.
Then, in the 1980s, a new kind of bastardized fallen angel burst onto the investment scene – “Junk bonds” that were far below investment grade when issued. As the decade passed, new offerings of manufactured junks became ever junkier and ultimately the predictable outcome occurred: Junk bonds lived up to their name and obviously it was started promoted by those who didn’t care to those who didn’t think. In 1990 – even before the recession dealt its blows – the financial sky became dark with the bodies of failing corporations.
The preacher of debt assured us that this collapse wouldn’t happen: Huge debt, we were told, would cause operating managers to focus their efforts as never before (remember when you were a student, it is so easy to come up with dozens of positive reason for doing something but then most of it are illusions), much as a dagger mounted on the steering wheel of a car could be expected to make its driver proceed with intensified care. With such attention given, a very alert driver will be produced. But another certain consequence would be a deadly – and unnecessary – accident if the car hit even the tiniest pothole. The roads of business are riddled with potholes; a plan that required dodging them all is a plan for disaster.
In the final chapter of The Intelligent Investor Ben Graham forcefully rejected the dagger thesis: “Confronted with a challenge to distill the secret of sound investment into three words, we venture the motto, Margin of Safety.” The failure of investors to heed this simple message caused them staggering losses as the 1990s began.
At the height of the debt mania, capital structures were concocted that guaranteed failure: In some cases, so much debt was issued that even highly favorable business results could not produce the funds to service it. Many businesses, good or bad, then bought with a mountain of debts could not service the interest with the gross income. Many of the bonds that financed the purchase were sold to the eventual failing savings and loan associations. And guess again who pick up the tabs for this folly? Again, it is the taxpayer.
When these disservices were done, however, dagger-selling investment bankers or rather promotees pointed to the “scholarly” research of academics, which reported that over the years the higher the interest rates received from low-grade bonds had more than compensated for their higher rate of default. Thus, said the friendly salesmen, a diversified portfolio of junk bonds would produce greater net returns than would a portfolio of high-grade bonds.
But, there was a flaw in the salesmen’s logic – one that a first-year student in statistics is taught to recognize. An assumption was being made that the universe of newly-minted junk bonds was identical to the universe of low-grade fallen angels and that, therefore, the default experience of the latter group was meaningful in predicting the default experience of the new issues.
The universes were of course unlike in several vital respects. For openers, the manager of a fallen angel almost invariably yearned to regain investment-grade status and worked towards that goal. The junk-bond operator was usually an entirely different breed. Behaving much as a heroin user might, he devoted his energies not to finding a cure for his debt-ridden condition, but rather to finding another fix. Additionally, the fiduciary sensitivities of the executives managing the typical fallen angel were often, though not always, more finely developed than were those of the junk-bond-issuing ones.
Wall Street cared little for such distinctions. As usual, the Street’s enthusiasm for an idea was proportional not to its merit, but rather to the revenue it would produce. Mountains of junk bonds were sold by those who didn’t care to those who didn’t think – and there was no shortage of either.
Who does better collectively? Active or Passive investors?
Who does better, the active investor or the passive investor? William Sharpe, a Nobel Prize winner, divides the world of investors in “active” and “passive” investors.
A passive investor is one who is sensible enough to realize you can’t beat the market. The passive investor who thus knowing his limitation would logically put all his money into a market portfolio of every stock in existence (roughly, an “index fund”).
An active investor is one who suffers from the delusion (if you know what you are doing, it is not a delusion) that he can beat the market. The active investor puts his money into anything except a market portfolio. By Sharpe’s terms, an active investor need not trade “actively.” A retiree who has two shares of Johnson & Johnson in the bottom of his drawer counts as an active investor. He is operating on the assumption that JNJ is a better stock to own than a total market index fund. Active investors include anyone who tries to pick “good” stocks and shun “bad” ones, or who hires someone else to do that by putting money into an actively managed mutual fund or investment partnership.
Who does better was Sharpe’s query: the active investors or the passive ones? Collectively, the world’s investors own 100 percent of all the world’s stocks. In other words, the average return of all the world’s investors – before factoring in management expenses, brokerage fees and taxes – has to be identical to the average return of the stock market as a whole. It can’t be otherwise.
Even more clearly, the average return of just the passive investors is equal to the average stock market return since all passive investors invest in the market index which matches the return of the whole market.
By subtracting the return of the passive investors from the aggregate, this leaves the return of the active investors. Since the passive investors have exactly the same return as the whole, it follows that the active investors, as a group, must also have the same average return as the whole market. This leads to a surprising conclusion. Collectively (not individually), active investors must do no better or worst (before taxes and fees) than the passive investors.
Some active investors do better than others, as we all know. Every active investor hopes to do better than the others. One thing is for sure: Everyone can’t do “better than average.”
Active investing is thus a zero-sum game. The only way for one active investor to do better than average is for another active investor to do worst than average. You can’t wriggle out of this conclusion by imagining that the active investor’s profits come at the expense of those wimpy passive investors who settle for average return. The average return of the passive investors is exactly the same as that of the active investors, for the reason highlighted earlier.
Now factor in expenses. The passive investors have little or no brokerage fees, management fees, or capital gain taxes (they rarely have to sell). The expenses of the active traders vary. For most parts, active investors will be paying a percent or two in fees and more in commissions and taxes. (Hedge fund investors pay much more in fees when the fund does well.) This is something like 2 percent on capital per year and must be deducted from the return.
Two percent is no small cake. In the twentieth century, the average stock market return was something like 5 percent more than the risk-free rate. Yet an active investor has to earn about two percentage points more than average just to keep up with the passive investors.
Do some active investors achieve that? Absolutely. Then do these active investors who have achieved that are also able to sustain what they are doing? Again, a resounding yes. They’re the smart or lucky few – more smart than lucky – who fall at the upper end of the spectrum of returns. The majority of active investors do not achieve that break-even point. Most people who think they can beat the market do worst than the market (worst yet, some deceive themselves by counting the wins but not the losses – ask how many gamblers who always proclaim a win when they strike a lottery). This is an irrefutable conclusion. Sharpe said, and it is not based on fancy economic theorizing. It simply follows from the laws of arithmetic.
A passive investor is one who is sensible enough to realize you can’t beat the market. The passive investor who thus knowing his limitation would logically put all his money into a market portfolio of every stock in existence (roughly, an “index fund”).
An active investor is one who suffers from the delusion (if you know what you are doing, it is not a delusion) that he can beat the market. The active investor puts his money into anything except a market portfolio. By Sharpe’s terms, an active investor need not trade “actively.” A retiree who has two shares of Johnson & Johnson in the bottom of his drawer counts as an active investor. He is operating on the assumption that JNJ is a better stock to own than a total market index fund. Active investors include anyone who tries to pick “good” stocks and shun “bad” ones, or who hires someone else to do that by putting money into an actively managed mutual fund or investment partnership.
Who does better was Sharpe’s query: the active investors or the passive ones? Collectively, the world’s investors own 100 percent of all the world’s stocks. In other words, the average return of all the world’s investors – before factoring in management expenses, brokerage fees and taxes – has to be identical to the average return of the stock market as a whole. It can’t be otherwise.
Even more clearly, the average return of just the passive investors is equal to the average stock market return since all passive investors invest in the market index which matches the return of the whole market.
By subtracting the return of the passive investors from the aggregate, this leaves the return of the active investors. Since the passive investors have exactly the same return as the whole, it follows that the active investors, as a group, must also have the same average return as the whole market. This leads to a surprising conclusion. Collectively (not individually), active investors must do no better or worst (before taxes and fees) than the passive investors.
Some active investors do better than others, as we all know. Every active investor hopes to do better than the others. One thing is for sure: Everyone can’t do “better than average.”
Active investing is thus a zero-sum game. The only way for one active investor to do better than average is for another active investor to do worst than average. You can’t wriggle out of this conclusion by imagining that the active investor’s profits come at the expense of those wimpy passive investors who settle for average return. The average return of the passive investors is exactly the same as that of the active investors, for the reason highlighted earlier.
Now factor in expenses. The passive investors have little or no brokerage fees, management fees, or capital gain taxes (they rarely have to sell). The expenses of the active traders vary. For most parts, active investors will be paying a percent or two in fees and more in commissions and taxes. (Hedge fund investors pay much more in fees when the fund does well.) This is something like 2 percent on capital per year and must be deducted from the return.
Two percent is no small cake. In the twentieth century, the average stock market return was something like 5 percent more than the risk-free rate. Yet an active investor has to earn about two percentage points more than average just to keep up with the passive investors.
Do some active investors achieve that? Absolutely. Then do these active investors who have achieved that are also able to sustain what they are doing? Again, a resounding yes. They’re the smart or lucky few – more smart than lucky – who fall at the upper end of the spectrum of returns. The majority of active investors do not achieve that break-even point. Most people who think they can beat the market do worst than the market (worst yet, some deceive themselves by counting the wins but not the losses – ask how many gamblers who always proclaim a win when they strike a lottery). This is an irrefutable conclusion. Sharpe said, and it is not based on fancy economic theorizing. It simply follows from the laws of arithmetic.
View on long term investing
The major reason why investors lose money is:
1) they view stock market as some sort of magic expecting a dollar invested today to be worth two tomorrow (too short an horizon);
2) by paying the wrong price;
3) at times by paying the wrong price, there’s still a chance for recovery if the business economics will improve with time but then investors do not have the patience and sell themselves out early.
Investors of such practice simply are watching and following the wrong indicator of performance that tells the truth – they are just watching the price ticker. As if in watching a basketball game, the action is on the game floor, not on the scoreboard. It is what the players that are doing on the court that influence what will be shown on the scoreboard.And then as if one is able to outscore every other player on the board, one tries to outmaneuver the other by trying to catch both the top and the bottom by pressing and squeezing harder than the one next door. These players are just influenced by trying to predict when the next storm is going to come. As a storm approaches, they try to run for cover totally but then a storm does not unroot all tress. Trees which are well deeply rooted are never in the long run destroyed by any storms. Thus, let us look a little in the history of stock which may give a little insight into what may happen in the future and thus improve the chances of investing success.
Firstly, investing is an act of faith. By investing a dollar today, we are entrusting to the steward in a corporation in the faith or at least with the hope that their endeavors will generate a rate of return that more than commensurate our investments. In this commitment of faith, we are committing our investment in the long term success of the corporation or economy at large and that the world’s financial markets will continue to march forward.Any attempt to try to time, rather than price the market is an act of speculation. This action of timing is more to do with human psychology rather than wisdom. Market participants’ faith in investing has waxed and waned, kindled by bull markets and chilled by bear markets that happened from time to time, but over time the market has always remained intact. The market has survived the Great Depression, two world wars, the rise and fall of communism, two oil shocks, the assassination of a U.S. president, time of high inflation, shocks in commodity prices, among many others. In recent years (since 1982 though), our faith has been enhanced by the bull market in stocks and has accelerated, without much ado – perhaps only in early 2000s – until now.
In the event of both bull, many just can only see all things which are rosy and unfortunately, the reverse applies in the bear market as well where many just cannot see anything rosy except doomsday. Excessive behaviors always lead an investor to either bringing himself to be in a very risky position where he might make a lot but the price to be paid for the risk to be undertaken simply does not commensurate the price with the risk. On the other hand, in a frenzy market downturn, an investor may simply just head for any exit as long as he sees one where again, he will not consider the price he is selling commensurate with the value that he is foregoing. Might some unforeseeable or unpredictable shock trigger another depression so severe that it would destroy our faith in the promise of investing? Possibility is always there. Excessive confidence in a smooth and rising sea can only blind us to the risk of storms. History is littered with episodes in which the enthusiasm of investors has driven equity prices to and beyond the point at which they are swept into the vortex of speculation, ultimately leading to unexpected losses. There is definitely little certainty in investing, at least for the short run. As long term investors, however, we must be aware of the past and cannot afford to let the ruinous possibilities frighten us away from the markets. For without risk, there is no return.Here is a story about Chance. Chance is someone who knows about risk in all seasons because he is a gardener. His story contains an inspirational message to long term investors. The seasons of his garden are akin to the cycles of the economy and the financial markets. We can emulate his faith that their patterns of the past is an indication that may define their course in the future.
Chance is a gardener who works for a rich man in his mansion. He lives in a solitary world bereft of contact with the outside world. One day, the rich man dies, Chance wanders out on his first foray into the world. He is hit by the limousine of a powerful advisor to the president. When he is rushed to the advisor’s estate for medical care, he identifies himself only as “Chance the gardener.” In the confusion, his name is wrongly interpreted as “Chauncey Gardiner.
”When the President visits the advisor, the recuperating Chance sits in on the meeting. The economy is slumping; blue chip corporations are under duress and the stock market is collapsing. Unexpectedly, Chance is asked for his advice:“In a garden,” he said, “growth has its season. There are spring and summer, but there are also fall and winter. And then spring and summer again. As long as the roots are not severed, all is well and all will be well.
”The president seems quietly pleased and delighted with the insightful thoughts of Chance. The president said: “I must admit, Mr. Gardiner, that is one of the most refreshing and optimistic statements I’ve heard in a very, very long time. Many of us forget that nature and society as one. Like nature, our economic system remains, in the long run, stable and rational and that’s why we must not fear to be at its mercy. We welcome the inevitable seasons of nature, yet we are upset by the seasons of our economy. How foolish of us.
”This story may be fictional. But like Chance, I see the history of our economy to be similar. The economy has passed the test of any past disasters and remains as healthy and stable in the long run. No doubt, it is marked by seasons of growth, sluggishness and decline but its roots have remained intact and strong. Despite changing seasons, our economy has persisted in an upward course, rebounding from the blackest of calamities.
Just for some historical figures. The average annual nominal return for three different time periods are:
1) 1802 to 1870 is 7.1%;
2) 1871 to 1925 is 7.2%;
3) 1926 to 1977 is 10.6%. After accounting for inflation, the net real return is 7%, 6.6% and 7.2% for the same periods respectively.
For an eye opener, an initial $10,000 investment in stocks from 1802 on, with all dividends reinvested will result in a terminal value of $5.6 billion in real dollars. Yet more staggering result if the same $10,000 is invested in bonds rather than stocks, it will result in $8 million. Well, that is not the worst, the worst is to invest in lands or properties.
Well, of course, none of us can expect to live near to two centuries, much less one. But having 50 years of investing time period is certainly within the reach of most people and 50 years is certainly a long time period where many different seasons will come and then go and come again. And with the story of Chance, having a strategy like his will certainly be great for most investors, at least for those who don’t know what they are doing.
1) they view stock market as some sort of magic expecting a dollar invested today to be worth two tomorrow (too short an horizon);
2) by paying the wrong price;
3) at times by paying the wrong price, there’s still a chance for recovery if the business economics will improve with time but then investors do not have the patience and sell themselves out early.
Investors of such practice simply are watching and following the wrong indicator of performance that tells the truth – they are just watching the price ticker. As if in watching a basketball game, the action is on the game floor, not on the scoreboard. It is what the players that are doing on the court that influence what will be shown on the scoreboard.And then as if one is able to outscore every other player on the board, one tries to outmaneuver the other by trying to catch both the top and the bottom by pressing and squeezing harder than the one next door. These players are just influenced by trying to predict when the next storm is going to come. As a storm approaches, they try to run for cover totally but then a storm does not unroot all tress. Trees which are well deeply rooted are never in the long run destroyed by any storms. Thus, let us look a little in the history of stock which may give a little insight into what may happen in the future and thus improve the chances of investing success.
Firstly, investing is an act of faith. By investing a dollar today, we are entrusting to the steward in a corporation in the faith or at least with the hope that their endeavors will generate a rate of return that more than commensurate our investments. In this commitment of faith, we are committing our investment in the long term success of the corporation or economy at large and that the world’s financial markets will continue to march forward.Any attempt to try to time, rather than price the market is an act of speculation. This action of timing is more to do with human psychology rather than wisdom. Market participants’ faith in investing has waxed and waned, kindled by bull markets and chilled by bear markets that happened from time to time, but over time the market has always remained intact. The market has survived the Great Depression, two world wars, the rise and fall of communism, two oil shocks, the assassination of a U.S. president, time of high inflation, shocks in commodity prices, among many others. In recent years (since 1982 though), our faith has been enhanced by the bull market in stocks and has accelerated, without much ado – perhaps only in early 2000s – until now.
In the event of both bull, many just can only see all things which are rosy and unfortunately, the reverse applies in the bear market as well where many just cannot see anything rosy except doomsday. Excessive behaviors always lead an investor to either bringing himself to be in a very risky position where he might make a lot but the price to be paid for the risk to be undertaken simply does not commensurate the price with the risk. On the other hand, in a frenzy market downturn, an investor may simply just head for any exit as long as he sees one where again, he will not consider the price he is selling commensurate with the value that he is foregoing. Might some unforeseeable or unpredictable shock trigger another depression so severe that it would destroy our faith in the promise of investing? Possibility is always there. Excessive confidence in a smooth and rising sea can only blind us to the risk of storms. History is littered with episodes in which the enthusiasm of investors has driven equity prices to and beyond the point at which they are swept into the vortex of speculation, ultimately leading to unexpected losses. There is definitely little certainty in investing, at least for the short run. As long term investors, however, we must be aware of the past and cannot afford to let the ruinous possibilities frighten us away from the markets. For without risk, there is no return.Here is a story about Chance. Chance is someone who knows about risk in all seasons because he is a gardener. His story contains an inspirational message to long term investors. The seasons of his garden are akin to the cycles of the economy and the financial markets. We can emulate his faith that their patterns of the past is an indication that may define their course in the future.
Chance is a gardener who works for a rich man in his mansion. He lives in a solitary world bereft of contact with the outside world. One day, the rich man dies, Chance wanders out on his first foray into the world. He is hit by the limousine of a powerful advisor to the president. When he is rushed to the advisor’s estate for medical care, he identifies himself only as “Chance the gardener.” In the confusion, his name is wrongly interpreted as “Chauncey Gardiner.
”When the President visits the advisor, the recuperating Chance sits in on the meeting. The economy is slumping; blue chip corporations are under duress and the stock market is collapsing. Unexpectedly, Chance is asked for his advice:“In a garden,” he said, “growth has its season. There are spring and summer, but there are also fall and winter. And then spring and summer again. As long as the roots are not severed, all is well and all will be well.
”The president seems quietly pleased and delighted with the insightful thoughts of Chance. The president said: “I must admit, Mr. Gardiner, that is one of the most refreshing and optimistic statements I’ve heard in a very, very long time. Many of us forget that nature and society as one. Like nature, our economic system remains, in the long run, stable and rational and that’s why we must not fear to be at its mercy. We welcome the inevitable seasons of nature, yet we are upset by the seasons of our economy. How foolish of us.
”This story may be fictional. But like Chance, I see the history of our economy to be similar. The economy has passed the test of any past disasters and remains as healthy and stable in the long run. No doubt, it is marked by seasons of growth, sluggishness and decline but its roots have remained intact and strong. Despite changing seasons, our economy has persisted in an upward course, rebounding from the blackest of calamities.
Just for some historical figures. The average annual nominal return for three different time periods are:
1) 1802 to 1870 is 7.1%;
2) 1871 to 1925 is 7.2%;
3) 1926 to 1977 is 10.6%. After accounting for inflation, the net real return is 7%, 6.6% and 7.2% for the same periods respectively.
For an eye opener, an initial $10,000 investment in stocks from 1802 on, with all dividends reinvested will result in a terminal value of $5.6 billion in real dollars. Yet more staggering result if the same $10,000 is invested in bonds rather than stocks, it will result in $8 million. Well, that is not the worst, the worst is to invest in lands or properties.
Well, of course, none of us can expect to live near to two centuries, much less one. But having 50 years of investing time period is certainly within the reach of most people and 50 years is certainly a long time period where many different seasons will come and then go and come again. And with the story of Chance, having a strategy like his will certainly be great for most investors, at least for those who don’t know what they are doing.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)