經濟學教科書需要重寫,因爲理論和今天的現實之間的差距頗大。
理論上講,供給與需求決定價格,可是在商品和能源市場,期貨市場主導著商品的現貨價格。理論上講,市場是有效率的而且具有自我糾錯能力,可是市場的合力吹出一個巨大的資産泡沫。理論上講,創新帶來社會進步,可是一輪金融創新帶來的卻是前所未有的金融海嘯和財富、就業的劫難。理論上講,企業資不抵債、流動性枯竭就得破産,可是這次危機中出現了一批大得不能倒的企業。理論上講,分散投資可以減少風險,取得穩定回報,可是金融海嘯以來各國市場齊跌,各種資産價格也齊跌。理論上講,所有銀行的資本充足率在危機前都是良好的,可是事後發現它們將風險投資劃入到了SIV(特別投資工具),出事後銀行資本金在一夜間消失。理論上講,政府財政失控、赤字累累,國債應該暴跌,可是美國國債卻成了避險天堂。理論上講,央行的貨幣政策是獨立的、中立的,可是如今央行既是行政當局的馬前卒,又有一雙拉低商業利率的有形手。
經濟學家們不停地將此次經濟危機與歷史上的其他衰退相比較。筆者看來,這是一次全新的經濟危機,歷史上的衰退對這場金融海嘯的參考意義並不大。
這場金融危機中,金融市場幾乎將實體經濟推向了懸崖,上一次金融危機是80年前的大蕭條。但是,當時資本很少跨境流動,沒有衍生産品,幾乎沒有期貨市場。當時的央行站在經濟與市場的對立面,政府也對銀行出現倒閉視而不見。
如今的世界早已完全不同了。資本全球化了,經濟證券化了。政府GDP化了。資本的全球流通帶來了效率,在正常情況下,還帶來了市場的自動調節和穩定。也正因爲此,世界經濟的增長波動在過去二十年遠遠小於現代歷史上的任何時期。
經濟的證券化,將全球儲蓄最大限度地推向證券市場,資金成本大降,成就了一輪罕見的經濟平穩快速增長,於是房價、股價齊升。政府GDP化,將執政重點窄化成保持增長、維護就業,一切以選民的眼前利益爲出發點,干預市場不再可恥,推出不可持續的財政方案甚至不見多少阻力。
筆者認爲,這次危機與之前的衰退,至少有四個重大不同。
一是金融先導。歷史上,沒有任何一次衰退(包括大蕭條),有如此明顯的金融先導特徵。信貸膨脹、資産升值、炮製毒資産、次貸危機、流動性枯竭、雷曼倒閉、銀行信心危機、之後才輪到實體經濟坍塌。這是一次不折不扣的金融經濟絆倒實體經濟。經濟的復蘇,也同樣始于金融經濟的穩定和信心的恢復。經濟周期理論,需要因此增加內容。
二是連鎖反應。資本全球化和衍生産品大行其道,將不同國家和多種金融産品串連在一起,交易對手風險在危機中被極度放大。有沒有買次貸産品,並不重要。只要你的交易對手中毒出事,你一樣受牽連;只要你有投資組合,隨時可能通過衍生産品直接或間接地(許多時候事先根本不知情)與有毒資産挂鈎,你一樣受牽連。哪怕你完全清白,其他中毒者不得不大手抛貨,你的投資一樣受牽連。火燒連營,第一次在全世界範圍內,跨資産種類地爆發了。金融經濟學需要重寫。
三是央行灌水。貨幣當局的傳統政策手段,在信心危機中徹底失效了。政策利率一降再降,但是恐慌中市場利率並未隨之回落,次貸市場、信貸市場仍然斷流。央行歷史性地祭出數量擴張,通過大量購買商業票據、債券,直接壓低商業利率,手法罕見、規模更是史無前例。這輪復蘇的路徑也很特別,資産價格強力反彈,而不是銀行信貸反彈,揭開經濟上升周期的序幕,其背景便是央行越俎代庖式的灌水。央行的行爲模式和定位必須重新研究。
四是政府瘋狂救市。這場危機中,政府救市速度和力度是前所未有的,而且還是全球聯手。政府製造了出天文數字的財政赤字規模,這不僅對通貨膨脹、財政負擔有深遠的影響,公共財政理論也需要大幅更新。
這是一場21世紀的經濟危機,與20世紀的危機有明顯不同。危機的主角不再是汽車業、地産業、商業貸款,而是金融業和金融資産。就業市場、實體信貸、消費信心依然重要,不過它們似乎成了金融經濟的衍生物。金融經濟本來是實體經濟的折射虛擬,如今卻成了實體經濟的主宰。
然而,經濟學研究仍然停留在20世紀。政府與央行的政策反應,多屬急中生智,而非建立在成熟的理論基礎之上。數量擴張到底對經濟有著怎樣的長遠影響?流動性通過市場渠道(而非傳統的銀行渠道)進入經濟意味著什麽?央行除了看CPI(消費者價格指數)外,是不是也應該看FPI(金融價格指數)?期貨市場到底對價格機制有沒有實質性影響?未來的儲蓄貨幣應該是什麽?
這場危機在改寫經濟學教科書,呼喚屬於21世紀的經濟學。
How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. 自强不息 勤以静心,俭以养德 天地不仁, 強者生存
Wednesday, July 22, 2009
ABTERRA: Crowd puller at SIAS mega seminar
INDIAN DEMAND for steel will shoot up in the next 6 months, predicted Mr Mahesh Mehta, an executive director of Abterra, the coal and iron ore trader that is integrating upstream into mining.
And a high global turnover of steel is good news for Abterra, as its top line comes mainly from the trading of metallurgical coke, coal as well as iron ore, which are the key raw materials in steel production.
As the world’s fifth largest steel producing and consuming nation, India’s huge infrastructure demand will boost global steel demand, Mr Mehta explained.
He was speaking to over 80 investors at the Asia Investment Conference and Exhibition organized by SIAS at the Suntec International Convention Center on Sunday.
The rising global trade in iron ore is a sharp contrast to the standstill it was at during the first quarter of this year.
Despite this, Abterra was able to grow 1Q09 revenues by 49% yoy to reach S$65.9 million, thanks to a near doubling in its trading turnover for coking coal and coke to S$64.9 million (up 194%).
Mr Mehta assured investors that demand has picked up again. Things are also looking rosy in China, which is also the world’s largest steel producing nation.
Its iron ore output in June had leapt 27% month-on-month to reach 93 million tons, while its crude steel output rose 6% yoy to reach 49 million tons.
All met coke produced in China is consumed domestically, said Mr Mehta. Photo by Rachel Ho.
In the same month, its coal output had jumped15.9% yoy to reach 279 million tons.
The statistics are historical records, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics.
Analysts are also upbeat. Hong Kong-based OSK analyst Helen Lau believes the utilization rate of China's steel sector has returned 2007 levels, according to a Reuters report published last Friday.
Abterra currently owns 15% in Zuoquan Yongxing (its first coalmine investment), which is booked as an “available for sale investment”, and this will only boost group earnings when it pays dividends.
Its acquisition of 49% in Taixing Jiaozhong was completed on 29 May. As the second coalmine investment will be counted as a subsidiary, the management is excited about the unit’s impending boost to group revenues, especially when approval is obtained to raise annual production capacity by 6-fold to 900,000 metric tons.
The company plans to acquire more coal and iron ore resources.
Singapore-based analysts are currently visiting Abterra's coal mines and facilities in China. NextInsight's China correspondent, Andrew van Buren, is also on the trip. Watch this space for pictures of the trip.
And a high global turnover of steel is good news for Abterra, as its top line comes mainly from the trading of metallurgical coke, coal as well as iron ore, which are the key raw materials in steel production.
As the world’s fifth largest steel producing and consuming nation, India’s huge infrastructure demand will boost global steel demand, Mr Mehta explained.
He was speaking to over 80 investors at the Asia Investment Conference and Exhibition organized by SIAS at the Suntec International Convention Center on Sunday.
The rising global trade in iron ore is a sharp contrast to the standstill it was at during the first quarter of this year.
Despite this, Abterra was able to grow 1Q09 revenues by 49% yoy to reach S$65.9 million, thanks to a near doubling in its trading turnover for coking coal and coke to S$64.9 million (up 194%).
Mr Mehta assured investors that demand has picked up again. Things are also looking rosy in China, which is also the world’s largest steel producing nation.
Its iron ore output in June had leapt 27% month-on-month to reach 93 million tons, while its crude steel output rose 6% yoy to reach 49 million tons.
All met coke produced in China is consumed domestically, said Mr Mehta. Photo by Rachel Ho.
In the same month, its coal output had jumped15.9% yoy to reach 279 million tons.
The statistics are historical records, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics.
Analysts are also upbeat. Hong Kong-based OSK analyst Helen Lau believes the utilization rate of China's steel sector has returned 2007 levels, according to a Reuters report published last Friday.
Abterra currently owns 15% in Zuoquan Yongxing (its first coalmine investment), which is booked as an “available for sale investment”, and this will only boost group earnings when it pays dividends.
Its acquisition of 49% in Taixing Jiaozhong was completed on 29 May. As the second coalmine investment will be counted as a subsidiary, the management is excited about the unit’s impending boost to group revenues, especially when approval is obtained to raise annual production capacity by 6-fold to 900,000 metric tons.
The company plans to acquire more coal and iron ore resources.
Singapore-based analysts are currently visiting Abterra's coal mines and facilities in China. NextInsight's China correspondent, Andrew van Buren, is also on the trip. Watch this space for pictures of the trip.
Saturday, July 18, 2009
大马产业信托上市公司 Malaysia REITs Information
今天财富广场有继续报导本地REITS (产业信托)的情报. 吉隆坡首要办公楼空间的出租率, 在2006下半年有取得86%, 而主要原因是吉隆坡市中心首要办公空间供应研紧.
报导也有提到超峰信托 (TWRREIT) 注入了ING大夏.
而由2000的每平方尺租金RM4.20已经逐年增长到2006的每平方尺租金RM5.20.
这对产业信托是好消息. 因为产业信托的收入就是靠出租其产业. 租金起, 收入就会增加.
而产业信托通常是把收入的90-100%分发 (INCOME DISTRIBUTION) 回给股东.
所以, 我还是认为产业信托是值得投资的, 但却要小心选择.
如果一家产业信托公司停留在目前的拥有产业和收入, 没有寻找或陆续注入有价值的产业, 那么其公司的收入也会相当慢的成长(租金是靠市场的需求而订, 而且需要时间才能慢慢上升). 这么说, 当这公司的股价上升后, 就会把DY(股息率)拉低, 而变得不再吸引我去加额投资.
产业信托是可以带来平稳的收入, 但细看每家公司过往的每股盈利(EPS), 却不是每家一样能看的…
吉隆坡租金率, 依我看到的都是有上升, 从来没有下降.
虽然说, 吉隆坡人口拥挤, 经常塞车和发生闪电水灾.
但, 人们还是依然往吉隆坡里找发展机会.
有限供应, 无限的需要, 只会把价格拉高.
产业信托公司只要买入好的产业, 不怕没人要租.
金河广场的租金虽然昂贵, 却还是有人甘愿付上, 只因金河广场的人潮是没有多少个地方可以取代的.
而办公楼虽然不要求人潮, 但却不能不要求方便.
无论交通, 银行, 酒店, 邮政, 网络, 电讯, 饮食, 你想要什么, 就有什么.
而且几乎所有的总行都设立在吉隆坡.
星期日, 六月 24, 2007
About Malaysia Property Market
财富广场今天有一小篇关于金河广场的报导.“不论住宅, 商业, 工业, 产业或零售空间, 地点或位置仍是决定起价值, 租金回酬的关键因素.”
这报导还有一个小图, 金河广场次要地点的租金, 在2002-2004年的每平方公尺RM250已经来到现在的每平方公尺RM380.
相反的, 首要地点在2002-2004年是每平方公尺RM131跌到2006年的RM118.
不过, 总结看, 还是有好赚. 因为次要地点租金的上升幅度高达52%. 而首要地点租金的下幅度只是下跌了9%.
产业信托还是有它的吸引力的.
还有另一片报导, 美国某保险公司刚买下槟城的三间购物中心, 以做收租金用途.
产业信托就是靠购买产业, 如商业中心, 商业广场或 办公大楼再以收租金的方式为公司制造现金流入. 这就如穷爸爸, 富爸爸说的, 买入带来收入的产业, 而不是带来负债的产业.
而一间值不值得我们投资的产业信托公司, 就要看该公司没有远见, 所拥有或正要有意买入的产业是否有价值而带来比贷款更多的回酬.
简单来说, 就是买入一间屋子, 再出租. 只要该租金是多过我所还的贷款, 那么我就有利可图.
以这方法赚钱有两大风险. 第一找不到租户, 第二租金比贷款少.
而能减低这两大风险就是寻找好的租户和买入价值只会不停提升的产业
我绝对相信KL和雪隆一带的地皮和产业是会越来越值钱的.
今天我是没本事买入一块地皮, 甚至产业来发展. 幸好有股票的发明, 所以我可以选择买入产业信托股, 成为该公司的小股东, 等待该公司派发所赚取的租金.
星期六, 五月 12, 2007
News About Malaysia REITS - 股價失色流通率低REIT要發光須對症下藥
股市交投熱絡,大部份股項皆有斬穫,反而政府大力推動的產業投資信託(REIT)卻被“邊緣化”,不但上市首日打不響首炮,股價過後也“軟叭叭”,市場人士疾呼當局進一步降低REIT的稅務及增加流通率,以便本地的REIT能迎頭趕上。市場人士指出,REIT的規模不大也是吸引不到投資者目光的原因,加上散戶偏向投機性活動與短線交易,導致REIT受到忽略。
經過接近兩年的推動,截至週四(21日)止,馬股上市的REIT已達10隻,但有表現的寥寥可數,無法像新加坡和香港REIT市場般發光發熱,令市場對本地REIT的前景感到憂慮。ARA資產管理公司集團首席執行員林惠璋受詢時說,大馬擁有像新加坡、香港和台灣等地的良好產業,產業投資熱不起來的原因是稅務較新加坡等地高,令外資卻步,因此減低稅務可提高REIT的吸引力,有助市場快速成長。
他說,新加坡快速成功的原因在於稅務架構非常吸引投資者,因此本地REIT要迅速成長,改善稅務架構是當務之急,因為REIT綜合固定收入和產業,主要是希望投資者能長期持有,以從中獲得高回酬,但若需要繳付偏高的稅率,將會使投資者卻步。
“若不提升自己的競爭力,長期將會失去優勢。”新加坡政府提供了一系列鼓勵外國投資者的措施和降低成立成本及稅務優惠,如免除個人投資者於REIT分利的所得稅;免除REIT出售產業的印花稅,以及外國非個人投資者的稅率由20%降至10%等措施,以吸引更多國內外REIT在該國上市。
林惠璋說,大馬的REIT擁有強大的成長潛能,尤其是回教REIT,因為大馬回教資金市場龐大,因此若改善稅務架構,預計REIT市場在2至3年內將和新加坡等市場一般火熱。他也指出,大馬REIT的資產規模和流動量都不大,但只要通過專業人士的管理,一切都可迎刃而解。大馬投資銀行執行董事布斯芭說,雖然大馬REIT的回酬率較其他地區高,但投資者關心的是REIT的成長會有多快,因此沒有積極的擴大基金規模,是無法吸引投資者進場的。
“新加坡和香港的REIT,一旦完成上市,幾乎每季、每半年、每年都會進行收購活動來增加基金規模,我認為這樣才能吸引投資者進場。”她也說,本地市場需要更大規模的REIT,以滿足外資對高流通量的需求,再加上與區域其他國家一致的稅務架構,方能吸引更多投資者青睞。
回酬低增值不快散戶不愛REIT上市REIT偏低的流通量和回酬不高,是散戶提不起興趣的主因,特別是目前旺熱的時期,散戶集中火力在藍籌股和主題炒作股項,REIT更是不受青睞。大馬證券抽傭經紀王嘉儀指出,投資者傾向進行短線交易,流通率不高的REIT自然乏人問津。
他說:“即使扣稅後股息高達5%也不感興趣,他們寧可投資單位信託。”據他觀察,本地投資者出現“斷層”,未經歷金融風暴的新一代投資者對股市的興趣不大,經金融風暴洗禮後的散戶則喜歡短線交易,對長期交易興趣缺缺。
“除非抽傭經紀強力推薦,否則散戶不會詢問流通率和回酬低的REIT。”另一名資深抽傭經紀盧文豪則指出,除了增值緩慢和回酬欠吸引,各REIT所投資與管理的資產不夠多元化及管理也是關鍵。他說,投資者對REIT大股東直接注入旗下資產存顧慮,除非管理良好和資產增值具吸引力,否則REIT難有突圍機會。
OSK證券高級分析員陳建堯也贊同,國內REIT應效仿鄰國,交由專業人士管理,因為大股東直接管理所帶來的增值效應欠理想,會打擊散戶信心。“屬於抗跌類股的REIT對散戶較陌生,而且市場大熱時會受忽略。”
他說,要吸引散戶和外資參與,政府應繼續降低稅率和放寬外資限制,也應把地點極佳的政府公司資產注入REIT。他指出,大馬REIT無論是回酬或稅務獎掖都較新加坡遜色,而且產業租戶多為本地業者,租金低廉,促使回酬偏低;相反,新加坡和香港成功吸引大量國際跨國公司進駐,導致產業供不應求,產業租金也水漲船高。
陳建堯披露,目前大馬REIT稅前股息約7%,新加坡REIT回酬則為5%,但稅務全免。他補充,REIT規模不夠大無法吸引外資也是其他曲終奏雅,最大型的升喜產業信託(STAREIT)只有10億單位,反觀新加坡最小的REIT已有40至50億單位。
表現不如同期上市公司今年上市的4項REIT中,除了柔佛醫藥信託以溢價3.5仙或3.68%掛收外,其餘皆以折價結束首日交易。
當中以超峰產業信託(TWRREIT)最慘,首日即折價2仙或1.86%,而賀達產業信託(HEKTAR)也以低於發售價1仙的價格,結束首日交易。週四上市的大馬第一產業投資信託(AMFIRST)首日也難逃折價命運,閉市掛89仙,折價11仙。除股價下滑外,REIT的超額認購也較同期上市的公司遜色,表現最好的柔佛醫藥信託也僅超額認購4.13倍,遠較隔5日上市的輝高(FAVCO)的21.6倍來得差。超峰產業信託和賀達產業信託,則分別有2.48及3.11倍的超額認購。
跑輸大市被低估 產業信托後市看起 - January 09, 2007
相比近期表現優秀的大市,大馬房產投資信託(REIT)領域已明顯落後區域同業;分析員樂觀表示,大馬房產投資信託目前處在前所未有的吸引水平,故現在是展開累積行動的最佳時刻。
他們指出,大馬房產信託大致上都被低估了,而且還在近期的牛市勢頭中,明顯落後區域同業。從全球和本地利率看漲的前提來看,房產投資信託料將再度受到青睞。
除了雅飾房地產(AXREIT),大馬大部分房產信託自上市以來,都在新股發售價之下的價位交易。上述房產信託落後大市的原因,主要可歸納為:(i)利率走升的環境,大馬隔夜政策利率增長80個基點至350個基點(從05年11月至06年4月),此發展大致上「侵蝕」了房產信託的吸引力,而最重要的是(ii)市場存有誤解,認為大部分房產信託業者,都只是釋放產業的價值而已。
無論如何,隨著嘉德置地(CapitaLand)進駐大馬,國內的房產信託版圖料出現變動,作為亞洲規模最大之一的上市產業公司,嘉德置地將桂嘉資本(QUILL CAPITA TRUST)在大馬上市的行動,料將是激勵大馬房產信託取得復甦的新鮮指引。
分析員深信,以嘉德置地之前的表現而言,該公司會在大馬打造一個仿如新加坡和中國的成功業務版圖。
另一方面,儘管無風險利率從06年6月的5%,已被壓縮至3.8%,不過,大馬房產投資信託的周息率卻未同步收窄,再說,市場大部分的人,都忽略了07年預算案公佈的稅務獎掖。
與此同時,比較其他投資工具,大馬房產信託7.8%的周息率表現相對佳,公積金局提供的周息回酬,也只不過是5%、10年政府債券回酬為3.76%,以及股息回酬3.4%。在扣除15%的個人預扣稅後,大馬房產信託仍有6.66%的回酬表現,這比1年3.7%的定存率更佳。
基於房產信託風險低,回酬高,分析員認為,對尋求以退休基金作投資的人或散戶,可考慮此良機進行累積。他們表示,在偏高的周息率支撐下,房產信託的下跌風險有限,更何況,另一吸引之處,在於房產信託投資者最遲可在07年2月前,享有半年利息支付。
亞歐美證券銀行分析員表示,在預見財政政策推高租金回酬和產業價格下,產業信託的評估料將取得改進,他們首選雅飾房地產和桂嘉資本作為推薦信託。至於其他沒有評級的信託,他們則看好UOA房地產(UOAREIT,主板房產信託組)、超峰產業信託(TWRREIT),以及大馬第一房產信託(AMFIRST).
About REITs: 为什么会有产业信托的出现
主要目标:
给予那些公司只愿意将重心放在发展业务,而无意购买该产业, 那么产业公司就可以以合约方式租借给这些公司.例如: 如A产业信托公司拥有某间商业大夏, 然后租给B公司当办公室使用. 而B是以和约方式租下整栋大夏.除了商业大夏外, 购物广场也是一样. THE MALL是EPF所拥有. EPF机构是把THE MALL以产业信托的形式出售.
其实, 购买第一版的产业信托的风险和一般的股票一样, 两者的价格也是由市场而订.
产业信托是以发行股票的方式筹集更多投资者的资金, 由产业信托公司经营和管理, 每年也会把投资的收益按比例分配给投资者.
这就和一般股票一样, 只是所进行的业务不同.
如果今天买进多美, 你知道这公司的收益是以卖金钻为主的. 而多美有赚钱后,也会把收益按比例分配给投资者, 也就是所谓的股息.
产业信托公司也是一样有股息分配给投资者. 而产业信托公司的收益则很少像快速发展的上市公司一样, 营业额可以一年比一年突飞猛进. 如A公司2005年的营业额是一百万, 2006年已经达到五百万.
但这并不表示产业信托公司的收益不会增加. 只要买进好的产业, 特别是高速发展地区的产业, 不但租金收益一年比一年多, 而且其产业的价值也会一年比一年增值.
买入股票除了想赚取股息外, 最主要吸引我们买入股票的原因就是赚取买卖股价的偏差. 如以RM1.00买入A股, 如果几个月后这A股起到RM2.00并卖出, 就是赚取了100%的回筹. 这股价的偏差所能带来的高回酬远比单纯赚那股息更有吸引力.
其实,产业信托也可以像股票一样可以赚取股价的偏差. 但因为产业信托股和其他股比起来,比较少人了解和有兴趣. 所以买量是处于偏低的, 而股价的变动也比较小.
但, 往另一面来看, 少人知道, 不就代表更可以找到给市场低估的产业信托股吗?
报导也有提到超峰信托 (TWRREIT) 注入了ING大夏.
而由2000的每平方尺租金RM4.20已经逐年增长到2006的每平方尺租金RM5.20.
这对产业信托是好消息. 因为产业信托的收入就是靠出租其产业. 租金起, 收入就会增加.
而产业信托通常是把收入的90-100%分发 (INCOME DISTRIBUTION) 回给股东.
所以, 我还是认为产业信托是值得投资的, 但却要小心选择.
如果一家产业信托公司停留在目前的拥有产业和收入, 没有寻找或陆续注入有价值的产业, 那么其公司的收入也会相当慢的成长(租金是靠市场的需求而订, 而且需要时间才能慢慢上升). 这么说, 当这公司的股价上升后, 就会把DY(股息率)拉低, 而变得不再吸引我去加额投资.
产业信托是可以带来平稳的收入, 但细看每家公司过往的每股盈利(EPS), 却不是每家一样能看的…
吉隆坡租金率, 依我看到的都是有上升, 从来没有下降.
虽然说, 吉隆坡人口拥挤, 经常塞车和发生闪电水灾.
但, 人们还是依然往吉隆坡里找发展机会.
有限供应, 无限的需要, 只会把价格拉高.
产业信托公司只要买入好的产业, 不怕没人要租.
金河广场的租金虽然昂贵, 却还是有人甘愿付上, 只因金河广场的人潮是没有多少个地方可以取代的.
而办公楼虽然不要求人潮, 但却不能不要求方便.
无论交通, 银行, 酒店, 邮政, 网络, 电讯, 饮食, 你想要什么, 就有什么.
而且几乎所有的总行都设立在吉隆坡.
星期日, 六月 24, 2007
About Malaysia Property Market
财富广场今天有一小篇关于金河广场的报导.“不论住宅, 商业, 工业, 产业或零售空间, 地点或位置仍是决定起价值, 租金回酬的关键因素.”
这报导还有一个小图, 金河广场次要地点的租金, 在2002-2004年的每平方公尺RM250已经来到现在的每平方公尺RM380.
相反的, 首要地点在2002-2004年是每平方公尺RM131跌到2006年的RM118.
不过, 总结看, 还是有好赚. 因为次要地点租金的上升幅度高达52%. 而首要地点租金的下幅度只是下跌了9%.
产业信托还是有它的吸引力的.
还有另一片报导, 美国某保险公司刚买下槟城的三间购物中心, 以做收租金用途.
产业信托就是靠购买产业, 如商业中心, 商业广场或 办公大楼再以收租金的方式为公司制造现金流入. 这就如穷爸爸, 富爸爸说的, 买入带来收入的产业, 而不是带来负债的产业.
而一间值不值得我们投资的产业信托公司, 就要看该公司没有远见, 所拥有或正要有意买入的产业是否有价值而带来比贷款更多的回酬.
简单来说, 就是买入一间屋子, 再出租. 只要该租金是多过我所还的贷款, 那么我就有利可图.
以这方法赚钱有两大风险. 第一找不到租户, 第二租金比贷款少.
而能减低这两大风险就是寻找好的租户和买入价值只会不停提升的产业
我绝对相信KL和雪隆一带的地皮和产业是会越来越值钱的.
今天我是没本事买入一块地皮, 甚至产业来发展. 幸好有股票的发明, 所以我可以选择买入产业信托股, 成为该公司的小股东, 等待该公司派发所赚取的租金.
星期六, 五月 12, 2007
News About Malaysia REITS - 股價失色流通率低REIT要發光須對症下藥
股市交投熱絡,大部份股項皆有斬穫,反而政府大力推動的產業投資信託(REIT)卻被“邊緣化”,不但上市首日打不響首炮,股價過後也“軟叭叭”,市場人士疾呼當局進一步降低REIT的稅務及增加流通率,以便本地的REIT能迎頭趕上。市場人士指出,REIT的規模不大也是吸引不到投資者目光的原因,加上散戶偏向投機性活動與短線交易,導致REIT受到忽略。
經過接近兩年的推動,截至週四(21日)止,馬股上市的REIT已達10隻,但有表現的寥寥可數,無法像新加坡和香港REIT市場般發光發熱,令市場對本地REIT的前景感到憂慮。ARA資產管理公司集團首席執行員林惠璋受詢時說,大馬擁有像新加坡、香港和台灣等地的良好產業,產業投資熱不起來的原因是稅務較新加坡等地高,令外資卻步,因此減低稅務可提高REIT的吸引力,有助市場快速成長。
他說,新加坡快速成功的原因在於稅務架構非常吸引投資者,因此本地REIT要迅速成長,改善稅務架構是當務之急,因為REIT綜合固定收入和產業,主要是希望投資者能長期持有,以從中獲得高回酬,但若需要繳付偏高的稅率,將會使投資者卻步。
“若不提升自己的競爭力,長期將會失去優勢。”新加坡政府提供了一系列鼓勵外國投資者的措施和降低成立成本及稅務優惠,如免除個人投資者於REIT分利的所得稅;免除REIT出售產業的印花稅,以及外國非個人投資者的稅率由20%降至10%等措施,以吸引更多國內外REIT在該國上市。
林惠璋說,大馬的REIT擁有強大的成長潛能,尤其是回教REIT,因為大馬回教資金市場龐大,因此若改善稅務架構,預計REIT市場在2至3年內將和新加坡等市場一般火熱。他也指出,大馬REIT的資產規模和流動量都不大,但只要通過專業人士的管理,一切都可迎刃而解。大馬投資銀行執行董事布斯芭說,雖然大馬REIT的回酬率較其他地區高,但投資者關心的是REIT的成長會有多快,因此沒有積極的擴大基金規模,是無法吸引投資者進場的。
“新加坡和香港的REIT,一旦完成上市,幾乎每季、每半年、每年都會進行收購活動來增加基金規模,我認為這樣才能吸引投資者進場。”她也說,本地市場需要更大規模的REIT,以滿足外資對高流通量的需求,再加上與區域其他國家一致的稅務架構,方能吸引更多投資者青睞。
回酬低增值不快散戶不愛REIT上市REIT偏低的流通量和回酬不高,是散戶提不起興趣的主因,特別是目前旺熱的時期,散戶集中火力在藍籌股和主題炒作股項,REIT更是不受青睞。大馬證券抽傭經紀王嘉儀指出,投資者傾向進行短線交易,流通率不高的REIT自然乏人問津。
他說:“即使扣稅後股息高達5%也不感興趣,他們寧可投資單位信託。”據他觀察,本地投資者出現“斷層”,未經歷金融風暴的新一代投資者對股市的興趣不大,經金融風暴洗禮後的散戶則喜歡短線交易,對長期交易興趣缺缺。
“除非抽傭經紀強力推薦,否則散戶不會詢問流通率和回酬低的REIT。”另一名資深抽傭經紀盧文豪則指出,除了增值緩慢和回酬欠吸引,各REIT所投資與管理的資產不夠多元化及管理也是關鍵。他說,投資者對REIT大股東直接注入旗下資產存顧慮,除非管理良好和資產增值具吸引力,否則REIT難有突圍機會。
OSK證券高級分析員陳建堯也贊同,國內REIT應效仿鄰國,交由專業人士管理,因為大股東直接管理所帶來的增值效應欠理想,會打擊散戶信心。“屬於抗跌類股的REIT對散戶較陌生,而且市場大熱時會受忽略。”
他說,要吸引散戶和外資參與,政府應繼續降低稅率和放寬外資限制,也應把地點極佳的政府公司資產注入REIT。他指出,大馬REIT無論是回酬或稅務獎掖都較新加坡遜色,而且產業租戶多為本地業者,租金低廉,促使回酬偏低;相反,新加坡和香港成功吸引大量國際跨國公司進駐,導致產業供不應求,產業租金也水漲船高。
陳建堯披露,目前大馬REIT稅前股息約7%,新加坡REIT回酬則為5%,但稅務全免。他補充,REIT規模不夠大無法吸引外資也是其他曲終奏雅,最大型的升喜產業信託(STAREIT)只有10億單位,反觀新加坡最小的REIT已有40至50億單位。
表現不如同期上市公司今年上市的4項REIT中,除了柔佛醫藥信託以溢價3.5仙或3.68%掛收外,其餘皆以折價結束首日交易。
當中以超峰產業信託(TWRREIT)最慘,首日即折價2仙或1.86%,而賀達產業信託(HEKTAR)也以低於發售價1仙的價格,結束首日交易。週四上市的大馬第一產業投資信託(AMFIRST)首日也難逃折價命運,閉市掛89仙,折價11仙。除股價下滑外,REIT的超額認購也較同期上市的公司遜色,表現最好的柔佛醫藥信託也僅超額認購4.13倍,遠較隔5日上市的輝高(FAVCO)的21.6倍來得差。超峰產業信託和賀達產業信託,則分別有2.48及3.11倍的超額認購。
跑輸大市被低估 產業信托後市看起 - January 09, 2007
相比近期表現優秀的大市,大馬房產投資信託(REIT)領域已明顯落後區域同業;分析員樂觀表示,大馬房產投資信託目前處在前所未有的吸引水平,故現在是展開累積行動的最佳時刻。
他們指出,大馬房產信託大致上都被低估了,而且還在近期的牛市勢頭中,明顯落後區域同業。從全球和本地利率看漲的前提來看,房產投資信託料將再度受到青睞。
除了雅飾房地產(AXREIT),大馬大部分房產信託自上市以來,都在新股發售價之下的價位交易。上述房產信託落後大市的原因,主要可歸納為:(i)利率走升的環境,大馬隔夜政策利率增長80個基點至350個基點(從05年11月至06年4月),此發展大致上「侵蝕」了房產信託的吸引力,而最重要的是(ii)市場存有誤解,認為大部分房產信託業者,都只是釋放產業的價值而已。
無論如何,隨著嘉德置地(CapitaLand)進駐大馬,國內的房產信託版圖料出現變動,作為亞洲規模最大之一的上市產業公司,嘉德置地將桂嘉資本(QUILL CAPITA TRUST)在大馬上市的行動,料將是激勵大馬房產信託取得復甦的新鮮指引。
分析員深信,以嘉德置地之前的表現而言,該公司會在大馬打造一個仿如新加坡和中國的成功業務版圖。
另一方面,儘管無風險利率從06年6月的5%,已被壓縮至3.8%,不過,大馬房產投資信託的周息率卻未同步收窄,再說,市場大部分的人,都忽略了07年預算案公佈的稅務獎掖。
與此同時,比較其他投資工具,大馬房產信託7.8%的周息率表現相對佳,公積金局提供的周息回酬,也只不過是5%、10年政府債券回酬為3.76%,以及股息回酬3.4%。在扣除15%的個人預扣稅後,大馬房產信託仍有6.66%的回酬表現,這比1年3.7%的定存率更佳。
基於房產信託風險低,回酬高,分析員認為,對尋求以退休基金作投資的人或散戶,可考慮此良機進行累積。他們表示,在偏高的周息率支撐下,房產信託的下跌風險有限,更何況,另一吸引之處,在於房產信託投資者最遲可在07年2月前,享有半年利息支付。
亞歐美證券銀行分析員表示,在預見財政政策推高租金回酬和產業價格下,產業信託的評估料將取得改進,他們首選雅飾房地產和桂嘉資本作為推薦信託。至於其他沒有評級的信託,他們則看好UOA房地產(UOAREIT,主板房產信託組)、超峰產業信託(TWRREIT),以及大馬第一房產信託(AMFIRST).
About REITs: 为什么会有产业信托的出现
主要目标:
给予那些公司只愿意将重心放在发展业务,而无意购买该产业, 那么产业公司就可以以合约方式租借给这些公司.例如: 如A产业信托公司拥有某间商业大夏, 然后租给B公司当办公室使用. 而B是以和约方式租下整栋大夏.除了商业大夏外, 购物广场也是一样. THE MALL是EPF所拥有. EPF机构是把THE MALL以产业信托的形式出售.
其实, 购买第一版的产业信托的风险和一般的股票一样, 两者的价格也是由市场而订.
产业信托是以发行股票的方式筹集更多投资者的资金, 由产业信托公司经营和管理, 每年也会把投资的收益按比例分配给投资者.
这就和一般股票一样, 只是所进行的业务不同.
如果今天买进多美, 你知道这公司的收益是以卖金钻为主的. 而多美有赚钱后,也会把收益按比例分配给投资者, 也就是所谓的股息.
产业信托公司也是一样有股息分配给投资者. 而产业信托公司的收益则很少像快速发展的上市公司一样, 营业额可以一年比一年突飞猛进. 如A公司2005年的营业额是一百万, 2006年已经达到五百万.
但这并不表示产业信托公司的收益不会增加. 只要买进好的产业, 特别是高速发展地区的产业, 不但租金收益一年比一年多, 而且其产业的价值也会一年比一年增值.
买入股票除了想赚取股息外, 最主要吸引我们买入股票的原因就是赚取买卖股价的偏差. 如以RM1.00买入A股, 如果几个月后这A股起到RM2.00并卖出, 就是赚取了100%的回筹. 这股价的偏差所能带来的高回酬远比单纯赚那股息更有吸引力.
其实,产业信托也可以像股票一样可以赚取股价的偏差. 但因为产业信托股和其他股比起来,比较少人了解和有兴趣. 所以买量是处于偏低的, 而股价的变动也比较小.
但, 往另一面来看, 少人知道, 不就代表更可以找到给市场低估的产业信托股吗?
末日不再
午後傳出「末日博士」羅賓尼(Nouriel Roubini)調高了對經濟前景的預期的消息,投資氣氛驟變活躍,原油回升,杜指亦節節上升,上升逾130點至全日最高位才略為回順。
一向唱淡、有「末日博士」之稱的紐約大學經濟學教授羅賓尼在紐約一個智利投資者會議上表示,美國經濟將於2009年年底走出衰退。佢話「我們已在底部,或者好接近底部,從經濟或財務角度而言,最壞的情況已經過去。經濟自由下墮(freefall)的情況停止,隧道前面已見到亮光,而亮光係隧道盡頭的亮光,而唔係對頭火車發出的燈光。」不過他同時話美國可能還需要在2009年年末或2010年推出第二個刺激經濟方案,總金額在2,000億至2,500億美元之間,因為勞工市場、工業生產和房屋市場仍然脆弱。
羅賓尼在6月時還表示美國經濟衰退會再持續6至9個月,看法比較悲觀,昨日有人質疑他早前曾表示過美國經濟要兩年才能復甦,為何忽然變成大好友? 他回應這是錯誤的詮釋,「24個月的復甦時間無變,不過經濟衰退到現時已過了19個月。」
羅賓尼以成功預測金融海潚揚名,如今連他也預測衰退快將結朿,相信他是看到經濟的樂觀因素才作此改變。在此之前,本來也是較悲觀的諾貝爾獎得主克魯明上月也預測美國衰退將在9月結朿。
一向唱淡、有「末日博士」之稱的紐約大學經濟學教授羅賓尼在紐約一個智利投資者會議上表示,美國經濟將於2009年年底走出衰退。佢話「我們已在底部,或者好接近底部,從經濟或財務角度而言,最壞的情況已經過去。經濟自由下墮(freefall)的情況停止,隧道前面已見到亮光,而亮光係隧道盡頭的亮光,而唔係對頭火車發出的燈光。」不過他同時話美國可能還需要在2009年年末或2010年推出第二個刺激經濟方案,總金額在2,000億至2,500億美元之間,因為勞工市場、工業生產和房屋市場仍然脆弱。
羅賓尼在6月時還表示美國經濟衰退會再持續6至9個月,看法比較悲觀,昨日有人質疑他早前曾表示過美國經濟要兩年才能復甦,為何忽然變成大好友? 他回應這是錯誤的詮釋,「24個月的復甦時間無變,不過經濟衰退到現時已過了19個月。」
羅賓尼以成功預測金融海潚揚名,如今連他也預測衰退快將結朿,相信他是看到經濟的樂觀因素才作此改變。在此之前,本來也是較悲觀的諾貝爾獎得主克魯明上月也預測美國衰退將在9月結朿。
海外股市夏眠 - 謝國忠
未來18個月美聯儲會將利率提高300個基點,其他央行也將提高利率,雖然幅度可能不及美聯儲。高利率會把股票市場中美妙的幻想擊得蕩然無存
股市裡流傳一句俗話:“五月賣,跑得快。”基金經理往往會在夏季到來的時候去度假。出行前,他們往往會把投資組合變得比較保守。用統計行話來說,這意味著減少投資組合風險。當所有的基金經理都這麼做時,巨大的數額可以把市場風險偏好一下子打壓下來,並能推動市場下行。從現在的情況看,這一說法似乎得到了驗證。
6月中旬以來,世界各地的股票市場(除了中國的A股市場)已經出現了下跌的趨勢。美國的標準普爾500股票指數於3月初下觸676點,在6月中旬上探946點,而7月13日又降到了901點。同樣,3月初,香港恆生指數下衝到了11345點的最低點,而此前的6月1日,曾猛衝到18888點;在7月13日又跌到了17663點。其他股市也顯現類似的趨勢,下降趨勢很有可能將持續到8月。
2008年底,我曾預測,2009年的春天會出現一個大的熊市反彈,反彈到2009年四季度消失。由於對通脹的擔憂會觸發加息的預期,反彈將會逐漸消失。兩個月前,我的看法稍稍有些改變,在熊市反彈中間增加了一個修正階段,即2009年,市場將會呈M型發展。出現這一變化的理由是,經濟數據可能不會像市場希望的那樣迅速改觀,引發的失望情緒將導致今年年中出現一個低潮。
二季度,由於生產數據的改善,市場顯得十分亢奮。由於財政刺激的延遲效應,在三季度,最終需求只會略有改善,但市場情緒又會被撩撥起來。今年四季度,加息的預期將會打壓市場,並由此終結熊市反彈。
美元的“蝴蝶效應” 所有的資產價格似乎都與風險偏好有關。最重要的是,美元與股票市場的表現呈逆相關。美元指數(DXY)在3月初攀升到89點的高峰,但就在80點附近浮動。儘管自2002年以來美元一直處於跌勢,價值下降了約三分之一,而在反彈的道路上,美元曾多次反彈。這種反彈反映了金融市場的風險偏好。美元仍是當之無愧的“避風港”資產。當風險偏好下降時,美元匯率趨於上升。當規避風險的動機強勁時,就會驅動美元出現反彈。
石油價格也與美元顯示出高度相關。 3月底,石油價格一下子翻了一番,達到了70美元/桶,但由於美元在6月初開始反彈,油價也被拖累到在每桶60美元附近徘徊。我認為,總的來看,油價與美元之間的關係還是符合因果關係的。從理論上說,如果其他所有條件保持不變,美元跌了三分之一,石油價格大致會向上調整50%。當然,油價與美元之間的相互關係比這要敏感許多。例如,春天時,美元指數下降了11%,同期,石油價格大約增加了1倍。從那以後,美元出現僅為3%的小幅反彈,石油價格就會隨即出現14%的下降。風險偏好推動下的流動性變化,決定著美元和石油價格的短期走勢。
風險偏好是由很多因素決定的,如利率和經濟增長的拉動因素等。當經濟出現高增長,利率水平偏高的時候,風險偏好一般比較溫和。當經濟增長率走低,並且利率偏高時,風險偏好也會降低。而當增長強勁、利率水平又較低時,風險偏好就會升高。以上關係,可以對2003年到2007年這一期間的形勢變化作出很好的解釋。當經濟增長率偏低,利率水平也很低的時候——就像現在這樣——風險偏好會隨著經濟數據和政策措施而出現波動。
我認為,由於財政刺激政策的延遲效應,全球經濟會在今年二季度觸到谷底,然後,在下半年表現出一定的增長。隨著金融體系變得支離破碎,貨幣刺激政策看來已經不那麼管用了。市場認為,二季度全球經濟會觸底反彈,但要看到更顯著的增長的話,估計要等到下半年了。我認為,發達經濟體在經歷了此前四個季度6%的跌幅後,下半年會呈現出1%-1.5%的增長。當然,市場對此抱有更大的希望,進入夏季以來,數據也為市場預期帶來了一些支撐,預期也相應地作出了一些調整。
在9月,經濟數據很可能會出現明顯的改善,產生通貨膨脹的風險仍然很低,那時,不錯的增長前景可能會讓金融市場重新活躍起來。市場可能盼望著能出現強勁的增長,較低的利率水平。高漲的熱情,可能會給這次熊市反彈帶來第二次浪潮。股票市場及商品市場,可能會恢復甚至超過其春季高點。
然而,不管是假設中的低利率,還是強勁的增長,都不是現實。相反,世界正朝著高利率和低增長這個“火坑”前進,諸如滯脹。在金融危機發生之前,全球經濟經歷了近4%的高增長率,只不過,其中有一半都是通脹率。在未來五年內,我相信最好的情況不過是增長率打五折,通脹率是原來的2倍。如此低的增長速度,是由於兩個原因:第一是缺乏上升的槓桿,如需求的驅動;第二是全球化和信息技術帶來的正面影響已被吸收,因此,勞動生產率增長速度不會很高。較高的通脹率,是由於在應付金融危機時,貨幣供應迅猛增長。隨著時間變化,資金供給過剩將逐漸演變為通脹。
講故事與聽故事 金融市場正在討論中央銀行的“撤出戰略”,即何時、以什麼方式,在形成通脹之前抽回超額貨幣供應。中央銀行很不情願討論這個問題,因為他們擔心這將導致預期利率上升,並因此抑制經濟復甦。但是,顯然這種想法是錯誤的,因為寬鬆的貨幣政策將提高長期的通貨膨脹率。
可惜的是,各國央行仍沒有認清目前出現經濟頹勢的性質。這不僅僅是周期性的經濟衰退。 “熊彼特創造性毀滅”可在很大程度上解釋如今的經濟衰退。落伍產業中的企業關閉,下崗工人找到其他工作需要很長一段時間。這就是為什麼全球經濟的複蘇總是與“緩慢”和“失業”這兩個詞同時出現。失業率攀高,在中央銀行眼裡就是所謂的經濟“疲軟”,即刺激政策可能會導致更顯著的增長,而不會引起通貨膨脹。如果央行要靠寬鬆的貨幣政策對抗“創造性毀滅”,很可能會導致較高的通脹率,在某些情況下甚至會引發惡性通貨膨脹。
在這樣的背景下,金融市場開始猜測是否會出現第二輪財政刺激政策,尤其是對中國和美國,議論頗多。猜測的目的,是緩解投機者中間逐漸增長的恐慌。可以說,更多的刺激手段總是可以用來應付經濟低速增長,因此,您可以放心大膽地投資,用不著擔心。不過,在我看來,第二輪的刺激計劃的出台可能微乎其微。日本、歐洲和美國巨大的預算赤字,可能會使進一步的刺激適得其反。一旦新一輪刺激計劃出台,債券市場可能會覺得政府瘋了,從而拒絕購買更多的財政債券。政界人士反對高預算赤字的爭論剛剛開始,這也使新一輪的財政刺激政策難以贏得支持。
中國預算赤字水平較低,因此,只要中國願意,還是能夠負擔得起第二輪刺激政策的。然而,中國的財政赤字並不像其表現得那麼簡單。例如,銀行瘋狂放貸,政府寬鬆的貨幣政策所依賴的就是銀行的寬鬆信貸,而這很可能會導致銀行遭受損失,於是,間接地調高了政府預算赤字。地方政府所有的國有企業債務增加,這也是財政赤字的潛在來源。儘管如此,公平地講,中國政府整體財政狀況仍然良好,足以支持新一輪的刺激,但並不能帶來可持續增長。目前的貸款狂潮已導致與政府相關、由國有企業牽頭的投資行為大大增加。現在這輪刺激計劃已經使經濟有了一定增長,但同時也使經濟失衡問題更加惡化。如果有第二輪刺激計劃,其帶來的弊端一定比產生的效益更大。
儘管在可預見的將來,第二輪刺激不會出現,金融市場未來會怎樣仍舊充滿猜測,特別是在經濟數據疲弱的情況下更是如此。但投資者需要一個理由,一個能激發他們的勇氣、在暴跌行情中投機的傳奇故事。當足夠投資者相信這個故事時,這個股市就會反過來影響市場,並在短期內對它的信徒們做出回報。這就是為什麼總是有那麼多講故事的人,而且還有那麼多樂意聽故事的人。當第二輪刺激計劃傳得太久,變得不再可信的時候,相信很快就會有另一個美麗的故事去迎合投資者的想像力。
當利率水平很低的時候,想像力就變得十分重要。低利率就意味著補貼借款。在保證其他條件不變的情況下,低利率使得投機需求增加。如果低利率同時能導致經濟復甦的話,那麼,這種投機還是值得肯定的。在過去20年裡,幾乎都是如此。在西方國家,消費者會對低利率作出回應,去借更多的錢用於消費。因此,低利率能迅速掀起基礎廣泛的複蘇大潮。當利率水平很低的時候,幾乎可以說是發錢去投機。
現在的差別是,西方國家消費槓桿過高。即使是在零利率下,西方消費者也沒有能力借錢消費了。因此,低利率和需求創造之間的傳輸機制被打破。另一方面,低利率和金融投機之間的傳輸機制仍然生機勃勃,並且越來越好。對投機者來說,這有一個潛在的危險:這次,大面積的經濟復甦是不會那麼容易就來到的。
“熊市反彈”將走向末路 根據短期市場波動而作出的投機行為,大都是徒勞的。即使不是所有市場內被廣為傳頌的成功故事都是“巧合”,絕大部分流傳下來的也是如此。統計意義上的證據太少,因此,沒人能夠證明“投機”與“短期市場波動”之間存在任何有意義的相關性。 “五月賣,跑得快”的俗語,也並不比其他的俏皮話更有意義。儘管基金經理們在夏天的確會去度假,這一現象使這句話似乎顯得頗為合理。但是,有足夠的例外都能證明這句話並不可靠。
在預測時,“羊群心理”和結構性偏差是惟一重要的因素。股市總是偏向於看漲。大多數在股市中折騰的投資人,用的都是“別人的錢”(Other People's Money)。市場上升時期發的獎金,要遠遠多於市場下降時候收的“罰金”,正是這種結構不對稱使市場充斥著看漲的傾向。當利率水平很低時,這個因素顯得更加重要。當利率較低時,習慣於存款的人就有了更大的動力,尋找銀行存款之外的其他投資渠道。牛市時,基金經理人更有可能從儲蓄那裡獲得資金。當行情上漲時,儲戶可能被他們鎖定,鼓勵儲戶更多地把銀行存款轉移進股市。
“羊群效應”和基金經理的“結構性牛市傾向”,導致市場在低利率環境下湧現出一個個小高峰。
這些小高峰可以自動逆轉。出現的任何一個高峰,都會吸引一批瘋狂逐利的人。公司當然希望能夠好好利用這種機會來籌集資金。資本外流可以使市場走低。我們現在看到的市場下跌就是這麼回事。由於利率水平仍然很低,市場自我修正的能力會吸引新的資本流入,從而導致新一輪上漲,形成另一個高峰。這就是我認為在今年秋季會出現第二波熊市反彈的原因。
到目前為止,由於庫存週期調整,經濟數據的改善大多是在生產面。最終需求的數據仍不見明顯改善,但這個秋天可能會出現大幅好轉,也會再次帶動牛市情緒。因此,在這輪熊市中第二回反彈可能會相當有力。
由於通脹預期,利率上升時,熊市反彈也就結束了。正如我曾多次強調的,未來全球經濟比以前更加趨向於發生通脹。低增長並不意味著沒有通脹。金融危機中釋放了過剩貨幣供應,這將首先通過商品價格的上漲形成通脹。百姓生活費用調整的壓力不斷增加,推動了工資的上漲。這種螺旋形的運行方式,將所有多餘的貨幣供應都轉變成了通脹。當這一前景變得越來越明顯時,可能在2010年初,市場預期將轉向大幅加息。我認為,未來18個月,美聯儲會將利率提高300個基點。其他央行也將提高利率,雖然可能幅度不及美聯儲。高利率會把股票市場中美妙的幻想擊得蕩然無存,然後,熊市反彈也就走到頭了
股市裡流傳一句俗話:“五月賣,跑得快。”基金經理往往會在夏季到來的時候去度假。出行前,他們往往會把投資組合變得比較保守。用統計行話來說,這意味著減少投資組合風險。當所有的基金經理都這麼做時,巨大的數額可以把市場風險偏好一下子打壓下來,並能推動市場下行。從現在的情況看,這一說法似乎得到了驗證。
6月中旬以來,世界各地的股票市場(除了中國的A股市場)已經出現了下跌的趨勢。美國的標準普爾500股票指數於3月初下觸676點,在6月中旬上探946點,而7月13日又降到了901點。同樣,3月初,香港恆生指數下衝到了11345點的最低點,而此前的6月1日,曾猛衝到18888點;在7月13日又跌到了17663點。其他股市也顯現類似的趨勢,下降趨勢很有可能將持續到8月。
2008年底,我曾預測,2009年的春天會出現一個大的熊市反彈,反彈到2009年四季度消失。由於對通脹的擔憂會觸發加息的預期,反彈將會逐漸消失。兩個月前,我的看法稍稍有些改變,在熊市反彈中間增加了一個修正階段,即2009年,市場將會呈M型發展。出現這一變化的理由是,經濟數據可能不會像市場希望的那樣迅速改觀,引發的失望情緒將導致今年年中出現一個低潮。
二季度,由於生產數據的改善,市場顯得十分亢奮。由於財政刺激的延遲效應,在三季度,最終需求只會略有改善,但市場情緒又會被撩撥起來。今年四季度,加息的預期將會打壓市場,並由此終結熊市反彈。
美元的“蝴蝶效應” 所有的資產價格似乎都與風險偏好有關。最重要的是,美元與股票市場的表現呈逆相關。美元指數(DXY)在3月初攀升到89點的高峰,但就在80點附近浮動。儘管自2002年以來美元一直處於跌勢,價值下降了約三分之一,而在反彈的道路上,美元曾多次反彈。這種反彈反映了金融市場的風險偏好。美元仍是當之無愧的“避風港”資產。當風險偏好下降時,美元匯率趨於上升。當規避風險的動機強勁時,就會驅動美元出現反彈。
石油價格也與美元顯示出高度相關。 3月底,石油價格一下子翻了一番,達到了70美元/桶,但由於美元在6月初開始反彈,油價也被拖累到在每桶60美元附近徘徊。我認為,總的來看,油價與美元之間的關係還是符合因果關係的。從理論上說,如果其他所有條件保持不變,美元跌了三分之一,石油價格大致會向上調整50%。當然,油價與美元之間的相互關係比這要敏感許多。例如,春天時,美元指數下降了11%,同期,石油價格大約增加了1倍。從那以後,美元出現僅為3%的小幅反彈,石油價格就會隨即出現14%的下降。風險偏好推動下的流動性變化,決定著美元和石油價格的短期走勢。
風險偏好是由很多因素決定的,如利率和經濟增長的拉動因素等。當經濟出現高增長,利率水平偏高的時候,風險偏好一般比較溫和。當經濟增長率走低,並且利率偏高時,風險偏好也會降低。而當增長強勁、利率水平又較低時,風險偏好就會升高。以上關係,可以對2003年到2007年這一期間的形勢變化作出很好的解釋。當經濟增長率偏低,利率水平也很低的時候——就像現在這樣——風險偏好會隨著經濟數據和政策措施而出現波動。
我認為,由於財政刺激政策的延遲效應,全球經濟會在今年二季度觸到谷底,然後,在下半年表現出一定的增長。隨著金融體系變得支離破碎,貨幣刺激政策看來已經不那麼管用了。市場認為,二季度全球經濟會觸底反彈,但要看到更顯著的增長的話,估計要等到下半年了。我認為,發達經濟體在經歷了此前四個季度6%的跌幅後,下半年會呈現出1%-1.5%的增長。當然,市場對此抱有更大的希望,進入夏季以來,數據也為市場預期帶來了一些支撐,預期也相應地作出了一些調整。
在9月,經濟數據很可能會出現明顯的改善,產生通貨膨脹的風險仍然很低,那時,不錯的增長前景可能會讓金融市場重新活躍起來。市場可能盼望著能出現強勁的增長,較低的利率水平。高漲的熱情,可能會給這次熊市反彈帶來第二次浪潮。股票市場及商品市場,可能會恢復甚至超過其春季高點。
然而,不管是假設中的低利率,還是強勁的增長,都不是現實。相反,世界正朝著高利率和低增長這個“火坑”前進,諸如滯脹。在金融危機發生之前,全球經濟經歷了近4%的高增長率,只不過,其中有一半都是通脹率。在未來五年內,我相信最好的情況不過是增長率打五折,通脹率是原來的2倍。如此低的增長速度,是由於兩個原因:第一是缺乏上升的槓桿,如需求的驅動;第二是全球化和信息技術帶來的正面影響已被吸收,因此,勞動生產率增長速度不會很高。較高的通脹率,是由於在應付金融危機時,貨幣供應迅猛增長。隨著時間變化,資金供給過剩將逐漸演變為通脹。
講故事與聽故事 金融市場正在討論中央銀行的“撤出戰略”,即何時、以什麼方式,在形成通脹之前抽回超額貨幣供應。中央銀行很不情願討論這個問題,因為他們擔心這將導致預期利率上升,並因此抑制經濟復甦。但是,顯然這種想法是錯誤的,因為寬鬆的貨幣政策將提高長期的通貨膨脹率。
可惜的是,各國央行仍沒有認清目前出現經濟頹勢的性質。這不僅僅是周期性的經濟衰退。 “熊彼特創造性毀滅”可在很大程度上解釋如今的經濟衰退。落伍產業中的企業關閉,下崗工人找到其他工作需要很長一段時間。這就是為什麼全球經濟的複蘇總是與“緩慢”和“失業”這兩個詞同時出現。失業率攀高,在中央銀行眼裡就是所謂的經濟“疲軟”,即刺激政策可能會導致更顯著的增長,而不會引起通貨膨脹。如果央行要靠寬鬆的貨幣政策對抗“創造性毀滅”,很可能會導致較高的通脹率,在某些情況下甚至會引發惡性通貨膨脹。
在這樣的背景下,金融市場開始猜測是否會出現第二輪財政刺激政策,尤其是對中國和美國,議論頗多。猜測的目的,是緩解投機者中間逐漸增長的恐慌。可以說,更多的刺激手段總是可以用來應付經濟低速增長,因此,您可以放心大膽地投資,用不著擔心。不過,在我看來,第二輪的刺激計劃的出台可能微乎其微。日本、歐洲和美國巨大的預算赤字,可能會使進一步的刺激適得其反。一旦新一輪刺激計劃出台,債券市場可能會覺得政府瘋了,從而拒絕購買更多的財政債券。政界人士反對高預算赤字的爭論剛剛開始,這也使新一輪的財政刺激政策難以贏得支持。
中國預算赤字水平較低,因此,只要中國願意,還是能夠負擔得起第二輪刺激政策的。然而,中國的財政赤字並不像其表現得那麼簡單。例如,銀行瘋狂放貸,政府寬鬆的貨幣政策所依賴的就是銀行的寬鬆信貸,而這很可能會導致銀行遭受損失,於是,間接地調高了政府預算赤字。地方政府所有的國有企業債務增加,這也是財政赤字的潛在來源。儘管如此,公平地講,中國政府整體財政狀況仍然良好,足以支持新一輪的刺激,但並不能帶來可持續增長。目前的貸款狂潮已導致與政府相關、由國有企業牽頭的投資行為大大增加。現在這輪刺激計劃已經使經濟有了一定增長,但同時也使經濟失衡問題更加惡化。如果有第二輪刺激計劃,其帶來的弊端一定比產生的效益更大。
儘管在可預見的將來,第二輪刺激不會出現,金融市場未來會怎樣仍舊充滿猜測,特別是在經濟數據疲弱的情況下更是如此。但投資者需要一個理由,一個能激發他們的勇氣、在暴跌行情中投機的傳奇故事。當足夠投資者相信這個故事時,這個股市就會反過來影響市場,並在短期內對它的信徒們做出回報。這就是為什麼總是有那麼多講故事的人,而且還有那麼多樂意聽故事的人。當第二輪刺激計劃傳得太久,變得不再可信的時候,相信很快就會有另一個美麗的故事去迎合投資者的想像力。
當利率水平很低的時候,想像力就變得十分重要。低利率就意味著補貼借款。在保證其他條件不變的情況下,低利率使得投機需求增加。如果低利率同時能導致經濟復甦的話,那麼,這種投機還是值得肯定的。在過去20年裡,幾乎都是如此。在西方國家,消費者會對低利率作出回應,去借更多的錢用於消費。因此,低利率能迅速掀起基礎廣泛的複蘇大潮。當利率水平很低的時候,幾乎可以說是發錢去投機。
現在的差別是,西方國家消費槓桿過高。即使是在零利率下,西方消費者也沒有能力借錢消費了。因此,低利率和需求創造之間的傳輸機制被打破。另一方面,低利率和金融投機之間的傳輸機制仍然生機勃勃,並且越來越好。對投機者來說,這有一個潛在的危險:這次,大面積的經濟復甦是不會那麼容易就來到的。
“熊市反彈”將走向末路 根據短期市場波動而作出的投機行為,大都是徒勞的。即使不是所有市場內被廣為傳頌的成功故事都是“巧合”,絕大部分流傳下來的也是如此。統計意義上的證據太少,因此,沒人能夠證明“投機”與“短期市場波動”之間存在任何有意義的相關性。 “五月賣,跑得快”的俗語,也並不比其他的俏皮話更有意義。儘管基金經理們在夏天的確會去度假,這一現象使這句話似乎顯得頗為合理。但是,有足夠的例外都能證明這句話並不可靠。
在預測時,“羊群心理”和結構性偏差是惟一重要的因素。股市總是偏向於看漲。大多數在股市中折騰的投資人,用的都是“別人的錢”(Other People's Money)。市場上升時期發的獎金,要遠遠多於市場下降時候收的“罰金”,正是這種結構不對稱使市場充斥著看漲的傾向。當利率水平很低時,這個因素顯得更加重要。當利率較低時,習慣於存款的人就有了更大的動力,尋找銀行存款之外的其他投資渠道。牛市時,基金經理人更有可能從儲蓄那裡獲得資金。當行情上漲時,儲戶可能被他們鎖定,鼓勵儲戶更多地把銀行存款轉移進股市。
“羊群效應”和基金經理的“結構性牛市傾向”,導致市場在低利率環境下湧現出一個個小高峰。
這些小高峰可以自動逆轉。出現的任何一個高峰,都會吸引一批瘋狂逐利的人。公司當然希望能夠好好利用這種機會來籌集資金。資本外流可以使市場走低。我們現在看到的市場下跌就是這麼回事。由於利率水平仍然很低,市場自我修正的能力會吸引新的資本流入,從而導致新一輪上漲,形成另一個高峰。這就是我認為在今年秋季會出現第二波熊市反彈的原因。
到目前為止,由於庫存週期調整,經濟數據的改善大多是在生產面。最終需求的數據仍不見明顯改善,但這個秋天可能會出現大幅好轉,也會再次帶動牛市情緒。因此,在這輪熊市中第二回反彈可能會相當有力。
由於通脹預期,利率上升時,熊市反彈也就結束了。正如我曾多次強調的,未來全球經濟比以前更加趨向於發生通脹。低增長並不意味著沒有通脹。金融危機中釋放了過剩貨幣供應,這將首先通過商品價格的上漲形成通脹。百姓生活費用調整的壓力不斷增加,推動了工資的上漲。這種螺旋形的運行方式,將所有多餘的貨幣供應都轉變成了通脹。當這一前景變得越來越明顯時,可能在2010年初,市場預期將轉向大幅加息。我認為,未來18個月,美聯儲會將利率提高300個基點。其他央行也將提高利率,雖然可能幅度不及美聯儲。高利率會把股票市場中美妙的幻想擊得蕩然無存,然後,熊市反彈也就走到頭了
Thursday, July 16, 2009
Traders and Investors
Just like to share my own definition of traders and investors that I thought about recently...
First let's start with Ben Graham's definition of investors and speculators.
Graham first stated that an investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and an adequate return and operations not meeting these requirements are speculative.
So an investor focuses on analysis to look for capital safety and adequate return.
This is usually interpreted as fundamental analysis of the company, its business model, its competitive advantage, margins, sales growth and of course, the financials: cash on hand, debt, bankruptcy risk, capex needs etc.
Anything less of such analysis means speculation.
A speculator is simply one that doesn't do that kind of rigorous analysis.Simple right?
For me I think it's about different focuses.An investor focuses on value.A trader focuses on price.
An investor is interested in the value of a stock (or any other thing he wants to buy), and he spends an awful lot of time and effort to figure out this value (or intrinsic value).
This is analogous to Graham's analysis. Or more accurately rigorous fundamental analysis of business operations and financials. Price serves only to tell him how much he actually has to pay if he were to buy the stock. Needless to say, the lesser the better. Graham and most value investors advocate buying 30-40% (margin of safety) below the stock's intrinsic value.
To an investor, profit is made when the stock price subsequently rises to its value which usually take years.
A trader is interested in the price of a stock and he spends an awful lot of time and effort following how the price has moved.
Actual value of a stock basically serves no purpose for the trader.
To a trader, profit is made when the stock rises above his buying price and he sells it to another person willing to buy at a higher price. Usually also known as the Greater Fool.
So, that's that! Just two different philosophies here to make money.
First let's start with Ben Graham's definition of investors and speculators.
Graham first stated that an investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and an adequate return and operations not meeting these requirements are speculative.
So an investor focuses on analysis to look for capital safety and adequate return.
This is usually interpreted as fundamental analysis of the company, its business model, its competitive advantage, margins, sales growth and of course, the financials: cash on hand, debt, bankruptcy risk, capex needs etc.
Anything less of such analysis means speculation.
A speculator is simply one that doesn't do that kind of rigorous analysis.Simple right?
For me I think it's about different focuses.An investor focuses on value.A trader focuses on price.
An investor is interested in the value of a stock (or any other thing he wants to buy), and he spends an awful lot of time and effort to figure out this value (or intrinsic value).
This is analogous to Graham's analysis. Or more accurately rigorous fundamental analysis of business operations and financials. Price serves only to tell him how much he actually has to pay if he were to buy the stock. Needless to say, the lesser the better. Graham and most value investors advocate buying 30-40% (margin of safety) below the stock's intrinsic value.
To an investor, profit is made when the stock price subsequently rises to its value which usually take years.
A trader is interested in the price of a stock and he spends an awful lot of time and effort following how the price has moved.
Actual value of a stock basically serves no purpose for the trader.
To a trader, profit is made when the stock rises above his buying price and he sells it to another person willing to buy at a higher price. Usually also known as the Greater Fool.
So, that's that! Just two different philosophies here to make money.
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
成为伟大投资者的七个特征
伟大投资者至少有7个特质是伟大投资者的共同特征,是真正的优势资源,而且是你一旦成年就再无法获得的。事实上,其中几个特质甚至丝毫没有学习的可能,你必须天生具备,若无就此生难寻。
第一个特质是,在他人恐慌时果断买入股票、而在他人盲目乐观时卖掉股票的能力。每个人都认为自己能做到这一点,但是当 1987年10月19日这天到来的时候(历史上著名的“黑色星期一”),市场彻底崩溃,几乎没人有胆量再买入股票。而在1999年(次年即是纳斯达克大崩盘),市场几乎每天都在上扬,你不会允许自己卖掉股票,因为你担心会落后于他人。绝大多数管理财富的人都有MBA学位和高智商,读过很多书。到1999年底,这些人也都确信股票被估值过高,但他们不能允许自己把钱撤离赌台,其原因正是巴菲特所说的“制度性强制力”(institutional imperative)。
第二个特质是,伟大投资者是那种极度着迷于此游戏,并有极强获胜欲的人。他们不只是享受投资的乐趣——投资就是他们的生命。他们清晨醒来时,即使还在半梦半醒之间,想到的第一件事情就是他们研究过的股票,或者是他们考虑要卖掉的股票,又或者是他们的投资组合将面临的最大风险是什么以及如何规避它。他们通常在个人生活上会陷入困境,尽管他们也许真的喜欢其他人,也没有太多的时间与对方交流。他们的头脑始终处在云端,梦想着股票。不幸的是,你们无法学习这种对于某种东西的执迷,这是天生的。如果你没有这样的强迫症,你就不可能成为下一个布鲁斯·博克维茨(Fairholme funds的创始人,选股思路深受巴菲特影响,组合集中、低换手率、很少越界)。
第三个特质是,从过去所犯错误中吸取教训的强烈意愿。这点对于人们来说是难以做到的,让伟大投资者脱颖而出的正是这种从自己过去错误中学习以避免重犯的强烈渴望。大多数人都会忽略他们曾做过的愚蠢决定,继续向前冲。我想用来形容他们的词就是“压抑”(repression)。但是如果你忽略往日的错误而不是全面分析它,毫无疑问你在将来的职业生涯中还会犯相似的错。事实上,即便你确实去分析了,重复犯错也是很难避免的。
第四个特质是,基于常识的与生俱来的风险嗅觉。大部分人都知道美国长期资本管理公司(1990年代中期的国际四大对冲基金之一,1998年因为俄罗斯金融风暴而濒临破产)的故事,一个由六七十位博士组成的团队,拥有最精妙的风险分析模型,却没能发现事后看来显见的问题:他们承担了过高的风险。他们从不停下来问自己一句:“嗨,虽然电脑认为这样可行,但在现实生活中是否真的行得通呢?”这种能力在人类中的常见度也许并不像你认为的那样高。我相信最优秀的风险控制系统就是常识,但是人们却仍会习惯听从电脑的意见,让自己安然睡去。他们忽视了常识,我看到这个错误在投资界一再上演。
第五个特质是,伟大的投资家都对于他们自己的想法怀有绝对的信心,即使是在面对批评的时候。巴菲特坚持不投身疯狂的网络热潮,尽管人们公开批评他忽略科技股。当其他人都放弃了价值投资的时候,巴菲特依然岿然不动。《巴伦周刊》为此把他做成了封面人物,标题是“沃伦,你哪儿出错了?”当然,事后这进一步证明了巴菲特的智慧,《巴伦周刊》则变成了完美的反面教材。就个人而言,我很惊讶于大多数投资者对他们所买股票的信心之微弱。根据凯利公式(Kelly Formula,一个可用于判断投资和赌博风险的数学公式),投资组合中的20%可以放在一支股票上,但很多投资人只放2%。从数学上来说,运用凯利公式,把2%的投资放在一支股票上,相当于赌它只有51%的上涨可能性,49%的可能性是下跌。为何要浪费时间去打这个赌呢?这帮人拿着100万美元的年薪,只是去寻找哪些股票有51%的上涨可能性?简直是有病。
第六个特质是,左右脑都很好用,而不仅仅是开动左脑(左脑擅长数学和组织)。在商学院,我曾经遇到过很多天资聪颖的人。不过主修金融的人,写的东西一文不值,他们也无法创造性地看待问题,对此我颇感震惊。后来我明白了,一些非常聪明的人只用一半大脑思考,这样足以让你在世上立足,可是如果要成为一个和主流人群思考方式不同的富有创新精神的企业投资家,这还远远不够。另一方面,如果你是右脑占主导的人,你很可能讨厌数学,然后通常就无法进入金融界了。所以金融人士很可能左脑极其发达,我认为这是个问题。我相信一个伟大投资家的两边大脑都发挥作用。作为一个投资家,你需要进行计算,要有逻辑合理的投资理论,这都是你的左脑做的事情。但是你也需要做一些另外的事情,比如根据微妙线索来判断该公司的管理团队。你需要静下心来,在脑中勾画出当前情势的大图景,而不是往死里去分析。你要具备幽默感、谦卑的心态和基本常识。还有最重要的,我认为你也得是一个好的写作者。看看巴菲特,他是商业世界里最杰出的写作者之一,他同时也是古往今来最好的投资家之一绝非偶然。如果你无法清晰地写作,我认为你也不能清楚地思考。如果不能清楚地思考,你就会陷入麻烦。很多人拥有天才般的智商,却不能清楚地思考问题,尽管他们心算就能得出债券或者期权的价格。
最后、最重要的,同时也是最少见的一项特质:在投资过程中,大起大落之中却丝毫不改投资思路的能力。这对于大多数人而言几乎是不可能做到的。当股票开始下跌,人们很难坚持承受损失而不抛出股票。市场整体下降时,人们很难决定买进更多股票以使成本摊薄,甚至很难决定将钱再投入股票中。人们不喜欢承受暂时性的痛苦,即便从长远来看会有更好的收益。很少有投资家能应对高回报率所必须经历的短期波动。他们将短期波动等同于风险。这是极不理性的。风险意味着你若押错了宝,就得赔钱。而相对短时期内的上下波动并不等于损失,因此也不是风险,除非你在市场跌到谷底时陷入恐慌,被损失吓得大乱阵脚。但是多数人不会以这种方式看问题,他们的大脑不容许他们这么想。恐慌本能会入侵,然后切断正常思考的能力。
我必须申明,人们一旦步入成年期就无法再学到上述特质。这个时候,你在日后成为卓越投资者的潜力已经被决定了。这种潜力经过锻炼可以获得,但是无法从头建立,因为这与你脑组织的结构以及孩童时期的经历密切相关。这不是说金融教育、阅读以及投资经验都不重要。这些很重要,但只能让你够资格进入这个游戏并玩下去。那些都是可以被任何人复制的东西,而上述7个特质却不可能.
第一个特质是,在他人恐慌时果断买入股票、而在他人盲目乐观时卖掉股票的能力。每个人都认为自己能做到这一点,但是当 1987年10月19日这天到来的时候(历史上著名的“黑色星期一”),市场彻底崩溃,几乎没人有胆量再买入股票。而在1999年(次年即是纳斯达克大崩盘),市场几乎每天都在上扬,你不会允许自己卖掉股票,因为你担心会落后于他人。绝大多数管理财富的人都有MBA学位和高智商,读过很多书。到1999年底,这些人也都确信股票被估值过高,但他们不能允许自己把钱撤离赌台,其原因正是巴菲特所说的“制度性强制力”(institutional imperative)。
第二个特质是,伟大投资者是那种极度着迷于此游戏,并有极强获胜欲的人。他们不只是享受投资的乐趣——投资就是他们的生命。他们清晨醒来时,即使还在半梦半醒之间,想到的第一件事情就是他们研究过的股票,或者是他们考虑要卖掉的股票,又或者是他们的投资组合将面临的最大风险是什么以及如何规避它。他们通常在个人生活上会陷入困境,尽管他们也许真的喜欢其他人,也没有太多的时间与对方交流。他们的头脑始终处在云端,梦想着股票。不幸的是,你们无法学习这种对于某种东西的执迷,这是天生的。如果你没有这样的强迫症,你就不可能成为下一个布鲁斯·博克维茨(Fairholme funds的创始人,选股思路深受巴菲特影响,组合集中、低换手率、很少越界)。
第三个特质是,从过去所犯错误中吸取教训的强烈意愿。这点对于人们来说是难以做到的,让伟大投资者脱颖而出的正是这种从自己过去错误中学习以避免重犯的强烈渴望。大多数人都会忽略他们曾做过的愚蠢决定,继续向前冲。我想用来形容他们的词就是“压抑”(repression)。但是如果你忽略往日的错误而不是全面分析它,毫无疑问你在将来的职业生涯中还会犯相似的错。事实上,即便你确实去分析了,重复犯错也是很难避免的。
第四个特质是,基于常识的与生俱来的风险嗅觉。大部分人都知道美国长期资本管理公司(1990年代中期的国际四大对冲基金之一,1998年因为俄罗斯金融风暴而濒临破产)的故事,一个由六七十位博士组成的团队,拥有最精妙的风险分析模型,却没能发现事后看来显见的问题:他们承担了过高的风险。他们从不停下来问自己一句:“嗨,虽然电脑认为这样可行,但在现实生活中是否真的行得通呢?”这种能力在人类中的常见度也许并不像你认为的那样高。我相信最优秀的风险控制系统就是常识,但是人们却仍会习惯听从电脑的意见,让自己安然睡去。他们忽视了常识,我看到这个错误在投资界一再上演。
第五个特质是,伟大的投资家都对于他们自己的想法怀有绝对的信心,即使是在面对批评的时候。巴菲特坚持不投身疯狂的网络热潮,尽管人们公开批评他忽略科技股。当其他人都放弃了价值投资的时候,巴菲特依然岿然不动。《巴伦周刊》为此把他做成了封面人物,标题是“沃伦,你哪儿出错了?”当然,事后这进一步证明了巴菲特的智慧,《巴伦周刊》则变成了完美的反面教材。就个人而言,我很惊讶于大多数投资者对他们所买股票的信心之微弱。根据凯利公式(Kelly Formula,一个可用于判断投资和赌博风险的数学公式),投资组合中的20%可以放在一支股票上,但很多投资人只放2%。从数学上来说,运用凯利公式,把2%的投资放在一支股票上,相当于赌它只有51%的上涨可能性,49%的可能性是下跌。为何要浪费时间去打这个赌呢?这帮人拿着100万美元的年薪,只是去寻找哪些股票有51%的上涨可能性?简直是有病。
第六个特质是,左右脑都很好用,而不仅仅是开动左脑(左脑擅长数学和组织)。在商学院,我曾经遇到过很多天资聪颖的人。不过主修金融的人,写的东西一文不值,他们也无法创造性地看待问题,对此我颇感震惊。后来我明白了,一些非常聪明的人只用一半大脑思考,这样足以让你在世上立足,可是如果要成为一个和主流人群思考方式不同的富有创新精神的企业投资家,这还远远不够。另一方面,如果你是右脑占主导的人,你很可能讨厌数学,然后通常就无法进入金融界了。所以金融人士很可能左脑极其发达,我认为这是个问题。我相信一个伟大投资家的两边大脑都发挥作用。作为一个投资家,你需要进行计算,要有逻辑合理的投资理论,这都是你的左脑做的事情。但是你也需要做一些另外的事情,比如根据微妙线索来判断该公司的管理团队。你需要静下心来,在脑中勾画出当前情势的大图景,而不是往死里去分析。你要具备幽默感、谦卑的心态和基本常识。还有最重要的,我认为你也得是一个好的写作者。看看巴菲特,他是商业世界里最杰出的写作者之一,他同时也是古往今来最好的投资家之一绝非偶然。如果你无法清晰地写作,我认为你也不能清楚地思考。如果不能清楚地思考,你就会陷入麻烦。很多人拥有天才般的智商,却不能清楚地思考问题,尽管他们心算就能得出债券或者期权的价格。
最后、最重要的,同时也是最少见的一项特质:在投资过程中,大起大落之中却丝毫不改投资思路的能力。这对于大多数人而言几乎是不可能做到的。当股票开始下跌,人们很难坚持承受损失而不抛出股票。市场整体下降时,人们很难决定买进更多股票以使成本摊薄,甚至很难决定将钱再投入股票中。人们不喜欢承受暂时性的痛苦,即便从长远来看会有更好的收益。很少有投资家能应对高回报率所必须经历的短期波动。他们将短期波动等同于风险。这是极不理性的。风险意味着你若押错了宝,就得赔钱。而相对短时期内的上下波动并不等于损失,因此也不是风险,除非你在市场跌到谷底时陷入恐慌,被损失吓得大乱阵脚。但是多数人不会以这种方式看问题,他们的大脑不容许他们这么想。恐慌本能会入侵,然后切断正常思考的能力。
我必须申明,人们一旦步入成年期就无法再学到上述特质。这个时候,你在日后成为卓越投资者的潜力已经被决定了。这种潜力经过锻炼可以获得,但是无法从头建立,因为这与你脑组织的结构以及孩童时期的经历密切相关。这不是说金融教育、阅读以及投资经验都不重要。这些很重要,但只能让你够资格进入这个游戏并玩下去。那些都是可以被任何人复制的东西,而上述7个特质却不可能.
Lippo-Mapletree Indonesia Retail Trust: Retail story still compelling
Sponsored REITs like Lippo-Mapletree Indonesia Retail Trust (LMIR)are generally perceived to have a lower risk profile. As of 3Q, LMIR has avery low leverage level of about 9% with no refinancing risk until 2013. Wethink the retail story in Indonesia is still compelling.
LMIR's portfolioof eight retail malls and seven retail strata spaces is strategicallylocated within well-established population catchments across Indonesia.LMIR's assets are due to be revalued in 4Q08.
The REIT's portfolio will berevalued in IDR ? this IDR value will then be converted back into SGD atspot rates. This creates a major revaluation risk ? even if the IDR valueof the portfolio stays the same. We have taken a fresh look at ourvaluation model, relaxing our fairly bleak expectations for the IDR-SGD.Our RNAV estimate for the REIT is S$0.55.
Our fair value estimate of S$0.39(prev. S$0.27) prices in a 30% discount to that estimate. Maintain BUY.
LMIR's portfolioof eight retail malls and seven retail strata spaces is strategicallylocated within well-established population catchments across Indonesia.LMIR's assets are due to be revalued in 4Q08.
The REIT's portfolio will berevalued in IDR ? this IDR value will then be converted back into SGD atspot rates. This creates a major revaluation risk ? even if the IDR valueof the portfolio stays the same. We have taken a fresh look at ourvaluation model, relaxing our fairly bleak expectations for the IDR-SGD.Our RNAV estimate for the REIT is S$0.55.
Our fair value estimate of S$0.39(prev. S$0.27) prices in a 30% discount to that estimate. Maintain BUY.
最难的功夫---长线持股
成功的农夫绝不会在播种之后,每隔几分钟就把他们挖起来看看长的怎么样,他们会让谷物发芽,让他们生长。
人性的弱点——人的本性不是努力去扩大收益,而是努力去扩大获得收益的机会!!
投资股票时我们应该将收益尽量扩大,而不是将获胜次数尽量扩大。比尔.埃克哈特总结道:“交易的成功率在统计绩效时是最不重要的,甚至可能是和绩效成反比。”杰夫·亚思,一个非常成功的交易者,论述同样的命题:“有一个基本观念对玩扑克和股权交易都适用,我们的主要目的不是要赢多少手次,而是把获利尽量扩大。”
“这里让我说一件事情:在华尔街经历了这么多事情,在赚了几百万美元,又亏了几百万美元之后,我想告诉你这一点:我的想法从来都没有替我赚过大钱,总是我坚持不动替我赚大钱,懂了吗?是我坚持不动!对市场判断正确丝毫不足为奇。你在多头市场里总是会找到很多一开始就做多的人,在空头市场里也会找到很多一开始就做空的人。但他们没有从中赚到真正的钱。因为能够同时判断正确又坚持不动的人很罕见,我发现这是最难学习的一件事。但是股票做手只有切实了解这一点后,他才能够赚大钱。"摘自《股票做手回忆录》 解决的方法:制定规则,执行规则。好的公司一路持有不要管其他任何因素的干扰 要成功首先要有能力控制自己的行为。向控制自己下功夫!心理控制、行为控制的重要性怎么强调都不过分,做不到这一点,无人能帮你,其他部分做的再好都没用。最大的敌人,就是你自己。校正自己,永远比观察市场重要。
知和行的问题。无知,无畏行;一知半解,难行;真知(跟市场尽量融为一体,以自己的视角读懂市场),易行。 拿不住手中的股票,从市场的角度看,是对市场趋势的发展过程细节波动理解不深刻造成的。如果中间趋势的发展一切都在我的”掌控“中,那还有什么拿不牢的?在市场有利的时候,你必须学会习惯于获利,这是区别交易者是否成熟的一个重要标志。假设你的成本是8元,市场价格现在是80元,但是仍然低于其本身的价值,你是否会坚定的持有?很多的交易者在获利的时候惴惴不安,而亏损的时候却心安理得,这样如何能够长期稳定的获利? 向控制自己下功夫!对赔钱的恐慌常使人违背原则,具体表现是经常止损割肉,频繁交易。追求做得正确比老想着赚钱赔钱更重要!
如果说短线交易者是艺术家,则长线交易者就是工程师。艺术家进行艺术创作充满兴奋和激情,而工程师进行工程却充满艰辛和挑战,因为工程需要长期努力,中途会出现意想不到的情况。长线交易更注重理性,而不是激情。长线交易理论上更适合广大投资者,因为他注重理性,但也正是因为他太理性和客观,就会失去每日交易的兴奋,形成一种孤独和更需要忍耐力的交易行为,有点象苦行僧,这种清苦让很多人重新加入到短线交易行列中去。 长线交易追逐趋势,认为趋势是自己唯一的真正的朋友,是自己利润的来源,他不重视价格的日内波动,认为价格的日内波动几乎和自己没有关系,这也会让人觉得你麻木不仁,甚至象个傻子,他也不重视第二天行情会怎么走,他只重视趋势是否结束。长线交易者持仓的忍耐力绝非一般投资者所能理解,也非一般投资者所能承受。市场有一种误解,认为长线交易者之所以能够长期持仓是因为他能预测到市场的趋势和终点所以才能放心长期持有!这真是一个天大的误解!其实长线交易者跟你一样不知道市场的未来走势,他只是遵守纪律跟踪趋势。
守纪律长期持仓要忍受常人不好理解的痛苦,可以说长线获利就是漫长的市场折磨所换来的!
痛苦1: 市场的大幅波动可以轻松的吃掉原有持仓的大部分利润,最难以忍受的是这种回折往往还是你认为确实要发生的,也就是说你眼睁睁的看到利润回去,这就如有人在你有准备的情况下抢走你的钱一样,这种痛苦你理解吗?你能接受吗?
痛苦2: 长线交易者要放弃很多认为必然有把握的获利机会而换取长期利润。
痛苦3: 长线交易的机会较少,市场一年之中大部分时间都在震荡,震荡之中长线交易者有时一直在亏损,并且往往都是在持仓获利的情况下转为亏损的,这种折磨足以击跨任何人!这些情况说起来容易真做起来会超出你想象的难!
痛苦4: 长线交易最重要的是保持客观和遵守纪律,在很多情况下要放弃你自己鲜活的思想和判断,但结束一次成功的长线头寸却可以获取令人羡慕的回报,这也是长线之所以令人向往的原因。
长线交易有一个最大的特点:亏小赢大,他不重视盈亏的次数比例,而重视盈亏的质量,这是他与短线交易的最本质区别!要做艺术家还是做工程师?要做长线还是做短线?这个选择应该不是很难。 想在股票市场赚大钱,持有股票的本领要下苦功去学,不管你是否有水平研究指数,是否有水平选择股票,真正能使你赚到大钱的真功夫就是如何长久持股! 成功必然来自于坚持正确的习惯方法和不断完善的性格修炼!
人性的弱点——人的本性不是努力去扩大收益,而是努力去扩大获得收益的机会!!
投资股票时我们应该将收益尽量扩大,而不是将获胜次数尽量扩大。比尔.埃克哈特总结道:“交易的成功率在统计绩效时是最不重要的,甚至可能是和绩效成反比。”杰夫·亚思,一个非常成功的交易者,论述同样的命题:“有一个基本观念对玩扑克和股权交易都适用,我们的主要目的不是要赢多少手次,而是把获利尽量扩大。”
“这里让我说一件事情:在华尔街经历了这么多事情,在赚了几百万美元,又亏了几百万美元之后,我想告诉你这一点:我的想法从来都没有替我赚过大钱,总是我坚持不动替我赚大钱,懂了吗?是我坚持不动!对市场判断正确丝毫不足为奇。你在多头市场里总是会找到很多一开始就做多的人,在空头市场里也会找到很多一开始就做空的人。但他们没有从中赚到真正的钱。因为能够同时判断正确又坚持不动的人很罕见,我发现这是最难学习的一件事。但是股票做手只有切实了解这一点后,他才能够赚大钱。"摘自《股票做手回忆录》 解决的方法:制定规则,执行规则。好的公司一路持有不要管其他任何因素的干扰 要成功首先要有能力控制自己的行为。向控制自己下功夫!心理控制、行为控制的重要性怎么强调都不过分,做不到这一点,无人能帮你,其他部分做的再好都没用。最大的敌人,就是你自己。校正自己,永远比观察市场重要。
知和行的问题。无知,无畏行;一知半解,难行;真知(跟市场尽量融为一体,以自己的视角读懂市场),易行。 拿不住手中的股票,从市场的角度看,是对市场趋势的发展过程细节波动理解不深刻造成的。如果中间趋势的发展一切都在我的”掌控“中,那还有什么拿不牢的?在市场有利的时候,你必须学会习惯于获利,这是区别交易者是否成熟的一个重要标志。假设你的成本是8元,市场价格现在是80元,但是仍然低于其本身的价值,你是否会坚定的持有?很多的交易者在获利的时候惴惴不安,而亏损的时候却心安理得,这样如何能够长期稳定的获利? 向控制自己下功夫!对赔钱的恐慌常使人违背原则,具体表现是经常止损割肉,频繁交易。追求做得正确比老想着赚钱赔钱更重要!
如果说短线交易者是艺术家,则长线交易者就是工程师。艺术家进行艺术创作充满兴奋和激情,而工程师进行工程却充满艰辛和挑战,因为工程需要长期努力,中途会出现意想不到的情况。长线交易更注重理性,而不是激情。长线交易理论上更适合广大投资者,因为他注重理性,但也正是因为他太理性和客观,就会失去每日交易的兴奋,形成一种孤独和更需要忍耐力的交易行为,有点象苦行僧,这种清苦让很多人重新加入到短线交易行列中去。 长线交易追逐趋势,认为趋势是自己唯一的真正的朋友,是自己利润的来源,他不重视价格的日内波动,认为价格的日内波动几乎和自己没有关系,这也会让人觉得你麻木不仁,甚至象个傻子,他也不重视第二天行情会怎么走,他只重视趋势是否结束。长线交易者持仓的忍耐力绝非一般投资者所能理解,也非一般投资者所能承受。市场有一种误解,认为长线交易者之所以能够长期持仓是因为他能预测到市场的趋势和终点所以才能放心长期持有!这真是一个天大的误解!其实长线交易者跟你一样不知道市场的未来走势,他只是遵守纪律跟踪趋势。
守纪律长期持仓要忍受常人不好理解的痛苦,可以说长线获利就是漫长的市场折磨所换来的!
痛苦1: 市场的大幅波动可以轻松的吃掉原有持仓的大部分利润,最难以忍受的是这种回折往往还是你认为确实要发生的,也就是说你眼睁睁的看到利润回去,这就如有人在你有准备的情况下抢走你的钱一样,这种痛苦你理解吗?你能接受吗?
痛苦2: 长线交易者要放弃很多认为必然有把握的获利机会而换取长期利润。
痛苦3: 长线交易的机会较少,市场一年之中大部分时间都在震荡,震荡之中长线交易者有时一直在亏损,并且往往都是在持仓获利的情况下转为亏损的,这种折磨足以击跨任何人!这些情况说起来容易真做起来会超出你想象的难!
痛苦4: 长线交易最重要的是保持客观和遵守纪律,在很多情况下要放弃你自己鲜活的思想和判断,但结束一次成功的长线头寸却可以获取令人羡慕的回报,这也是长线之所以令人向往的原因。
长线交易有一个最大的特点:亏小赢大,他不重视盈亏的次数比例,而重视盈亏的质量,这是他与短线交易的最本质区别!要做艺术家还是做工程师?要做长线还是做短线?这个选择应该不是很难。 想在股票市场赚大钱,持有股票的本领要下苦功去学,不管你是否有水平研究指数,是否有水平选择股票,真正能使你赚到大钱的真功夫就是如何长久持股! 成功必然来自于坚持正确的习惯方法和不断完善的性格修炼!
Sunday, July 12, 2009
耐心等突破才出手
在美國金融市場逐漸穩定之後,美國政府開始出手整頓華爾街,多名華爾街中人被控各種各樣的欺騙罪,這對投資者有一定的壓力。近日美國股市一再調整,道瓊斯指數已退至 8100點,一旦跌破 8000點,沽壓可能會加重。不過,內地股市則是一片大好,上證綜合指數不斷地創金融海嘯後的新高,已破了 3100點。
不少人說,內地股市狂熱的理由是銀行新增大量貸款所致,剛公佈的 6月份新增貸款高達 1.53萬億元人民幣,令許多人吃了一驚。今年年初,溫家寶總理說中國的銀行今年全年新增貸款將高達 5萬億元人民幣。現在,才半年時間,新增貸款已達 7.36萬億元人民幣,看來全年新增貸款肯定超越 10萬億元人民幣。溫總最近也說,貨幣政策不會輕易轉勢,至今中國的「保八」目標仍未達到。
因此,我也相信銀行會繼續大量增加貸款,也很肯定的,新增貸款的相當部份是流入股市,支持了股市。香港股市就在美國股市與內地股市背馳的背景下失去方向,恒指升則升不上,跌也跌不下。
在 2000點之間徘徊了一段時間,有本事的人則天天炒高炒低,我則寧可成為一個旁觀者,耐心地等待突破,向上突破。數個月前,恒指也曾經徘徊於 14000點與 15000點間一段時間,最後突然向上突破,破了 16000點後就一躍向上,升至近日才暫停,等待另一個突破。
不少人說,內地股市狂熱的理由是銀行新增大量貸款所致,剛公佈的 6月份新增貸款高達 1.53萬億元人民幣,令許多人吃了一驚。今年年初,溫家寶總理說中國的銀行今年全年新增貸款將高達 5萬億元人民幣。現在,才半年時間,新增貸款已達 7.36萬億元人民幣,看來全年新增貸款肯定超越 10萬億元人民幣。溫總最近也說,貨幣政策不會輕易轉勢,至今中國的「保八」目標仍未達到。
因此,我也相信銀行會繼續大量增加貸款,也很肯定的,新增貸款的相當部份是流入股市,支持了股市。香港股市就在美國股市與內地股市背馳的背景下失去方向,恒指升則升不上,跌也跌不下。
在 2000點之間徘徊了一段時間,有本事的人則天天炒高炒低,我則寧可成為一個旁觀者,耐心地等待突破,向上突破。數個月前,恒指也曾經徘徊於 14000點與 15000點間一段時間,最後突然向上突破,破了 16000點後就一躍向上,升至近日才暫停,等待另一個突破。
应健中:更大天量还在后头
本周的股市看得许多人目瞪口呆。周一大盘创出今年以来的新高,同时成交量创出自6124点历史最高位以来的天量,就在大家一片看好之时,一波杀跌行情吓出不少筹码,而在3000点岌岌可危之时,行情又起来了。这波走势犹如过山车,弄得车上的乘客神魂颠倒。
下半年的行情已经走了8个交易日了,这8个交易日全部在3000点上行走,而这个行走区间正好是上半年的天花板。进入下半年后,市场的人气反而在3000点上被激活了,有更多的人相信,天量之后必有天价,行情就要调头。问题是天量之后还有更大的天量,那天价之后岂不还有更高的天价?市场时过境迁,同样是3000点,去年的3000点与今时的3000点已经不能同日而语。
行走了7个多月的上升通道还在延伸中,至于延伸到何时、剑指何点,只有天知、地知,你不知、我也不知。我们能做的是在这个上升通道中分享一段利润。成功的投资都是相对的:在两天之内做了把行情,但对于一个月的投资未必成功;一月成功不等于一年成功,一年成功不等于一生成功;一生成功但透支生命、英年早逝就成了最大的不成功,即:人没了、钱还在。
投资尚未成功,股民仍需努力。如今3000点位,说高不高、说低不低,与6000点比,现在还在半山腰;与1664点比,现在有点高处不胜寒了。因此,当下的市场多空搏杀最为激烈,牛眼看市、处处是底,而熊眼看市、处处是顶。笔者相信在艰巨的搏杀中,最后牛眼之人胜出的概率较大,请注意如下市场状况:
第一,年线已经完全调头上行,这个趋势不可小觑。在中国股市将近20年的历史上,年线形成拐点调头上行只有三次,这个大家只要打开上证指数K线图看全景就能发现,每一次调头上行之后,将行走相当长一段时间才会再调头下行,所以现在年线从下降通道中走出来,走平之后调头上行,这种趋势形成后一年半载不可能改变。什么叫看势?这就是看势,看市场的大趋势。
第二,近期发行的沪深300指数基金在3天之内200亿元全部售罄,反映了市场资金面的宽松,更重要的是,最近发行的基金大多数是指数型基金,这些基金的建仓都是以自己选定的指数权重股为对象的,这对指数的支撑具有举足轻重的作用。在3000点位置上大发指数型基金意味着什么?值得关注。
第三,对通胀的预期还在升温,现金转换成资产的浪潮势不可挡。今年上半年房价大涨、股市大涨,关键的因素在于人们怕通胀来临,怕手中的现金贬值,所以纷纷抢买资产,股价也好、房价也罢,都是钱堆出来的,现在的股市不差钱,可以预料,本周创下的阶段性天量还不是真正意义上的天量,更大的天量还在后头呢。
下半年的行情已经走了8个交易日了,这8个交易日全部在3000点上行走,而这个行走区间正好是上半年的天花板。进入下半年后,市场的人气反而在3000点上被激活了,有更多的人相信,天量之后必有天价,行情就要调头。问题是天量之后还有更大的天量,那天价之后岂不还有更高的天价?市场时过境迁,同样是3000点,去年的3000点与今时的3000点已经不能同日而语。
行走了7个多月的上升通道还在延伸中,至于延伸到何时、剑指何点,只有天知、地知,你不知、我也不知。我们能做的是在这个上升通道中分享一段利润。成功的投资都是相对的:在两天之内做了把行情,但对于一个月的投资未必成功;一月成功不等于一年成功,一年成功不等于一生成功;一生成功但透支生命、英年早逝就成了最大的不成功,即:人没了、钱还在。
投资尚未成功,股民仍需努力。如今3000点位,说高不高、说低不低,与6000点比,现在还在半山腰;与1664点比,现在有点高处不胜寒了。因此,当下的市场多空搏杀最为激烈,牛眼看市、处处是底,而熊眼看市、处处是顶。笔者相信在艰巨的搏杀中,最后牛眼之人胜出的概率较大,请注意如下市场状况:
第一,年线已经完全调头上行,这个趋势不可小觑。在中国股市将近20年的历史上,年线形成拐点调头上行只有三次,这个大家只要打开上证指数K线图看全景就能发现,每一次调头上行之后,将行走相当长一段时间才会再调头下行,所以现在年线从下降通道中走出来,走平之后调头上行,这种趋势形成后一年半载不可能改变。什么叫看势?这就是看势,看市场的大趋势。
第二,近期发行的沪深300指数基金在3天之内200亿元全部售罄,反映了市场资金面的宽松,更重要的是,最近发行的基金大多数是指数型基金,这些基金的建仓都是以自己选定的指数权重股为对象的,这对指数的支撑具有举足轻重的作用。在3000点位置上大发指数型基金意味着什么?值得关注。
第三,对通胀的预期还在升温,现金转换成资产的浪潮势不可挡。今年上半年房价大涨、股市大涨,关键的因素在于人们怕通胀来临,怕手中的现金贬值,所以纷纷抢买资产,股价也好、房价也罢,都是钱堆出来的,现在的股市不差钱,可以预料,本周创下的阶段性天量还不是真正意义上的天量,更大的天量还在后头呢。
美國剩餘儲備高企啟示通脹未至
金融海嘯發生後,美國政府為挽救金融市場及經濟,除了把息率調低至接近零水平外,更推出「量化寬鬆」(Quantitative Easing)政策,在金融體系內注入萬億美元計的資金,嘗試力挽狂瀾。聯儲局最終能否成功拯救經濟,以及令金融市場回復秩序,還有待觀察。然而,聯儲局的救市行動,已令不少投資者擔憂超級通脹(Hyperinflation)的來臨,畢竟聯儲局(甚至連同歐羅區和英國)的救市行動形同大規模印鈔票。不過,事實是迄今美國經濟不但沒有嚴重的通脹壓力,反而出現溫和通縮的情況。箇中原因何在?此外,聯儲局「量化寬鬆」政策仍在,惡性通脹的危機不能抹煞,但作為投資者如何利用有效的指標監察惡性通脹的來臨呢?研究部今次與讀者探討這方面的議題。
在解構美國「量化寬鬆」政策對經濟帶來潛伏的通脹危機前,讓我們先了解一下目前美國的「量化寬鬆」政策如何運作。
剩餘儲備飆升400多倍在過去近年半以來,你是否知道升幅最快且最急的是什麼?股市、黃金或商品,全都錯!是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備水平(US Aggregate Reserves Depository Institutions Excess Reserves,即美國金融機構扣除法律規定所需儲備要求外,存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備金額;下稱「剩餘儲備」)。
事實上,在金融海嘯湧到之前,美國金融機構存放在聯儲局過剩的儲備不足約20億美元,但截至今年5月中,已飆升至逾8700億美元,上升幅度四百多倍!
由於美國貨幣基礎(monetary base)是由兩個主要成分所組成,分別是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部分),以及整體貨幣流通量,而「剩餘儲備」過去一年多時間內大幅攀升,直接令美國貨幣基礎出現暴升情況。美國貨幣基礎由2007年年底約8200多億美元急速膨脹,至今年5月最高曾見1.8萬億美元,升幅近一點二倍。而美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備水平,則由佔貨幣基礎不足0.3%,大幅攀升至佔50%以上的水平,升幅達一百七十倍!
那麼「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」如何及為何會出現暴漲?更重要的是,這將引發什麼潛在的問題呢?
「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」出現暴漲,正正顯示聯儲局運用「量化寬鬆」政策的踪影。具體而言,聯儲局於去年10月開始,給予美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部份)利息,利率雖然自去年12月16日開始向下修訂為0.25%的水平,息率不算十分吸引,但已較三個月或以下日期的國庫債券息率高(目前三個月國庫票據息率約0.15%);再者,在目前經濟乏善足陳,壞賬風險高企的環境下;再加上銀行正積極去槓桿化,修補及強化資產負債表,故不少金融機構寧願把資金存放在聯儲局內,這也解釋「剩餘儲備」或「貨幣基礎」近月出現顯著上升背後的因由。
聯儲局資產負債表質素轉壞值得補充的是,美國金融機構雖有龐大的資金存放在聯儲局內,但仍有不少銀行存在資不抵債情況,只是當資產不在按市價計算價值後(mark-to-market),情況「看似」有所改善。以花旗集團為例,它的資產約為2.1萬億美元,但當它進行壓力測試(stress test)時,當局處理其加權風險資產值,只計算資產值的一半而已,可見美國金融機構的資產值仍存在甚高水分。因此,美國金融機構也欠缺向市場拆出資金的意欲,令大量的剩餘儲備資金只存放在聯儲局內收取利息。
那麼聯儲局從金融機構吸納了數以千億計的存款做什麼呢?答案是成為部分資金來源,向美國金融機構購買國債,甚至按揭毒債(即MBS),從而向市場注入資金,逐步改善金融機構資產質素。根據聯儲局資產負債表顯示,在金融海嘯爆發前,聯儲局並未持有任何按揭毒債,但截至今年7月止,持有這類債務便高達4600多億美元。
此外,值得補充的是,金融機構從聯儲局獲得沽出毒債的資金後,再反過來把資金存放在聯儲局收取利息,產生循環乘數效應,令貨幣基礎進一步膨脹(即聯儲局不斷在金融體系注入資金)!
站在美國金融機構角度,其毒債賣給聯儲局的同時,還有儲備資金存放在聯儲局(收取利息),顯然美國金融機構資產負債表的質素將可得到改善(這也難怪近月來金融類股份有顯著的反彈)。然而,站在聯儲局的角度,它用了金融機構的存款,買入它們的毒債同時,還要為金融機構的剩餘儲備支付利息,它的資產負債表質素卻在轉壞中。
貨幣流速仍低那麼為何聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策多時,卻未令美國經濟出現高通脹呢?關鍵在於貨幣流速(Velocity of money;有興趣讀者可參閱5月22日「全球聯手救市 美三項中、長期經濟隱憂」)。以下的程式可反映出,貨幣基礎與經濟的關係:MV = PQ(M是貨幣供應;V為貨幣流速;P為物價;Q是實質產出)。
目前的情況是,雖然聯儲局不斷增加M供應,但金融機構迄今向市場拆出資金的意欲不大(見前文分析;這點可從「剩餘儲備」保持高企體現出來)。反而正積極減債改善資產負債表甚為明顯;加上美國家庭也同樣步入減債及增加儲蓄的階段(美國5月份儲蓄率攀升至6.9%,創下六十五個月以來的新高),消費層面出現萎縮,直接地令貨幣流速(V)下跌至近二十二年以來的新低,使物價(P)至今不但未曾出現大幅攀升的情況,反而正在下跌。
那麼惡性通脹最終會否出現?機會是存在的。從以上的討論可見,截至目前為止,聯儲局看似暫未出現放任濫印鈔票的情況,因為聯儲局在吸納毒債的資金,相信有不少的比重源自金融機構的剩餘儲備(當然也有部分來自救市資金)。
事實上,美國M2貨幣供應增長,至今按年只上升10%左右(增長速度明顯較剩餘儲備的為低)。不過,問題是聯儲局向美國金融機構借入巨額資金(剩餘儲備)買入毒債,倘若美國金融機構對放貸的意欲回復時,聯儲局如何支付資金予金融機構呢?顯然大量印鈔票是其中的不二法門,尤其當各國央行對購買美債的意欲每下愈況,屆時通脹急速惡化是可以預期,甚至是無法避免的。
四指標監察惡性通脹最後,惡性通脹的出現,很大程度上是聯儲局未能在經濟增長及拆借需求回復後,把之前在金融市場注入的巨額資金抽離金融體系。那麼除通脹及經濟增長指標外,還有那些另類指標可有效地監察惡性通脹的來臨呢?相信以下數個指標可作參考:
一、貨幣流速的變化:不難想像,聯儲局在金融市場注入如此龐大的資金(即M增大),若然貨幣流速加快(即V上升),通脹必然無可避免地急速上升;
二、美國金融機構在聯儲局剩餘儲備的水平:若然剩餘儲備水平出現回落,某程度反映美國金融機構借貸意欲正逐步上升,一方面會令貨幣流速增大;另一方面,勢將迫使聯儲局增大印鈔票的步伐,應付資金的提取;
三、美國聯儲局調升儲備利率或儲備要求(reserve requirement),甚至開始調升聯邦基金利率:目前聯儲局給予金融機構剩餘儲備25個基點的利息。若然聯儲局開始調升這方面的利率或調升儲備要求,某程度顯示聯儲局已呈現剩餘儲備流出的壓力,即反映金融機構借貸意欲開始回升,通脹惡化的風險也將隨之上升;
四、各國央行對美債的需求轉弱:不難想像,美國聯儲局救市的資金,除印鈔票和源自金融體系的剩餘儲備外,便是透過向外發債。若然投資者,尤其各國央行對美債需求持續下跌,反映美國政府將更依賴印鈔票來籌集救市資金,屆時惡性通脹的壓力必定增大。
無論如何,從目前各項的經濟數據表現,以至目前聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策的方向,看似暫未觸發通脹大幅上升的危機。然而,經濟增長及金融機構回復正常借貸的日子來臨時,聯儲局屆時能否及時在金融市場上抽走多餘的救市資金呢?若然讀者對此沒有信心,現在還是逐步做好預防通脹惡化的準備較佳。
在解構美國「量化寬鬆」政策對經濟帶來潛伏的通脹危機前,讓我們先了解一下目前美國的「量化寬鬆」政策如何運作。
剩餘儲備飆升400多倍在過去近年半以來,你是否知道升幅最快且最急的是什麼?股市、黃金或商品,全都錯!是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備水平(US Aggregate Reserves Depository Institutions Excess Reserves,即美國金融機構扣除法律規定所需儲備要求外,存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備金額;下稱「剩餘儲備」)。
事實上,在金融海嘯湧到之前,美國金融機構存放在聯儲局過剩的儲備不足約20億美元,但截至今年5月中,已飆升至逾8700億美元,上升幅度四百多倍!
由於美國貨幣基礎(monetary base)是由兩個主要成分所組成,分別是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部分),以及整體貨幣流通量,而「剩餘儲備」過去一年多時間內大幅攀升,直接令美國貨幣基礎出現暴升情況。美國貨幣基礎由2007年年底約8200多億美元急速膨脹,至今年5月最高曾見1.8萬億美元,升幅近一點二倍。而美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備水平,則由佔貨幣基礎不足0.3%,大幅攀升至佔50%以上的水平,升幅達一百七十倍!
那麼「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」如何及為何會出現暴漲?更重要的是,這將引發什麼潛在的問題呢?
「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」出現暴漲,正正顯示聯儲局運用「量化寬鬆」政策的踪影。具體而言,聯儲局於去年10月開始,給予美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部份)利息,利率雖然自去年12月16日開始向下修訂為0.25%的水平,息率不算十分吸引,但已較三個月或以下日期的國庫債券息率高(目前三個月國庫票據息率約0.15%);再者,在目前經濟乏善足陳,壞賬風險高企的環境下;再加上銀行正積極去槓桿化,修補及強化資產負債表,故不少金融機構寧願把資金存放在聯儲局內,這也解釋「剩餘儲備」或「貨幣基礎」近月出現顯著上升背後的因由。
聯儲局資產負債表質素轉壞值得補充的是,美國金融機構雖有龐大的資金存放在聯儲局內,但仍有不少銀行存在資不抵債情況,只是當資產不在按市價計算價值後(mark-to-market),情況「看似」有所改善。以花旗集團為例,它的資產約為2.1萬億美元,但當它進行壓力測試(stress test)時,當局處理其加權風險資產值,只計算資產值的一半而已,可見美國金融機構的資產值仍存在甚高水分。因此,美國金融機構也欠缺向市場拆出資金的意欲,令大量的剩餘儲備資金只存放在聯儲局內收取利息。
那麼聯儲局從金融機構吸納了數以千億計的存款做什麼呢?答案是成為部分資金來源,向美國金融機構購買國債,甚至按揭毒債(即MBS),從而向市場注入資金,逐步改善金融機構資產質素。根據聯儲局資產負債表顯示,在金融海嘯爆發前,聯儲局並未持有任何按揭毒債,但截至今年7月止,持有這類債務便高達4600多億美元。
此外,值得補充的是,金融機構從聯儲局獲得沽出毒債的資金後,再反過來把資金存放在聯儲局收取利息,產生循環乘數效應,令貨幣基礎進一步膨脹(即聯儲局不斷在金融體系注入資金)!
站在美國金融機構角度,其毒債賣給聯儲局的同時,還有儲備資金存放在聯儲局(收取利息),顯然美國金融機構資產負債表的質素將可得到改善(這也難怪近月來金融類股份有顯著的反彈)。然而,站在聯儲局的角度,它用了金融機構的存款,買入它們的毒債同時,還要為金融機構的剩餘儲備支付利息,它的資產負債表質素卻在轉壞中。
貨幣流速仍低那麼為何聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策多時,卻未令美國經濟出現高通脹呢?關鍵在於貨幣流速(Velocity of money;有興趣讀者可參閱5月22日「全球聯手救市 美三項中、長期經濟隱憂」)。以下的程式可反映出,貨幣基礎與經濟的關係:MV = PQ(M是貨幣供應;V為貨幣流速;P為物價;Q是實質產出)。
目前的情況是,雖然聯儲局不斷增加M供應,但金融機構迄今向市場拆出資金的意欲不大(見前文分析;這點可從「剩餘儲備」保持高企體現出來)。反而正積極減債改善資產負債表甚為明顯;加上美國家庭也同樣步入減債及增加儲蓄的階段(美國5月份儲蓄率攀升至6.9%,創下六十五個月以來的新高),消費層面出現萎縮,直接地令貨幣流速(V)下跌至近二十二年以來的新低,使物價(P)至今不但未曾出現大幅攀升的情況,反而正在下跌。
那麼惡性通脹最終會否出現?機會是存在的。從以上的討論可見,截至目前為止,聯儲局看似暫未出現放任濫印鈔票的情況,因為聯儲局在吸納毒債的資金,相信有不少的比重源自金融機構的剩餘儲備(當然也有部分來自救市資金)。
事實上,美國M2貨幣供應增長,至今按年只上升10%左右(增長速度明顯較剩餘儲備的為低)。不過,問題是聯儲局向美國金融機構借入巨額資金(剩餘儲備)買入毒債,倘若美國金融機構對放貸的意欲回復時,聯儲局如何支付資金予金融機構呢?顯然大量印鈔票是其中的不二法門,尤其當各國央行對購買美債的意欲每下愈況,屆時通脹急速惡化是可以預期,甚至是無法避免的。
四指標監察惡性通脹最後,惡性通脹的出現,很大程度上是聯儲局未能在經濟增長及拆借需求回復後,把之前在金融市場注入的巨額資金抽離金融體系。那麼除通脹及經濟增長指標外,還有那些另類指標可有效地監察惡性通脹的來臨呢?相信以下數個指標可作參考:
一、貨幣流速的變化:不難想像,聯儲局在金融市場注入如此龐大的資金(即M增大),若然貨幣流速加快(即V上升),通脹必然無可避免地急速上升;
二、美國金融機構在聯儲局剩餘儲備的水平:若然剩餘儲備水平出現回落,某程度反映美國金融機構借貸意欲正逐步上升,一方面會令貨幣流速增大;另一方面,勢將迫使聯儲局增大印鈔票的步伐,應付資金的提取;
三、美國聯儲局調升儲備利率或儲備要求(reserve requirement),甚至開始調升聯邦基金利率:目前聯儲局給予金融機構剩餘儲備25個基點的利息。若然聯儲局開始調升這方面的利率或調升儲備要求,某程度顯示聯儲局已呈現剩餘儲備流出的壓力,即反映金融機構借貸意欲開始回升,通脹惡化的風險也將隨之上升;
四、各國央行對美債的需求轉弱:不難想像,美國聯儲局救市的資金,除印鈔票和源自金融體系的剩餘儲備外,便是透過向外發債。若然投資者,尤其各國央行對美債需求持續下跌,反映美國政府將更依賴印鈔票來籌集救市資金,屆時惡性通脹的壓力必定增大。
無論如何,從目前各項的經濟數據表現,以至目前聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策的方向,看似暫未觸發通脹大幅上升的危機。然而,經濟增長及金融機構回復正常借貸的日子來臨時,聯儲局屆時能否及時在金融市場上抽走多餘的救市資金呢?若然讀者對此沒有信心,現在還是逐步做好預防通脹惡化的準備較佳。
Saturday, July 11, 2009
More toxic loans could haunt banks
Japan's economy was paralyzed for a decade as banks failed to deal with their troubled loans. That's why it's nothing short of stunning to discover some U.S. banks are doing the same thing now.
Despite all the tough talk out of Washington and Wall Street about how the U.S. can't repeat what happened in Japan, the reality is that banks are granting extensions to borrowers in one key category, commercial real-estate loans, so they don't default. It's a bet that economic conditions will improve before the loans come due.
"They are kicking the can down the road, hoping things will be better soon," said Barry Ritholtz, head of the financial research firm FusionIQ and author of the new book "Bailout Nation."
This maneuvering is being called "extend and pretend" in financial circles, reflecting banks' willingness to extend loan maturities because they believe -- or hope-- rental rates and building values could come back to levels seen during the peak of the real-estate market in 2007.
Ritholtz and other financial experts worry that banks are just delaying the inevitable by not dealing with troubled loans now. And since commercial loans are such an important part of the portfolio of many small and midsized banks, it also could constrain their ability to make other new loans. An average of 20 percent of local and regional banks' loan exposure is in commercial real estate vs 4 percent for the nation's biggest banks, according to data from Deutsche Bank.
"This is a bad strategy," said Bryan Marsal, CEO of the corporate restructuring firm Alvarez & Marsal. "It is really about not facing up to where you are today."
Unlike fixed-rate home mortgages, most commercial property loans are structured as balloon notes. Borrowers pay only interest for the first five or 10 years until the loans mature, and then the entire amount must be paid back.
In the boom years, rising rents and property values made it easy for borrowers to find multiple lenders willing to roll over these loans into new and often larger principal amounts that allowed owners to take out millions of dollars in cash to buy other properties.
That game has come to a crashing halt. Cash flows are down on many properties as rental and occupancy rates have fallen, causing the value of many properties to drop significantly. That's made it tougher for owners to refinance their loans.
Delinquency rates on commercial loans have doubled in the past year to 7 percent as more companies downsize and retailers close their doors, according to the Federal Reserve.
In some cases, banks are offering a temporary fix by granting borrowers an extension on loan maturities. On paper, that looks like a plus for the bank because the borrower pays a fee or agrees to pay a higher interest rate, or both. This allows banks to avoid having to foreclose or write down these loans as impaired assets. They also can keep the loans on their books as if nothing were amiss.
"This lets the banks post results that are misleading because the loans have more risk to them than they are disclosing," said Len Blum, managing partner at the investment-bank Westwood Capital. "They can pretend things are better than they are."
That's just what banks in Japan did back in the 1990s. After its debt-fed real estate bubble burst, Japan slid into what has come to be known the "lost decade" because of its drawn out economic and financial malaise.
Even though the Japanese government injected trillions of yen into its banking system, new lending was constrained because troubled loans clogged banks' balance sheets. In some cases, banks refused to foreclose when owners couldn't even pay the interest. Instead, they added the unpaid interest to the loan's principal in the hope that borrowers' problems would be alleviated by an improving economic climate, which never materialized.
What's worrisome is the lack of transparency about how often this is happening now in the United States. Due to privacy issues, banks aren't required to disclose details of specific loan extensions, and most news that does trickle out comes from public companies announcing that they have reached accommodations with their lenders.
Just this week, Bluegreen Corp., a Boca Raton, Fla.-based timeshare resort developer, said it had gotten the maturity dates of a combined $130.1 million in liabilities extended. Others getting loan extensions in recent months were Toys R Us, Tanger Factory Outlets and Washington Real Estate Investment Trust.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. believes that extending the maturity on commercial real-estate loans can be a "value-maximizing and prudent approach," said FDIC spokesman Andrew Gray.
Gray said that its examiners are trying to make sure the loan extensions are being done prudently, and that credit losses are being recognized appropriately. The FDIC directly examines and supervises about 5,160 banks and savings banks.
Bob Seiwert, who heads the Center for Commercial Lending and Business Banking at the American Bankers Association, said loan extensions should be done on a case-by-case basis and aren't necessarily a bad thing. Banks need to assess the chances of the principal amount being repaid and evaluate the viability on the loan on an ongoing basis, he said.
"It may still be a good project," Seiwert said. "It just may need more time."
There are already clear signs that worries about the commercial real estate market have constrained lending. The latest Federal Reserve Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey, from April, showed almost two-thirds of domestic banks had reported tightening lending standards and terms on commercial real estate loans over the previous three months.
"When lenders do the 'extend and pretend' routine because they don't want to deal with the problem ... what that causes them to do is to restrict their future lending. They pull back into their shell," said Marsal, who is also leading the liquidation of Lehman Brothers. "When and if we do have an economic recovery, what it will do is slow the pace."
Now imagine if the loans that are being extended turn up rotten a year or two from now. That could further hamper lending at local banks -- the backbone of many small-town economies -- meaning companies wouldn't be able to get loans to build new facilities or do renovations or repairs. Hiring would be curbed or more jobs cut, slowing consumer spending.
"The banks seem to think it is OK to hide their head in the sand and keep these kinds of loans on their balance sheets," said Westwood Capital's Blum. "Until the banks really clean up their books, we risk repeating what happened in Japan."
Despite all the tough talk out of Washington and Wall Street about how the U.S. can't repeat what happened in Japan, the reality is that banks are granting extensions to borrowers in one key category, commercial real-estate loans, so they don't default. It's a bet that economic conditions will improve before the loans come due.
"They are kicking the can down the road, hoping things will be better soon," said Barry Ritholtz, head of the financial research firm FusionIQ and author of the new book "Bailout Nation."
This maneuvering is being called "extend and pretend" in financial circles, reflecting banks' willingness to extend loan maturities because they believe -- or hope-- rental rates and building values could come back to levels seen during the peak of the real-estate market in 2007.
Ritholtz and other financial experts worry that banks are just delaying the inevitable by not dealing with troubled loans now. And since commercial loans are such an important part of the portfolio of many small and midsized banks, it also could constrain their ability to make other new loans. An average of 20 percent of local and regional banks' loan exposure is in commercial real estate vs 4 percent for the nation's biggest banks, according to data from Deutsche Bank.
"This is a bad strategy," said Bryan Marsal, CEO of the corporate restructuring firm Alvarez & Marsal. "It is really about not facing up to where you are today."
Unlike fixed-rate home mortgages, most commercial property loans are structured as balloon notes. Borrowers pay only interest for the first five or 10 years until the loans mature, and then the entire amount must be paid back.
In the boom years, rising rents and property values made it easy for borrowers to find multiple lenders willing to roll over these loans into new and often larger principal amounts that allowed owners to take out millions of dollars in cash to buy other properties.
That game has come to a crashing halt. Cash flows are down on many properties as rental and occupancy rates have fallen, causing the value of many properties to drop significantly. That's made it tougher for owners to refinance their loans.
Delinquency rates on commercial loans have doubled in the past year to 7 percent as more companies downsize and retailers close their doors, according to the Federal Reserve.
In some cases, banks are offering a temporary fix by granting borrowers an extension on loan maturities. On paper, that looks like a plus for the bank because the borrower pays a fee or agrees to pay a higher interest rate, or both. This allows banks to avoid having to foreclose or write down these loans as impaired assets. They also can keep the loans on their books as if nothing were amiss.
"This lets the banks post results that are misleading because the loans have more risk to them than they are disclosing," said Len Blum, managing partner at the investment-bank Westwood Capital. "They can pretend things are better than they are."
That's just what banks in Japan did back in the 1990s. After its debt-fed real estate bubble burst, Japan slid into what has come to be known the "lost decade" because of its drawn out economic and financial malaise.
Even though the Japanese government injected trillions of yen into its banking system, new lending was constrained because troubled loans clogged banks' balance sheets. In some cases, banks refused to foreclose when owners couldn't even pay the interest. Instead, they added the unpaid interest to the loan's principal in the hope that borrowers' problems would be alleviated by an improving economic climate, which never materialized.
What's worrisome is the lack of transparency about how often this is happening now in the United States. Due to privacy issues, banks aren't required to disclose details of specific loan extensions, and most news that does trickle out comes from public companies announcing that they have reached accommodations with their lenders.
Just this week, Bluegreen Corp., a Boca Raton, Fla.-based timeshare resort developer, said it had gotten the maturity dates of a combined $130.1 million in liabilities extended. Others getting loan extensions in recent months were Toys R Us, Tanger Factory Outlets and Washington Real Estate Investment Trust.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. believes that extending the maturity on commercial real-estate loans can be a "value-maximizing and prudent approach," said FDIC spokesman Andrew Gray.
Gray said that its examiners are trying to make sure the loan extensions are being done prudently, and that credit losses are being recognized appropriately. The FDIC directly examines and supervises about 5,160 banks and savings banks.
Bob Seiwert, who heads the Center for Commercial Lending and Business Banking at the American Bankers Association, said loan extensions should be done on a case-by-case basis and aren't necessarily a bad thing. Banks need to assess the chances of the principal amount being repaid and evaluate the viability on the loan on an ongoing basis, he said.
"It may still be a good project," Seiwert said. "It just may need more time."
There are already clear signs that worries about the commercial real estate market have constrained lending. The latest Federal Reserve Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey, from April, showed almost two-thirds of domestic banks had reported tightening lending standards and terms on commercial real estate loans over the previous three months.
"When lenders do the 'extend and pretend' routine because they don't want to deal with the problem ... what that causes them to do is to restrict their future lending. They pull back into their shell," said Marsal, who is also leading the liquidation of Lehman Brothers. "When and if we do have an economic recovery, what it will do is slow the pace."
Now imagine if the loans that are being extended turn up rotten a year or two from now. That could further hamper lending at local banks -- the backbone of many small-town economies -- meaning companies wouldn't be able to get loans to build new facilities or do renovations or repairs. Hiring would be curbed or more jobs cut, slowing consumer spending.
"The banks seem to think it is OK to hide their head in the sand and keep these kinds of loans on their balance sheets," said Westwood Capital's Blum. "Until the banks really clean up their books, we risk repeating what happened in Japan."
Friday, July 10, 2009
REIT - Positioned for a recovery
Investment summary
• S-REITs have rebounded by 56% from March low, in line with 60% for the STI. The S-REIT sector has rebounded strongly from its all-time low in Mar 09, attributed to a strong inflow of foreign funds. Correspondingly, yield expectations have abated from an all-time high of 17% to 11%.
• Recapitalised; refinancing concerns largely averted. REITs have gone beyond the successful refinancing of debt to recapitalisations in a bid to strengthen their balance sheets for the recession ahead. Sponsor-backed REITs including Ascendas REIT, CapitaMall Trust, CapitaCommercial Trust, Starhill Global, and Frasers Commercial Trust went to the market and raised a combined S$3bn of equity. Average asset leverage for REITs under our coverage has retreated to 32% from 35%. Interest cover also appears healthy at 4.5x vs. the typical lenders’ requirement of 2x. We consider balance sheets to be relatively healthy.
• Positioned for a recovery. The larger environment looks positive for investing in REITs, underpinned by: 1) expected high liquidity and low interest rates; and 2) the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
• We are most optimistic on hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we believe will be major beneficiaries of the following in 2010: 1) the completion of the two integrated resorts (IRs); 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore as a standalone destination for tourists; 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines; and 4) the anticipated return of corporates and expatriates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive against its regional peers.
• Neutral on industrial sub-sector. The outlook for both the manufacturing and logistics industries remains weak, and we expect the businesses of industrialists in factory and warehouse space to be under pressure. We expect occupancy for industrial space to lag behind the actual slowdown in industrial businesses, holding out the downturn for industrial properties for longer.
• Negative on office sector. We expect occupancy to hold up with the return of corporates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive vis-à-vis the region. However, rents are expected to remain under pressure from three continuous years of strong potential supply and shadow space.
• Overweight on S-REITs; top picks are Suntec REIT and CDLH-HT. We retain our Overweight position on REITs. Our top picks are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT on the back of their lower valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively. CDL-HT’s Singapore concentration makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and one of the major beneficiaries of two MRT stations opening next to it. We also have Outperform ratings for FCT, ART, PLife.
General environment is positive
Beyond balance-sheet and debt issues, we believe that the outlook for REITs’ growth is more positive than a year ago. Contributing factors are expected high liquidity and low interest rates and the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
High liquidity and low interest rates
Ample liquidity and low interest rates likely to sustain yield spread. Since the collapse of Lehman Brothers, sharply higher borrowing costs have cast a pall on REITs’ ability to finance acquisitions and refinance debts. However, with most of the S-REITs proving their ability to refinance debt and the easing of medium-term swap offer rates, such concerns have abated. Additionally, concerted global monetary easing has lifted liquidity conditions in recent months. Our regional strategists have analysed key liquidity indicators, namely M1 to GDP, foreign fund flows and market turnover to market capitalisation (velocity) for a gauge on where excess liquidity may drive Asian markets. They conclude that on the global front, US M1 growth has been unprecedented and the widely used LIBOR benchmark has fallen to a historical low.
Judging from previous recessions, they believe that the era of low interest rates has only begun and short-term risk-free rates could stay low for a year or two, at the least.
Implications for the Asian markets we cover are positive. Based on M1 to GDP and velocity measures, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia stand to benefit the most.
With M1 to GDP at a historical high, these three markets could gain the most from liquidity drivers, in our view.
Further on rates, SIBOR has a close correlation with LIBOR. Hence, we are expecting SIBOR to stay low longer with weak global growth.
An environment of ample liquidity and low interest rates is highly positive for REITs, which should benefit from easier access to funding as well as cheaper financing.
US and Singapore 10-year bond yields maintain an attractive spread of 690bp and 780bp respectively, to average REIT yields.
Hospitality and retail are our preferred sub-sectors
We are most optimistic on the hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we expect to be major beneficiaries of certain catalysts in 2010: 1) the completion of Singapore’s two IRs; 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore towards a standalone tourist destination; and 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines. The biggest stock beneficiaries should include CDLHT-HT, Ascott REIT, Suntec REIT, and Frasers Centrepoint Trust.
Tourism and infrastructure catalysts
The IR catalyst to benefit retail and hospitality subsectors
Profound changes in Singapore’s tourism industry; impact on hospitality and retail REITS. We anticipate sea changes for Singapore’s tourism sector after the opening of its two IRs by 2010, when a seamless chain of attractions around the Marina Bay area would be created. Orchard Road and other attractions are also scheduled for rejuvenation. All this would have a profound effect on Singapore’s economy and employment, auguring well for the retail sector which should benefit from both increased tourist and domestic spending; as well as the hospitality sector which should benefit from increased visitor arrivals and increased length of stay.
Change in the marketing of Singapore. Officially, Singapore wants to book annual tourist receipts of S$30bn (S$15bn in 2008), tourist arrivals of 17m (10.1m in 2008) and an average length of stay of 4.5 days (3.7 days in 2008) by 2015. These goals are showing initial signs of success. Recent talks with Genting Singapore indicate that Genting remains confident of drawing in 4.5m-5.5m visitors to Resorts World in its first year of launch. With the combined draw of the two IRs and Universal Studios, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are, for the first time, positive about marketing Singapore as a single tourist destination in their respective markets. This is a significant improvement over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination, or lumped together with its neighbouring countries Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
Additionally, non-gaming elements in the two resorts such as Universal Studios and conference facilities should attract more family-oriented visitors, as well as BTMICE (business travel, meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) audiences.
Comparisons with the established gaming markets of Las Vegas and Macau show that family-oriented and BTMICE visitors have a much higher propensity for retail spending than less family-oriented and non-BTMICE gamers. For these two reasons, the outlook for sizeable retail clusters in close proximity to the two resorts is positive.
Hotel supply within IRs insufficient to meet demand. We maintain that increased tourist arrivals generated by the IRs will exceed what the IR hotels can absorb, thus benefiting existing hotels. We add the following scenario for illustration.
In a press release dated 19 Feb 09, Resorts World said that it expects to welcome 15m visitors in its first year of operation. Assuming that demand is eroded by about a third by the global recession and only 11m visitors arrive, of whom 4.5m are Singapore residents who will not require hotel accommodation, and assuming only one day of stay on a twin-sharing basis for foreign guests, there would be 3.25m room nights generated by Resorts World. Around 11,130 rooms would be required, assuming an average hotel occupancy rate of 80% on a daily basis to meet the demand. This would be three times what the two IRs can accommodate, and also more than the 9,950 new rooms coming up in the next four years. Hence, we believe that the success of the two IRs will create strong spillover demand to benefit hotels outside the two IRs.
We believe that centrally-located, mid-priced hotels can best tap the demand from both families and BTMICE visitors.
Increased accessibility and catchment population.
A number of infrastructure works is in progress in the Marina Bay area. They include the construction of two Circle Line MRT stations, Esplanade and Promenade, scheduled for opening in 2010.
The Promenade station will also serve as the interchange station for the Downtown Line that will link Marina Bay Sands IR (MBSIR) to all four major rail lines. Promenade will be one station away from Bayfront Station, the gateway to MBSIR.
Furthermore, a pedestrian bridge will be built to link the MBSIR with the Marina area. This bridge is part of the URA’s plan to build a 3.5km promenade linking the necklace of attractions around the bay. Attractions that will form part of the S$35m waterfront promenade include a 300-m long steel structure, water features and a shaded tropical walk. We expect Suntec REIT to be a key beneficiary of the infrastructure works as the catchment population of Suntec City, its key asset, is expected to expand materially with the opening of the two stations.
Staying negative on office sub-sector
Office: large potential supply and shrinking demand. Historically, there is a close correlation between Singapore’s GDP performance and office space demand. Both the government and our house are expecting Singapore’s GDP to contract this year, by 5-9% yoy. As such, we expect new demand for office space to weaken further. Additionally, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) forecasts that office supply will be significant over the next five years at 9.8m sf, equivalent to a 2.7% increase p.a. on current supply of 72.2m sf. The projection takes into account known delayed projects, including City Development’s South Beach development, which is located close to
Suntec City. With potential new supply and shrinking demand, occupancy levels are expected to move further south.
Shadow space may prolong rental depression.
Shadow space is excess office space that companies have leased but are looking to sublet to third parties. Colliers estimates that office shadow space had increased 48% in a short span of two months, from 250,000 sf in Mar 09 to 370,000 sf in May 09, with more than half contributed by the two key micro-markets of Raffles Place/New Downtown and Marina/City Hall. This is equivalent to 0.5% of islandwide office supply. The sharp increase has intensified the competition for tenants and exacerbated the downward pressure on rents. As a result, some landlords are resorting to incentives such as rent holidays in addition to competitive closing rents, some of which are 25-30% below asking rents. Hence, effective rents have fallen by more than what signing rents are indicating.
We expect the availability of shadow space to peak in 2010, as a number of financial institutions had pre-committed to a large amount of space in yet-to-be completed offices or business park buildings in the last two years. An estimated 400,000-600,000 sf of additional shadow space could enter the market in 2010, from financial institutions alone. Increased shadow space is expected to prolong the rental depression and delay a market recovery until after 2010. Colliers forecasts that by the end of 2010, average monthly gross rents for Grade A office space in the Raffles Place area could reach the mid-2005 level of S$5.00psf/month, although this would remain above the S$3.95 seen at the bottom of the market in 2004 Occupancy to be supported, but rents likely to stay low. With still lower rents than its regional peers, a stable political environment, and relatively low tax rates, we believe that Singapore will grow increasingly attractive to multi-national corporations which need to be established in this part of the world. We expect occupancy levels for prime office space to be supported by the gradual return of expatriates, who are attracted by Singapore’s cost-competitiveness. Nonetheless, a large supply and global recession could continue to keep office rents low.
Maintain Overweight on S-REITs; CDLHT and Suntec REIT are our top picks.
Overall, we are most positive on hospitality and retail on visible catalysts in the next 12 months, including the IRs and a possible return of expatriates to Singapore. Within these two sub-sectors, we prefer CDL-HT for its Singapore concentration, which makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and should be one of the major beneficiaries of the two MRT stations opening next to it.
We are Neutral on the industrial sub-sector. A weak outlook for the manufacturing and logistics sectors and intensifying rental competition from Grade A office space largely diminish the potential for higher rental reversions, although occupancy is more likely to stay stable given long leases for all our three industrial REITs. Our top industrial picks, AREIT and MLT, are nearing our target prices.
We remain negative on the office sub-sector on the back of a large supply overhang over the next three years. We believe that cheaper rents will eventually lure back demand, particularly to newer, quality office buildings. However, we are doubtful that the demand will be strong enough to revive rents to 2007 levels. Valuations appear low now at 0.5x P/BV against the sector average of 0.6x. However, with more asset devaluations expected and a lack of near-term catalysts, we expect limited upside potential for share prices.
Our top picks for the REIT sector are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT for their valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively.
Suntec REIT
• Maintain Outperform. We believe there is room for upside surprises from SUN’s retail segment, from a higher catchment population after the opening of two new MRT stations at Suntec City, and direct linkage to the Marina Bay integrated resort. Additionally, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are starting to market Singapore as a single tour destination over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination. This change should have a significant impact on the length of visitors’ stay in Singapore, and hence retail spending.
• Supply overhang in office; but cost-competitiveness also increases. New office supply of 9.8m over the next five years as well as 400,000-600,000 sf of potential shadow space from 2010 is likely to depress a rental recovery. On the other hand, this development should also improve Singapore’s cost-competitiveness vs. its regional competitors, Hong Kong and Tokyo. We expect continued low rents to support occupancy. A pick-up in leasing volumes in recent months is a sign that occupancy could turn out less depressed than expected.
•DDM-derived target price of S$1.07 (discount 9.4%). We like Suntec REIT for its: 1) quality office and retail portfolio; 2) low leverage of 34.4%; 3) absence of refinancing concerns until 2011; and 4) severely discounted price for a possible fall in asset values. We believe that downside risks for the office sector have been factored into its share price while upside surprises from its retail segment have largely been neglected.
Suntec REIT is the first mixed commercial real estate investment trust (REIT) to be listed in Singapore, in Dec 04, owning prime retail and office space in Singapore’s Central Business District. From two properties (Suntec City Mall and Suntec City Office Towers), Suntec REIT now has five properties. The three additions are a onethird stake in One Raffles Quay (ORQ), Park Mall and Chijmes. Its portfolio value had more than doubled from S$2.2bn at the time of listing to S$5.4bn as at 31 Dec 08, with 1.9m sf of office space and 1m sf of retail space under management. As at 31 Mar 09, office occupancy was 97.4% and retail occupancy, 98.8%.
• S-REITs have rebounded by 56% from March low, in line with 60% for the STI. The S-REIT sector has rebounded strongly from its all-time low in Mar 09, attributed to a strong inflow of foreign funds. Correspondingly, yield expectations have abated from an all-time high of 17% to 11%.
• Recapitalised; refinancing concerns largely averted. REITs have gone beyond the successful refinancing of debt to recapitalisations in a bid to strengthen their balance sheets for the recession ahead. Sponsor-backed REITs including Ascendas REIT, CapitaMall Trust, CapitaCommercial Trust, Starhill Global, and Frasers Commercial Trust went to the market and raised a combined S$3bn of equity. Average asset leverage for REITs under our coverage has retreated to 32% from 35%. Interest cover also appears healthy at 4.5x vs. the typical lenders’ requirement of 2x. We consider balance sheets to be relatively healthy.
• Positioned for a recovery. The larger environment looks positive for investing in REITs, underpinned by: 1) expected high liquidity and low interest rates; and 2) the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
• We are most optimistic on hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we believe will be major beneficiaries of the following in 2010: 1) the completion of the two integrated resorts (IRs); 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore as a standalone destination for tourists; 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines; and 4) the anticipated return of corporates and expatriates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive against its regional peers.
• Neutral on industrial sub-sector. The outlook for both the manufacturing and logistics industries remains weak, and we expect the businesses of industrialists in factory and warehouse space to be under pressure. We expect occupancy for industrial space to lag behind the actual slowdown in industrial businesses, holding out the downturn for industrial properties for longer.
• Negative on office sector. We expect occupancy to hold up with the return of corporates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive vis-à-vis the region. However, rents are expected to remain under pressure from three continuous years of strong potential supply and shadow space.
• Overweight on S-REITs; top picks are Suntec REIT and CDLH-HT. We retain our Overweight position on REITs. Our top picks are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT on the back of their lower valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively. CDL-HT’s Singapore concentration makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and one of the major beneficiaries of two MRT stations opening next to it. We also have Outperform ratings for FCT, ART, PLife.
General environment is positive
Beyond balance-sheet and debt issues, we believe that the outlook for REITs’ growth is more positive than a year ago. Contributing factors are expected high liquidity and low interest rates and the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
High liquidity and low interest rates
Ample liquidity and low interest rates likely to sustain yield spread. Since the collapse of Lehman Brothers, sharply higher borrowing costs have cast a pall on REITs’ ability to finance acquisitions and refinance debts. However, with most of the S-REITs proving their ability to refinance debt and the easing of medium-term swap offer rates, such concerns have abated. Additionally, concerted global monetary easing has lifted liquidity conditions in recent months. Our regional strategists have analysed key liquidity indicators, namely M1 to GDP, foreign fund flows and market turnover to market capitalisation (velocity) for a gauge on where excess liquidity may drive Asian markets. They conclude that on the global front, US M1 growth has been unprecedented and the widely used LIBOR benchmark has fallen to a historical low.
Judging from previous recessions, they believe that the era of low interest rates has only begun and short-term risk-free rates could stay low for a year or two, at the least.
Implications for the Asian markets we cover are positive. Based on M1 to GDP and velocity measures, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia stand to benefit the most.
With M1 to GDP at a historical high, these three markets could gain the most from liquidity drivers, in our view.
Further on rates, SIBOR has a close correlation with LIBOR. Hence, we are expecting SIBOR to stay low longer with weak global growth.
An environment of ample liquidity and low interest rates is highly positive for REITs, which should benefit from easier access to funding as well as cheaper financing.
US and Singapore 10-year bond yields maintain an attractive spread of 690bp and 780bp respectively, to average REIT yields.
Hospitality and retail are our preferred sub-sectors
We are most optimistic on the hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we expect to be major beneficiaries of certain catalysts in 2010: 1) the completion of Singapore’s two IRs; 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore towards a standalone tourist destination; and 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines. The biggest stock beneficiaries should include CDLHT-HT, Ascott REIT, Suntec REIT, and Frasers Centrepoint Trust.
Tourism and infrastructure catalysts
The IR catalyst to benefit retail and hospitality subsectors
Profound changes in Singapore’s tourism industry; impact on hospitality and retail REITS. We anticipate sea changes for Singapore’s tourism sector after the opening of its two IRs by 2010, when a seamless chain of attractions around the Marina Bay area would be created. Orchard Road and other attractions are also scheduled for rejuvenation. All this would have a profound effect on Singapore’s economy and employment, auguring well for the retail sector which should benefit from both increased tourist and domestic spending; as well as the hospitality sector which should benefit from increased visitor arrivals and increased length of stay.
Change in the marketing of Singapore. Officially, Singapore wants to book annual tourist receipts of S$30bn (S$15bn in 2008), tourist arrivals of 17m (10.1m in 2008) and an average length of stay of 4.5 days (3.7 days in 2008) by 2015. These goals are showing initial signs of success. Recent talks with Genting Singapore indicate that Genting remains confident of drawing in 4.5m-5.5m visitors to Resorts World in its first year of launch. With the combined draw of the two IRs and Universal Studios, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are, for the first time, positive about marketing Singapore as a single tourist destination in their respective markets. This is a significant improvement over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination, or lumped together with its neighbouring countries Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
Additionally, non-gaming elements in the two resorts such as Universal Studios and conference facilities should attract more family-oriented visitors, as well as BTMICE (business travel, meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) audiences.
Comparisons with the established gaming markets of Las Vegas and Macau show that family-oriented and BTMICE visitors have a much higher propensity for retail spending than less family-oriented and non-BTMICE gamers. For these two reasons, the outlook for sizeable retail clusters in close proximity to the two resorts is positive.
Hotel supply within IRs insufficient to meet demand. We maintain that increased tourist arrivals generated by the IRs will exceed what the IR hotels can absorb, thus benefiting existing hotels. We add the following scenario for illustration.
In a press release dated 19 Feb 09, Resorts World said that it expects to welcome 15m visitors in its first year of operation. Assuming that demand is eroded by about a third by the global recession and only 11m visitors arrive, of whom 4.5m are Singapore residents who will not require hotel accommodation, and assuming only one day of stay on a twin-sharing basis for foreign guests, there would be 3.25m room nights generated by Resorts World. Around 11,130 rooms would be required, assuming an average hotel occupancy rate of 80% on a daily basis to meet the demand. This would be three times what the two IRs can accommodate, and also more than the 9,950 new rooms coming up in the next four years. Hence, we believe that the success of the two IRs will create strong spillover demand to benefit hotels outside the two IRs.
We believe that centrally-located, mid-priced hotels can best tap the demand from both families and BTMICE visitors.
Increased accessibility and catchment population.
A number of infrastructure works is in progress in the Marina Bay area. They include the construction of two Circle Line MRT stations, Esplanade and Promenade, scheduled for opening in 2010.
The Promenade station will also serve as the interchange station for the Downtown Line that will link Marina Bay Sands IR (MBSIR) to all four major rail lines. Promenade will be one station away from Bayfront Station, the gateway to MBSIR.
Furthermore, a pedestrian bridge will be built to link the MBSIR with the Marina area. This bridge is part of the URA’s plan to build a 3.5km promenade linking the necklace of attractions around the bay. Attractions that will form part of the S$35m waterfront promenade include a 300-m long steel structure, water features and a shaded tropical walk. We expect Suntec REIT to be a key beneficiary of the infrastructure works as the catchment population of Suntec City, its key asset, is expected to expand materially with the opening of the two stations.
Staying negative on office sub-sector
Office: large potential supply and shrinking demand. Historically, there is a close correlation between Singapore’s GDP performance and office space demand. Both the government and our house are expecting Singapore’s GDP to contract this year, by 5-9% yoy. As such, we expect new demand for office space to weaken further. Additionally, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) forecasts that office supply will be significant over the next five years at 9.8m sf, equivalent to a 2.7% increase p.a. on current supply of 72.2m sf. The projection takes into account known delayed projects, including City Development’s South Beach development, which is located close to
Suntec City. With potential new supply and shrinking demand, occupancy levels are expected to move further south.
Shadow space may prolong rental depression.
Shadow space is excess office space that companies have leased but are looking to sublet to third parties. Colliers estimates that office shadow space had increased 48% in a short span of two months, from 250,000 sf in Mar 09 to 370,000 sf in May 09, with more than half contributed by the two key micro-markets of Raffles Place/New Downtown and Marina/City Hall. This is equivalent to 0.5% of islandwide office supply. The sharp increase has intensified the competition for tenants and exacerbated the downward pressure on rents. As a result, some landlords are resorting to incentives such as rent holidays in addition to competitive closing rents, some of which are 25-30% below asking rents. Hence, effective rents have fallen by more than what signing rents are indicating.
We expect the availability of shadow space to peak in 2010, as a number of financial institutions had pre-committed to a large amount of space in yet-to-be completed offices or business park buildings in the last two years. An estimated 400,000-600,000 sf of additional shadow space could enter the market in 2010, from financial institutions alone. Increased shadow space is expected to prolong the rental depression and delay a market recovery until after 2010. Colliers forecasts that by the end of 2010, average monthly gross rents for Grade A office space in the Raffles Place area could reach the mid-2005 level of S$5.00psf/month, although this would remain above the S$3.95 seen at the bottom of the market in 2004 Occupancy to be supported, but rents likely to stay low. With still lower rents than its regional peers, a stable political environment, and relatively low tax rates, we believe that Singapore will grow increasingly attractive to multi-national corporations which need to be established in this part of the world. We expect occupancy levels for prime office space to be supported by the gradual return of expatriates, who are attracted by Singapore’s cost-competitiveness. Nonetheless, a large supply and global recession could continue to keep office rents low.
Maintain Overweight on S-REITs; CDLHT and Suntec REIT are our top picks.
Overall, we are most positive on hospitality and retail on visible catalysts in the next 12 months, including the IRs and a possible return of expatriates to Singapore. Within these two sub-sectors, we prefer CDL-HT for its Singapore concentration, which makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and should be one of the major beneficiaries of the two MRT stations opening next to it.
We are Neutral on the industrial sub-sector. A weak outlook for the manufacturing and logistics sectors and intensifying rental competition from Grade A office space largely diminish the potential for higher rental reversions, although occupancy is more likely to stay stable given long leases for all our three industrial REITs. Our top industrial picks, AREIT and MLT, are nearing our target prices.
We remain negative on the office sub-sector on the back of a large supply overhang over the next three years. We believe that cheaper rents will eventually lure back demand, particularly to newer, quality office buildings. However, we are doubtful that the demand will be strong enough to revive rents to 2007 levels. Valuations appear low now at 0.5x P/BV against the sector average of 0.6x. However, with more asset devaluations expected and a lack of near-term catalysts, we expect limited upside potential for share prices.
Our top picks for the REIT sector are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT for their valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively.
Suntec REIT
• Maintain Outperform. We believe there is room for upside surprises from SUN’s retail segment, from a higher catchment population after the opening of two new MRT stations at Suntec City, and direct linkage to the Marina Bay integrated resort. Additionally, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are starting to market Singapore as a single tour destination over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination. This change should have a significant impact on the length of visitors’ stay in Singapore, and hence retail spending.
• Supply overhang in office; but cost-competitiveness also increases. New office supply of 9.8m over the next five years as well as 400,000-600,000 sf of potential shadow space from 2010 is likely to depress a rental recovery. On the other hand, this development should also improve Singapore’s cost-competitiveness vs. its regional competitors, Hong Kong and Tokyo. We expect continued low rents to support occupancy. A pick-up in leasing volumes in recent months is a sign that occupancy could turn out less depressed than expected.
•DDM-derived target price of S$1.07 (discount 9.4%). We like Suntec REIT for its: 1) quality office and retail portfolio; 2) low leverage of 34.4%; 3) absence of refinancing concerns until 2011; and 4) severely discounted price for a possible fall in asset values. We believe that downside risks for the office sector have been factored into its share price while upside surprises from its retail segment have largely been neglected.
Suntec REIT is the first mixed commercial real estate investment trust (REIT) to be listed in Singapore, in Dec 04, owning prime retail and office space in Singapore’s Central Business District. From two properties (Suntec City Mall and Suntec City Office Towers), Suntec REIT now has five properties. The three additions are a onethird stake in One Raffles Quay (ORQ), Park Mall and Chijmes. Its portfolio value had more than doubled from S$2.2bn at the time of listing to S$5.4bn as at 31 Dec 08, with 1.9m sf of office space and 1m sf of retail space under management. As at 31 Mar 09, office occupancy was 97.4% and retail occupancy, 98.8%.
Monday, July 6, 2009
CapitaCommercial Trust: Rights issue completed
Rights issue completed.
CapitaCommercial Trust (CCT) had recently completed its Rights issue with 1.4b new units listed last Friday, bringing the total number of outstanding units to 2.8b. The Rights issue was wellaccepted, with a subscription rate of 135.4% of the total units available under the Rights issue. With the completion of the Rights issue, CCT's gearing will decline from 43.1% to 30.7%, after the repayment of borrowings using the proceeds.
Slower rate of decline in office rental but cautiousness is warranted.
According to Jones Lang LaSalle, average prime Grade A office rental declined 11% QoQ to S$9.50 psf per month in 2Q09 and the decline had decelerated in comparison to the 28% QoQ decline in 1Q09. Despite the positive news, our fundamental view of a worsening office market going forward remains unchanged. The slower rate of decline also came after a steep decline in rental in 1Q09. The office market in Singapore will continue to be plagued by the huge oncoming supply of new office space (13.9m sq ft in the pipeline) and shadow space that will continue to put downward pressure on office rental.
Current gearing sufficient to withstand devaluation through downturn.
At a post-Rights gearing of 30.7% after the recent revaluation of its properties, CCT can withstand a further S$1,995.6m or 31.8% decline in the valuation of its properties before it reaches the upper bound of its comfortable gearing range of 30%-45% and this is also more than the S$1,581.5m or 26.2% decline in valuation (based on latest valuation report) that we have factored in our RNAV computation. We believe that this provides a sufficient buffer for CCT to tide over the asset devaluation during this downturn without the need to tap on the equity market again.
Maintain BUY.
Despite the weak sector outlook, we continue to like CCT for its quality office assets and strong management which is evident in the high portfolio occupancy rates, diversified tenant base and long established tenant-landlord relationship. Support from a strong sponsor - CapitaLand - also provides an added level of comfort to investors in turbulent time. Based on CCT's current price/NAV ratio of 0.54x, the market is now factoring in a 32.4% decline in asset value, which is over-excessive in our view. Success of its Rights issue has also removed refinancing concerns going forward.
We maintain our BUY rating on CCT with fair value of S$0.96.
CapitaCommercial Trust (CCT) had recently completed its Rights issue with 1.4b new units listed last Friday, bringing the total number of outstanding units to 2.8b. The Rights issue was wellaccepted, with a subscription rate of 135.4% of the total units available under the Rights issue. With the completion of the Rights issue, CCT's gearing will decline from 43.1% to 30.7%, after the repayment of borrowings using the proceeds.
Slower rate of decline in office rental but cautiousness is warranted.
According to Jones Lang LaSalle, average prime Grade A office rental declined 11% QoQ to S$9.50 psf per month in 2Q09 and the decline had decelerated in comparison to the 28% QoQ decline in 1Q09. Despite the positive news, our fundamental view of a worsening office market going forward remains unchanged. The slower rate of decline also came after a steep decline in rental in 1Q09. The office market in Singapore will continue to be plagued by the huge oncoming supply of new office space (13.9m sq ft in the pipeline) and shadow space that will continue to put downward pressure on office rental.
Current gearing sufficient to withstand devaluation through downturn.
At a post-Rights gearing of 30.7% after the recent revaluation of its properties, CCT can withstand a further S$1,995.6m or 31.8% decline in the valuation of its properties before it reaches the upper bound of its comfortable gearing range of 30%-45% and this is also more than the S$1,581.5m or 26.2% decline in valuation (based on latest valuation report) that we have factored in our RNAV computation. We believe that this provides a sufficient buffer for CCT to tide over the asset devaluation during this downturn without the need to tap on the equity market again.
Maintain BUY.
Despite the weak sector outlook, we continue to like CCT for its quality office assets and strong management which is evident in the high portfolio occupancy rates, diversified tenant base and long established tenant-landlord relationship. Support from a strong sponsor - CapitaLand - also provides an added level of comfort to investors in turbulent time. Based on CCT's current price/NAV ratio of 0.54x, the market is now factoring in a 32.4% decline in asset value, which is over-excessive in our view. Success of its Rights issue has also removed refinancing concerns going forward.
We maintain our BUY rating on CCT with fair value of S$0.96.
Jim Rogers Sells Dollars, Plans to Short Treasuries
The dollar and U.S. Treasuries are both likely to slide as soaring government debt in the world's biggest economy undermines confidence in its assets, according to Jim Rogers, chairman of Rogers Holdings.
"The government is printing lots of money and borrowing even more; that's not the basis for a sound currency," he said in a telephone interview today from Singapore . "The idea that anybody would lend money to the U.S. government for 30 years at 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 percent interest is mind-boggling to me."
Rogers, the author of books including "Investment Biker" and "Adventure Capitalist", said he holds fewer dollars than a year ago and plans to "short U.S. government bonds someday." A short bet involves selling a security you don't own with a view to buying it back after the price has fallen.
He recently bought the Swiss franc and within the Asia- Pacific region his currency holdings include yen, Singapore dollars, the yuan as well as the Australian and New Zealand dollars.
Rogers said he expects commodities prices to climb, saying it's one of the few asset classes with improving fundamentals.
Stocks in Sri Lanka are the only equities the investor said he would consider buying at present, adding that he plans to hold on to his holdings in China for many years to come.
"Selling Chinese shares in 2009 would be like selling U.S. ones in 1909," Rogers said. "My children were born in 2003 and 2008 and I expect them to hold my shares someday."
"The government is printing lots of money and borrowing even more; that's not the basis for a sound currency," he said in a telephone interview today from Singapore . "The idea that anybody would lend money to the U.S. government for 30 years at 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 percent interest is mind-boggling to me."
Rogers, the author of books including "Investment Biker" and "Adventure Capitalist", said he holds fewer dollars than a year ago and plans to "short U.S. government bonds someday." A short bet involves selling a security you don't own with a view to buying it back after the price has fallen.
He recently bought the Swiss franc and within the Asia- Pacific region his currency holdings include yen, Singapore dollars, the yuan as well as the Australian and New Zealand dollars.
Rogers said he expects commodities prices to climb, saying it's one of the few asset classes with improving fundamentals.
Stocks in Sri Lanka are the only equities the investor said he would consider buying at present, adding that he plans to hold on to his holdings in China for many years to come.
"Selling Chinese shares in 2009 would be like selling U.S. ones in 1909," Rogers said. "My children were born in 2003 and 2008 and I expect them to hold my shares someday."
曾渊沧@股友通讯录 - 七月份
股市从今年3 月开始上升,升势惊人,至6月初,海峡时报指数破2400点,之后出现调整,但调整幅度不大。
股市在如此短时间有这么大幅度的升幅的确少见,主要的力量来自美国狂印钞票所产生的效果。那是一种担心通货膨涨的恐惧心,因为这个恐惧心,人们觉得为了对抗通涨,应该把钱由银行里提出来买一些东西,股票就成了选择之一。当然另一个原因是今年3 月股市也的确跌得太恐怖了,跌过了头。人人在惊弓之鸟的威胁之下不顾一切卖掉手上的股票。
现在,论经济复苏,仍是遥遥无期,经济何时复苏?连诺贝尔经济学奖得主的多位经济学家都有不同的意见,互相在争论,而主流意见是经济不容易在短期内复苏。美国第一次申请失业救济的人数曾经下跌,但又回升。新建房屋量也曾经上升,但又回跌,经济数据时好时差,相当混乱。
经济迟迟不复苏,但股市却一片大好,是股市跑在经济表现之前?还是股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升?
这也的确不容易准确的回答。如果说股市是跑在经济之前,跑前多长的时间呢?从过去的历史经验来看,也没有定论。如果说股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升,也说不过去,因为过去几个月努力在市场买股的并不是一般的小投资者,而是基金经理。众多的基金经理的智慧应该不会比小投资者差。
从过去的经验,股市往往是在小投资者大量投入市场后见顶,大量退出后见跌。股市往往是多数人错误而少数人正确。
因此,我们可以说,今年3 月份股市最坏的情况已经发生,股市的确是在复苏中,只是因为股市到底能领先经济多长时间并不定论,因此至今经济仍未见曙光。
新加坡的情况似乎比美国更差。美元是国际上最流通的货币,美国政府可以大量地印钞票来救美国经济,而新加坡不能。美国一日不复苏,新加坡也很难复苏,毕竟新加坡的经济主力仍是制造业,得依靠美国人的消费来维持。
还有,目前已在社区扩散的猪流感对本地旅游业的打击非常大,旅客不是担心来这里感染猪流感,而是担心来了之后被强制隔离。隔离会打乱了旅客的行程日程表,这才是严重的。因此,目前买股票,也应该避开工业股与旅游零售股。
股市不可能不停的升,问题是何时会调整。一个较大型的调整则是不可能预测的。因此,那些仍然未入市,手上仍然没有股票的人也很着急。错失了一个又一个小型的调整,我相信每天都有一些手上没股的小投资者忍不住而入市,一直到有一天,大量小投资者入了市,股市就会出现一次比较大的调整。
股市在如此短时间有这么大幅度的升幅的确少见,主要的力量来自美国狂印钞票所产生的效果。那是一种担心通货膨涨的恐惧心,因为这个恐惧心,人们觉得为了对抗通涨,应该把钱由银行里提出来买一些东西,股票就成了选择之一。当然另一个原因是今年3 月股市也的确跌得太恐怖了,跌过了头。人人在惊弓之鸟的威胁之下不顾一切卖掉手上的股票。
现在,论经济复苏,仍是遥遥无期,经济何时复苏?连诺贝尔经济学奖得主的多位经济学家都有不同的意见,互相在争论,而主流意见是经济不容易在短期内复苏。美国第一次申请失业救济的人数曾经下跌,但又回升。新建房屋量也曾经上升,但又回跌,经济数据时好时差,相当混乱。
经济迟迟不复苏,但股市却一片大好,是股市跑在经济表现之前?还是股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升?
这也的确不容易准确的回答。如果说股市是跑在经济之前,跑前多长的时间呢?从过去的历史经验来看,也没有定论。如果说股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升,也说不过去,因为过去几个月努力在市场买股的并不是一般的小投资者,而是基金经理。众多的基金经理的智慧应该不会比小投资者差。
从过去的经验,股市往往是在小投资者大量投入市场后见顶,大量退出后见跌。股市往往是多数人错误而少数人正确。
因此,我们可以说,今年3 月份股市最坏的情况已经发生,股市的确是在复苏中,只是因为股市到底能领先经济多长时间并不定论,因此至今经济仍未见曙光。
新加坡的情况似乎比美国更差。美元是国际上最流通的货币,美国政府可以大量地印钞票来救美国经济,而新加坡不能。美国一日不复苏,新加坡也很难复苏,毕竟新加坡的经济主力仍是制造业,得依靠美国人的消费来维持。
还有,目前已在社区扩散的猪流感对本地旅游业的打击非常大,旅客不是担心来这里感染猪流感,而是担心来了之后被强制隔离。隔离会打乱了旅客的行程日程表,这才是严重的。因此,目前买股票,也应该避开工业股与旅游零售股。
股市不可能不停的升,问题是何时会调整。一个较大型的调整则是不可能预测的。因此,那些仍然未入市,手上仍然没有股票的人也很着急。错失了一个又一个小型的调整,我相信每天都有一些手上没股的小投资者忍不住而入市,一直到有一天,大量小投资者入了市,股市就会出现一次比较大的调整。
格罗斯:恐慌暂时压倒投资者贪性
太平洋投资管理公司(PIMCO)投资总监比尔·格罗斯7月1日在其公司网站上发表的月度研究报告称, 金融危机使得美国消费者的谨慎情绪增加,美国人重拾储蓄、削减开支可能使美国经济在一段时间内维持低于潜在增长水平的增速,他因此建议投资者更多关注固定收益投资。
低利率更应投资固定收益
享有“债券天王”美誉的比尔·格罗斯论述了导致全球金融危机的破坏性事件,他说:“简而言之,规模过大的金融杠杆和消费者开支,与放松监管的政治气候‘融合’在一起,结果就是我们看到的市场失效和非理性行为。”
他认为,在消费者谨慎情绪弥漫的当前,美联储(FED)的短期政策利率保持在低位的时间会长于正常周期。他指出,股票、高收益垃圾债以及商业和住宅地产前景仍有风险。他因此建议投资者应该关注那些能提供固定收益的债券和高派息证券产品。而股票、高收益的“垃圾债券”、商业地产和居民住宅仍然有很高的风险。
格罗斯今年6月初曾公开表示,美元持有者应尽快卖出美元,以免在各国央行和主权基金极端地抛售美元、美元大幅贬值之后追悔莫及。他说,高储蓄率和国家债务成本提升将是美国经济的负累,这多半意味着万亿美元的赤字规模将难以撼动。美国政府承诺将动用12.8万亿美元启动信贷市场,美联储则计划购买至多1.75万亿美元的美国国债。格罗斯认为“这等同于制造通胀”。
恐慌暂时压倒投资者贪性
格罗斯说,2007年金融危机爆发以来,美国消费者的财富蒸发了15万亿美元,失业率现在已接近10%,这会影响到消费模式,未来美国人必将提高储蓄并减少消费。基于这种假设,格罗斯认为未来美国经济增长率将在2%左右,低于此前数年3.5%的水平。
格罗斯特别提及了人类的贪性与经济增长的互动关系,他说:“对经济来说,贪婪不仅是件好事,而且是不可或缺的。”他推崇经济学家凯恩斯的“动物精神”理论。凯恩斯通过观察大萧条,认为个人经济行为更多是出于“非理性的动物精神”,而非经济理论学家所钟爱的长期理性计算。 凯恩斯认为,出于“动物精神”,人们总有自发冲动想要有所作为,并且具有“自发的乐观主义精神”。
格罗斯在报告中指出,他认为这种精神对经济增长来说不可或缺。他说:“贪性终将卷土重来,但就目前而言,恐慌心态暂时成为一种主导情绪,而且有可能至少会持续一代人。”他表示,当潜在消费者感觉到财富减少了如此之多,人们用来预测未来的模式就只有一个,即提高储蓄和降低消费的常识性模式。
分析人士指出,美国股市和债市最近一段时间的反弹主要是得益于对经济复苏的乐观预期,但这一复苏趋势的前景尚不确定,一旦停止,投资者可能遭受更大的损失。
美国劳工部7月3日公布的数据显示,6月非农业就业人口大减46.7万人,远多于预期的36.3万人,失业率则升至9.5%,为1983年8月来的最高水平,给近期对经济衰退可能正在缓和的希望当头一棒。
低利率更应投资固定收益
享有“债券天王”美誉的比尔·格罗斯论述了导致全球金融危机的破坏性事件,他说:“简而言之,规模过大的金融杠杆和消费者开支,与放松监管的政治气候‘融合’在一起,结果就是我们看到的市场失效和非理性行为。”
他认为,在消费者谨慎情绪弥漫的当前,美联储(FED)的短期政策利率保持在低位的时间会长于正常周期。他指出,股票、高收益垃圾债以及商业和住宅地产前景仍有风险。他因此建议投资者应该关注那些能提供固定收益的债券和高派息证券产品。而股票、高收益的“垃圾债券”、商业地产和居民住宅仍然有很高的风险。
格罗斯今年6月初曾公开表示,美元持有者应尽快卖出美元,以免在各国央行和主权基金极端地抛售美元、美元大幅贬值之后追悔莫及。他说,高储蓄率和国家债务成本提升将是美国经济的负累,这多半意味着万亿美元的赤字规模将难以撼动。美国政府承诺将动用12.8万亿美元启动信贷市场,美联储则计划购买至多1.75万亿美元的美国国债。格罗斯认为“这等同于制造通胀”。
恐慌暂时压倒投资者贪性
格罗斯说,2007年金融危机爆发以来,美国消费者的财富蒸发了15万亿美元,失业率现在已接近10%,这会影响到消费模式,未来美国人必将提高储蓄并减少消费。基于这种假设,格罗斯认为未来美国经济增长率将在2%左右,低于此前数年3.5%的水平。
格罗斯特别提及了人类的贪性与经济增长的互动关系,他说:“对经济来说,贪婪不仅是件好事,而且是不可或缺的。”他推崇经济学家凯恩斯的“动物精神”理论。凯恩斯通过观察大萧条,认为个人经济行为更多是出于“非理性的动物精神”,而非经济理论学家所钟爱的长期理性计算。 凯恩斯认为,出于“动物精神”,人们总有自发冲动想要有所作为,并且具有“自发的乐观主义精神”。
格罗斯在报告中指出,他认为这种精神对经济增长来说不可或缺。他说:“贪性终将卷土重来,但就目前而言,恐慌心态暂时成为一种主导情绪,而且有可能至少会持续一代人。”他表示,当潜在消费者感觉到财富减少了如此之多,人们用来预测未来的模式就只有一个,即提高储蓄和降低消费的常识性模式。
分析人士指出,美国股市和债市最近一段时间的反弹主要是得益于对经济复苏的乐观预期,但这一复苏趋势的前景尚不确定,一旦停止,投资者可能遭受更大的损失。
美国劳工部7月3日公布的数据显示,6月非农业就业人口大减46.7万人,远多于预期的36.3万人,失业率则升至9.5%,为1983年8月来的最高水平,给近期对经济衰退可能正在缓和的希望当头一棒。
“永远不要跟随潮流”
有人在批评我的《我只在 “ 大象 ” 出现时才射击》一文中说,巴菲特其实并不是在股票价值低估或恐慌时买进的,费雪、林奇等更不会是这样,而格兰厄姆相比这些人来说采用此方法,业绩是最差的。他还说,1987年10月美国股市发生世纪性大跌,但可口可乐公司该年反而上涨19%,巴菲特更是在1988年反弹后的 “ 高位 ” 追进可口可乐。言外之意,巴菲特似乎更喜欢紧跟市场在股票上涨时买进。果真是这样的吗?
表面上看,巴菲特在买进可口可乐股份时,它的市场价格相当于税后净收入的15倍、现金流的12倍,确实分别比市场平均水平高30%和50%。但是,根据罗伯特·海格卓姆《沃伦·巴菲特之路》一书中有关资料显示,1988年可口可乐的股东盈余是8.28亿美元,假设可口可乐在未来10年内以每年15%的速度增长,那么第10个年度的股东盈余将会是33.49亿美元,假设从第11年开始每年只以5%的速度增长,使用9%的贴现率,那么可口可乐的实质价值在1988年为483.77亿美元。在1988年和1989年巴菲特购买可口可乐期间,可口可乐在股票市场上的价值平均仅为151亿美元。但是巴菲特估计,可口可乐公司的实质价值至少应该是207亿美元(假设股东盈余以5%的比例增长),有可能是324亿美元(假设股东盈余以10%的比例增长),或是381亿美元(假设股东盈余以12%的比例增长),甚至483亿美元。因此巴菲特获得的收益安全差额,也就是内在价值的折扣,少说有27%,多则有70%。这样看来,巴菲特的这次买卖确实是一笔很划算的生意。
1989年,巴菲特公开宣布他已持有可口可乐的股份,亚特兰大《机构》杂志的一名记者采访了巴菲特,提问了一个巴菲特被经常问及的问题:为什么没有更早买入可口可乐的股份?巴菲特回答:“假如你要离开10年,而此时你想做一笔投资,你了解你现在所知道的一切,但当你不在的时候不能改变这一切,你会怎么想?”这里的意思是,这家公司的业务要简单易懂,并且其政策要始终如一。长期业绩的展望要令人满意。“假如我知道一些事情确定会发生 —— 例如,市场会不断地扩大,公司领导不会更换,公司将有可喜的成长。但我唯独不了解像可口可乐这类商品和可口可乐公司的业务。"巴菲特解释说,“我必须确信当我回来时,这家公司会比现在做得更多更好。”但是,为什么现在又买进可口可乐的股票呢?因为可口可乐公司的“特性已经存在了几十年了”。更重要的是,巴菲特看上了可口可乐公司1980年代由罗伯特·格伊祖塔和唐纳德·考夫领导下所发生的巨大变化。也就是说,因为可口可乐公司令人满意的长期发展前景加上有吸引力的价格,才最终促使巴菲特买入其股份。可见,根本不是某些人所说的巴菲特是在1988年反弹后的“高位"追进可口可乐这么一回事。
至于菲利普·费雪,虽然他非常强调公司成长性的重要,但是费雪又说, “ 如果公司有一项大幅提升获利能力的计划,而这种提升尚未反映在股价变化上时,投资者就可以大胆介入。也就是说,无论具体情况如何变化,只要公司的盈利能力将会有很大的的改善或加强,而股票的价格又还没有被这种预期推高。那么就是投资的良好买入点。 ” 彼得·林奇认为,市场投资的良机出现于一家公司的真正价值发生改变,而不是最近股市行情的变化,作为基金经理,当他看到股票价格明显低于实际价值时,他就买入,希望从中赚取三分之一左右的收益。而格雷厄姆在他的公司20年的经营期内,它的年收益率比市场高出2.5%。熟悉基金史的人应该知道,这是一个非常惊人的数字,我不知道他 “ 业绩最差 ” 从何说起。
某些人愿意在牛市中不计价格地购买股票,而在熊市中不计后果地抛售股票,那是他自己的事。但是我只牢记约翰·邓普顿说过的: “ 正确的买入时间是悲观情绪最严重的时刻,那样的话,大部分的问题都可能被解决。 ” 当然,逆潮流而行是一件极度困难的事,尤其在最黑暗的时刻。但是如果我随潮流的话,我也会得到别人同样的结果。因此,伯纳德·巴鲁克将这条原则归纳总结如下: “ 永远不要跟随潮流。 ”
表面上看,巴菲特在买进可口可乐股份时,它的市场价格相当于税后净收入的15倍、现金流的12倍,确实分别比市场平均水平高30%和50%。但是,根据罗伯特·海格卓姆《沃伦·巴菲特之路》一书中有关资料显示,1988年可口可乐的股东盈余是8.28亿美元,假设可口可乐在未来10年内以每年15%的速度增长,那么第10个年度的股东盈余将会是33.49亿美元,假设从第11年开始每年只以5%的速度增长,使用9%的贴现率,那么可口可乐的实质价值在1988年为483.77亿美元。在1988年和1989年巴菲特购买可口可乐期间,可口可乐在股票市场上的价值平均仅为151亿美元。但是巴菲特估计,可口可乐公司的实质价值至少应该是207亿美元(假设股东盈余以5%的比例增长),有可能是324亿美元(假设股东盈余以10%的比例增长),或是381亿美元(假设股东盈余以12%的比例增长),甚至483亿美元。因此巴菲特获得的收益安全差额,也就是内在价值的折扣,少说有27%,多则有70%。这样看来,巴菲特的这次买卖确实是一笔很划算的生意。
1989年,巴菲特公开宣布他已持有可口可乐的股份,亚特兰大《机构》杂志的一名记者采访了巴菲特,提问了一个巴菲特被经常问及的问题:为什么没有更早买入可口可乐的股份?巴菲特回答:“假如你要离开10年,而此时你想做一笔投资,你了解你现在所知道的一切,但当你不在的时候不能改变这一切,你会怎么想?”这里的意思是,这家公司的业务要简单易懂,并且其政策要始终如一。长期业绩的展望要令人满意。“假如我知道一些事情确定会发生 —— 例如,市场会不断地扩大,公司领导不会更换,公司将有可喜的成长。但我唯独不了解像可口可乐这类商品和可口可乐公司的业务。"巴菲特解释说,“我必须确信当我回来时,这家公司会比现在做得更多更好。”但是,为什么现在又买进可口可乐的股票呢?因为可口可乐公司的“特性已经存在了几十年了”。更重要的是,巴菲特看上了可口可乐公司1980年代由罗伯特·格伊祖塔和唐纳德·考夫领导下所发生的巨大变化。也就是说,因为可口可乐公司令人满意的长期发展前景加上有吸引力的价格,才最终促使巴菲特买入其股份。可见,根本不是某些人所说的巴菲特是在1988年反弹后的“高位"追进可口可乐这么一回事。
至于菲利普·费雪,虽然他非常强调公司成长性的重要,但是费雪又说, “ 如果公司有一项大幅提升获利能力的计划,而这种提升尚未反映在股价变化上时,投资者就可以大胆介入。也就是说,无论具体情况如何变化,只要公司的盈利能力将会有很大的的改善或加强,而股票的价格又还没有被这种预期推高。那么就是投资的良好买入点。 ” 彼得·林奇认为,市场投资的良机出现于一家公司的真正价值发生改变,而不是最近股市行情的变化,作为基金经理,当他看到股票价格明显低于实际价值时,他就买入,希望从中赚取三分之一左右的收益。而格雷厄姆在他的公司20年的经营期内,它的年收益率比市场高出2.5%。熟悉基金史的人应该知道,这是一个非常惊人的数字,我不知道他 “ 业绩最差 ” 从何说起。
某些人愿意在牛市中不计价格地购买股票,而在熊市中不计后果地抛售股票,那是他自己的事。但是我只牢记约翰·邓普顿说过的: “ 正确的买入时间是悲观情绪最严重的时刻,那样的话,大部分的问题都可能被解决。 ” 当然,逆潮流而行是一件极度困难的事,尤其在最黑暗的时刻。但是如果我随潮流的话,我也会得到别人同样的结果。因此,伯纳德·巴鲁克将这条原则归纳总结如下: “ 永远不要跟随潮流。 ”
目前只是牛市的初期
中国经济在未来将引领全球经济的发展,中国将是未来几年成长最快的地区。
这是一轮长周期的上升期,也就是一轮长周期的牛市,目前只是牛市的初期。不是什么反弹。
牛市也会亏钱,再好的东西也要有好价格。价值投资不是只买不卖。
股市的1/9定律(10%的人赚钱)、2/8定律(专业投资者也只有20%的人赚钱)依旧有效。
优秀的企业相对于资金来说是:严重供不应求。
未来是不可预测的,认真的挑选具备抗风险能力的企业,才是回避风险的最佳办法。我们不可预知八级以上的地震何时发生,我们可以做到把建筑抗震级别做到十级以上。
恐惧的源泉来源于自身对企业的认知有缺陷。
人往往会高估自己一两年的成绩,却会低估自己未来十年的成就。大智若愚。
人分为三类:先知先觉、后知后觉、不知不觉。中间层的人数最多,力量最强大。
自下上的投资回报一定是超越市场的。长期定投股票的回报一定超越定投基金。
准备好现金,只要有好的机会就要参与。优秀企业的股权能够超越通货膨胀。
这是一轮长周期的上升期,也就是一轮长周期的牛市,目前只是牛市的初期。不是什么反弹。
牛市也会亏钱,再好的东西也要有好价格。价值投资不是只买不卖。
股市的1/9定律(10%的人赚钱)、2/8定律(专业投资者也只有20%的人赚钱)依旧有效。
优秀的企业相对于资金来说是:严重供不应求。
未来是不可预测的,认真的挑选具备抗风险能力的企业,才是回避风险的最佳办法。我们不可预知八级以上的地震何时发生,我们可以做到把建筑抗震级别做到十级以上。
恐惧的源泉来源于自身对企业的认知有缺陷。
人往往会高估自己一两年的成绩,却会低估自己未来十年的成就。大智若愚。
人分为三类:先知先觉、后知后觉、不知不觉。中间层的人数最多,力量最强大。
自下上的投资回报一定是超越市场的。长期定投股票的回报一定超越定投基金。
准备好现金,只要有好的机会就要参与。优秀企业的股权能够超越通货膨胀。
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