Just like to share my own definition of traders and investors that I thought about recently...
First let's start with Ben Graham's definition of investors and speculators.
Graham first stated that an investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and an adequate return and operations not meeting these requirements are speculative.
So an investor focuses on analysis to look for capital safety and adequate return.
This is usually interpreted as fundamental analysis of the company, its business model, its competitive advantage, margins, sales growth and of course, the financials: cash on hand, debt, bankruptcy risk, capex needs etc.
Anything less of such analysis means speculation.
A speculator is simply one that doesn't do that kind of rigorous analysis.Simple right?
For me I think it's about different focuses.An investor focuses on value.A trader focuses on price.
An investor is interested in the value of a stock (or any other thing he wants to buy), and he spends an awful lot of time and effort to figure out this value (or intrinsic value).
This is analogous to Graham's analysis. Or more accurately rigorous fundamental analysis of business operations and financials. Price serves only to tell him how much he actually has to pay if he were to buy the stock. Needless to say, the lesser the better. Graham and most value investors advocate buying 30-40% (margin of safety) below the stock's intrinsic value.
To an investor, profit is made when the stock price subsequently rises to its value which usually take years.
A trader is interested in the price of a stock and he spends an awful lot of time and effort following how the price has moved.
Actual value of a stock basically serves no purpose for the trader.
To a trader, profit is made when the stock rises above his buying price and he sells it to another person willing to buy at a higher price. Usually also known as the Greater Fool.
So, that's that! Just two different philosophies here to make money.
How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. 自强不息 勤以静心,俭以养德 天地不仁, 強者生存
Thursday, July 16, 2009
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
成为伟大投资者的七个特征
伟大投资者至少有7个特质是伟大投资者的共同特征,是真正的优势资源,而且是你一旦成年就再无法获得的。事实上,其中几个特质甚至丝毫没有学习的可能,你必须天生具备,若无就此生难寻。
第一个特质是,在他人恐慌时果断买入股票、而在他人盲目乐观时卖掉股票的能力。每个人都认为自己能做到这一点,但是当 1987年10月19日这天到来的时候(历史上著名的“黑色星期一”),市场彻底崩溃,几乎没人有胆量再买入股票。而在1999年(次年即是纳斯达克大崩盘),市场几乎每天都在上扬,你不会允许自己卖掉股票,因为你担心会落后于他人。绝大多数管理财富的人都有MBA学位和高智商,读过很多书。到1999年底,这些人也都确信股票被估值过高,但他们不能允许自己把钱撤离赌台,其原因正是巴菲特所说的“制度性强制力”(institutional imperative)。
第二个特质是,伟大投资者是那种极度着迷于此游戏,并有极强获胜欲的人。他们不只是享受投资的乐趣——投资就是他们的生命。他们清晨醒来时,即使还在半梦半醒之间,想到的第一件事情就是他们研究过的股票,或者是他们考虑要卖掉的股票,又或者是他们的投资组合将面临的最大风险是什么以及如何规避它。他们通常在个人生活上会陷入困境,尽管他们也许真的喜欢其他人,也没有太多的时间与对方交流。他们的头脑始终处在云端,梦想着股票。不幸的是,你们无法学习这种对于某种东西的执迷,这是天生的。如果你没有这样的强迫症,你就不可能成为下一个布鲁斯·博克维茨(Fairholme funds的创始人,选股思路深受巴菲特影响,组合集中、低换手率、很少越界)。
第三个特质是,从过去所犯错误中吸取教训的强烈意愿。这点对于人们来说是难以做到的,让伟大投资者脱颖而出的正是这种从自己过去错误中学习以避免重犯的强烈渴望。大多数人都会忽略他们曾做过的愚蠢决定,继续向前冲。我想用来形容他们的词就是“压抑”(repression)。但是如果你忽略往日的错误而不是全面分析它,毫无疑问你在将来的职业生涯中还会犯相似的错。事实上,即便你确实去分析了,重复犯错也是很难避免的。
第四个特质是,基于常识的与生俱来的风险嗅觉。大部分人都知道美国长期资本管理公司(1990年代中期的国际四大对冲基金之一,1998年因为俄罗斯金融风暴而濒临破产)的故事,一个由六七十位博士组成的团队,拥有最精妙的风险分析模型,却没能发现事后看来显见的问题:他们承担了过高的风险。他们从不停下来问自己一句:“嗨,虽然电脑认为这样可行,但在现实生活中是否真的行得通呢?”这种能力在人类中的常见度也许并不像你认为的那样高。我相信最优秀的风险控制系统就是常识,但是人们却仍会习惯听从电脑的意见,让自己安然睡去。他们忽视了常识,我看到这个错误在投资界一再上演。
第五个特质是,伟大的投资家都对于他们自己的想法怀有绝对的信心,即使是在面对批评的时候。巴菲特坚持不投身疯狂的网络热潮,尽管人们公开批评他忽略科技股。当其他人都放弃了价值投资的时候,巴菲特依然岿然不动。《巴伦周刊》为此把他做成了封面人物,标题是“沃伦,你哪儿出错了?”当然,事后这进一步证明了巴菲特的智慧,《巴伦周刊》则变成了完美的反面教材。就个人而言,我很惊讶于大多数投资者对他们所买股票的信心之微弱。根据凯利公式(Kelly Formula,一个可用于判断投资和赌博风险的数学公式),投资组合中的20%可以放在一支股票上,但很多投资人只放2%。从数学上来说,运用凯利公式,把2%的投资放在一支股票上,相当于赌它只有51%的上涨可能性,49%的可能性是下跌。为何要浪费时间去打这个赌呢?这帮人拿着100万美元的年薪,只是去寻找哪些股票有51%的上涨可能性?简直是有病。
第六个特质是,左右脑都很好用,而不仅仅是开动左脑(左脑擅长数学和组织)。在商学院,我曾经遇到过很多天资聪颖的人。不过主修金融的人,写的东西一文不值,他们也无法创造性地看待问题,对此我颇感震惊。后来我明白了,一些非常聪明的人只用一半大脑思考,这样足以让你在世上立足,可是如果要成为一个和主流人群思考方式不同的富有创新精神的企业投资家,这还远远不够。另一方面,如果你是右脑占主导的人,你很可能讨厌数学,然后通常就无法进入金融界了。所以金融人士很可能左脑极其发达,我认为这是个问题。我相信一个伟大投资家的两边大脑都发挥作用。作为一个投资家,你需要进行计算,要有逻辑合理的投资理论,这都是你的左脑做的事情。但是你也需要做一些另外的事情,比如根据微妙线索来判断该公司的管理团队。你需要静下心来,在脑中勾画出当前情势的大图景,而不是往死里去分析。你要具备幽默感、谦卑的心态和基本常识。还有最重要的,我认为你也得是一个好的写作者。看看巴菲特,他是商业世界里最杰出的写作者之一,他同时也是古往今来最好的投资家之一绝非偶然。如果你无法清晰地写作,我认为你也不能清楚地思考。如果不能清楚地思考,你就会陷入麻烦。很多人拥有天才般的智商,却不能清楚地思考问题,尽管他们心算就能得出债券或者期权的价格。
最后、最重要的,同时也是最少见的一项特质:在投资过程中,大起大落之中却丝毫不改投资思路的能力。这对于大多数人而言几乎是不可能做到的。当股票开始下跌,人们很难坚持承受损失而不抛出股票。市场整体下降时,人们很难决定买进更多股票以使成本摊薄,甚至很难决定将钱再投入股票中。人们不喜欢承受暂时性的痛苦,即便从长远来看会有更好的收益。很少有投资家能应对高回报率所必须经历的短期波动。他们将短期波动等同于风险。这是极不理性的。风险意味着你若押错了宝,就得赔钱。而相对短时期内的上下波动并不等于损失,因此也不是风险,除非你在市场跌到谷底时陷入恐慌,被损失吓得大乱阵脚。但是多数人不会以这种方式看问题,他们的大脑不容许他们这么想。恐慌本能会入侵,然后切断正常思考的能力。
我必须申明,人们一旦步入成年期就无法再学到上述特质。这个时候,你在日后成为卓越投资者的潜力已经被决定了。这种潜力经过锻炼可以获得,但是无法从头建立,因为这与你脑组织的结构以及孩童时期的经历密切相关。这不是说金融教育、阅读以及投资经验都不重要。这些很重要,但只能让你够资格进入这个游戏并玩下去。那些都是可以被任何人复制的东西,而上述7个特质却不可能.
第一个特质是,在他人恐慌时果断买入股票、而在他人盲目乐观时卖掉股票的能力。每个人都认为自己能做到这一点,但是当 1987年10月19日这天到来的时候(历史上著名的“黑色星期一”),市场彻底崩溃,几乎没人有胆量再买入股票。而在1999年(次年即是纳斯达克大崩盘),市场几乎每天都在上扬,你不会允许自己卖掉股票,因为你担心会落后于他人。绝大多数管理财富的人都有MBA学位和高智商,读过很多书。到1999年底,这些人也都确信股票被估值过高,但他们不能允许自己把钱撤离赌台,其原因正是巴菲特所说的“制度性强制力”(institutional imperative)。
第二个特质是,伟大投资者是那种极度着迷于此游戏,并有极强获胜欲的人。他们不只是享受投资的乐趣——投资就是他们的生命。他们清晨醒来时,即使还在半梦半醒之间,想到的第一件事情就是他们研究过的股票,或者是他们考虑要卖掉的股票,又或者是他们的投资组合将面临的最大风险是什么以及如何规避它。他们通常在个人生活上会陷入困境,尽管他们也许真的喜欢其他人,也没有太多的时间与对方交流。他们的头脑始终处在云端,梦想着股票。不幸的是,你们无法学习这种对于某种东西的执迷,这是天生的。如果你没有这样的强迫症,你就不可能成为下一个布鲁斯·博克维茨(Fairholme funds的创始人,选股思路深受巴菲特影响,组合集中、低换手率、很少越界)。
第三个特质是,从过去所犯错误中吸取教训的强烈意愿。这点对于人们来说是难以做到的,让伟大投资者脱颖而出的正是这种从自己过去错误中学习以避免重犯的强烈渴望。大多数人都会忽略他们曾做过的愚蠢决定,继续向前冲。我想用来形容他们的词就是“压抑”(repression)。但是如果你忽略往日的错误而不是全面分析它,毫无疑问你在将来的职业生涯中还会犯相似的错。事实上,即便你确实去分析了,重复犯错也是很难避免的。
第四个特质是,基于常识的与生俱来的风险嗅觉。大部分人都知道美国长期资本管理公司(1990年代中期的国际四大对冲基金之一,1998年因为俄罗斯金融风暴而濒临破产)的故事,一个由六七十位博士组成的团队,拥有最精妙的风险分析模型,却没能发现事后看来显见的问题:他们承担了过高的风险。他们从不停下来问自己一句:“嗨,虽然电脑认为这样可行,但在现实生活中是否真的行得通呢?”这种能力在人类中的常见度也许并不像你认为的那样高。我相信最优秀的风险控制系统就是常识,但是人们却仍会习惯听从电脑的意见,让自己安然睡去。他们忽视了常识,我看到这个错误在投资界一再上演。
第五个特质是,伟大的投资家都对于他们自己的想法怀有绝对的信心,即使是在面对批评的时候。巴菲特坚持不投身疯狂的网络热潮,尽管人们公开批评他忽略科技股。当其他人都放弃了价值投资的时候,巴菲特依然岿然不动。《巴伦周刊》为此把他做成了封面人物,标题是“沃伦,你哪儿出错了?”当然,事后这进一步证明了巴菲特的智慧,《巴伦周刊》则变成了完美的反面教材。就个人而言,我很惊讶于大多数投资者对他们所买股票的信心之微弱。根据凯利公式(Kelly Formula,一个可用于判断投资和赌博风险的数学公式),投资组合中的20%可以放在一支股票上,但很多投资人只放2%。从数学上来说,运用凯利公式,把2%的投资放在一支股票上,相当于赌它只有51%的上涨可能性,49%的可能性是下跌。为何要浪费时间去打这个赌呢?这帮人拿着100万美元的年薪,只是去寻找哪些股票有51%的上涨可能性?简直是有病。
第六个特质是,左右脑都很好用,而不仅仅是开动左脑(左脑擅长数学和组织)。在商学院,我曾经遇到过很多天资聪颖的人。不过主修金融的人,写的东西一文不值,他们也无法创造性地看待问题,对此我颇感震惊。后来我明白了,一些非常聪明的人只用一半大脑思考,这样足以让你在世上立足,可是如果要成为一个和主流人群思考方式不同的富有创新精神的企业投资家,这还远远不够。另一方面,如果你是右脑占主导的人,你很可能讨厌数学,然后通常就无法进入金融界了。所以金融人士很可能左脑极其发达,我认为这是个问题。我相信一个伟大投资家的两边大脑都发挥作用。作为一个投资家,你需要进行计算,要有逻辑合理的投资理论,这都是你的左脑做的事情。但是你也需要做一些另外的事情,比如根据微妙线索来判断该公司的管理团队。你需要静下心来,在脑中勾画出当前情势的大图景,而不是往死里去分析。你要具备幽默感、谦卑的心态和基本常识。还有最重要的,我认为你也得是一个好的写作者。看看巴菲特,他是商业世界里最杰出的写作者之一,他同时也是古往今来最好的投资家之一绝非偶然。如果你无法清晰地写作,我认为你也不能清楚地思考。如果不能清楚地思考,你就会陷入麻烦。很多人拥有天才般的智商,却不能清楚地思考问题,尽管他们心算就能得出债券或者期权的价格。
最后、最重要的,同时也是最少见的一项特质:在投资过程中,大起大落之中却丝毫不改投资思路的能力。这对于大多数人而言几乎是不可能做到的。当股票开始下跌,人们很难坚持承受损失而不抛出股票。市场整体下降时,人们很难决定买进更多股票以使成本摊薄,甚至很难决定将钱再投入股票中。人们不喜欢承受暂时性的痛苦,即便从长远来看会有更好的收益。很少有投资家能应对高回报率所必须经历的短期波动。他们将短期波动等同于风险。这是极不理性的。风险意味着你若押错了宝,就得赔钱。而相对短时期内的上下波动并不等于损失,因此也不是风险,除非你在市场跌到谷底时陷入恐慌,被损失吓得大乱阵脚。但是多数人不会以这种方式看问题,他们的大脑不容许他们这么想。恐慌本能会入侵,然后切断正常思考的能力。
我必须申明,人们一旦步入成年期就无法再学到上述特质。这个时候,你在日后成为卓越投资者的潜力已经被决定了。这种潜力经过锻炼可以获得,但是无法从头建立,因为这与你脑组织的结构以及孩童时期的经历密切相关。这不是说金融教育、阅读以及投资经验都不重要。这些很重要,但只能让你够资格进入这个游戏并玩下去。那些都是可以被任何人复制的东西,而上述7个特质却不可能.
Lippo-Mapletree Indonesia Retail Trust: Retail story still compelling
Sponsored REITs like Lippo-Mapletree Indonesia Retail Trust (LMIR)are generally perceived to have a lower risk profile. As of 3Q, LMIR has avery low leverage level of about 9% with no refinancing risk until 2013. Wethink the retail story in Indonesia is still compelling.
LMIR's portfolioof eight retail malls and seven retail strata spaces is strategicallylocated within well-established population catchments across Indonesia.LMIR's assets are due to be revalued in 4Q08.
The REIT's portfolio will berevalued in IDR ? this IDR value will then be converted back into SGD atspot rates. This creates a major revaluation risk ? even if the IDR valueof the portfolio stays the same. We have taken a fresh look at ourvaluation model, relaxing our fairly bleak expectations for the IDR-SGD.Our RNAV estimate for the REIT is S$0.55.
Our fair value estimate of S$0.39(prev. S$0.27) prices in a 30% discount to that estimate. Maintain BUY.
LMIR's portfolioof eight retail malls and seven retail strata spaces is strategicallylocated within well-established population catchments across Indonesia.LMIR's assets are due to be revalued in 4Q08.
The REIT's portfolio will berevalued in IDR ? this IDR value will then be converted back into SGD atspot rates. This creates a major revaluation risk ? even if the IDR valueof the portfolio stays the same. We have taken a fresh look at ourvaluation model, relaxing our fairly bleak expectations for the IDR-SGD.Our RNAV estimate for the REIT is S$0.55.
Our fair value estimate of S$0.39(prev. S$0.27) prices in a 30% discount to that estimate. Maintain BUY.
最难的功夫---长线持股
成功的农夫绝不会在播种之后,每隔几分钟就把他们挖起来看看长的怎么样,他们会让谷物发芽,让他们生长。
人性的弱点——人的本性不是努力去扩大收益,而是努力去扩大获得收益的机会!!
投资股票时我们应该将收益尽量扩大,而不是将获胜次数尽量扩大。比尔.埃克哈特总结道:“交易的成功率在统计绩效时是最不重要的,甚至可能是和绩效成反比。”杰夫·亚思,一个非常成功的交易者,论述同样的命题:“有一个基本观念对玩扑克和股权交易都适用,我们的主要目的不是要赢多少手次,而是把获利尽量扩大。”
“这里让我说一件事情:在华尔街经历了这么多事情,在赚了几百万美元,又亏了几百万美元之后,我想告诉你这一点:我的想法从来都没有替我赚过大钱,总是我坚持不动替我赚大钱,懂了吗?是我坚持不动!对市场判断正确丝毫不足为奇。你在多头市场里总是会找到很多一开始就做多的人,在空头市场里也会找到很多一开始就做空的人。但他们没有从中赚到真正的钱。因为能够同时判断正确又坚持不动的人很罕见,我发现这是最难学习的一件事。但是股票做手只有切实了解这一点后,他才能够赚大钱。"摘自《股票做手回忆录》 解决的方法:制定规则,执行规则。好的公司一路持有不要管其他任何因素的干扰 要成功首先要有能力控制自己的行为。向控制自己下功夫!心理控制、行为控制的重要性怎么强调都不过分,做不到这一点,无人能帮你,其他部分做的再好都没用。最大的敌人,就是你自己。校正自己,永远比观察市场重要。
知和行的问题。无知,无畏行;一知半解,难行;真知(跟市场尽量融为一体,以自己的视角读懂市场),易行。 拿不住手中的股票,从市场的角度看,是对市场趋势的发展过程细节波动理解不深刻造成的。如果中间趋势的发展一切都在我的”掌控“中,那还有什么拿不牢的?在市场有利的时候,你必须学会习惯于获利,这是区别交易者是否成熟的一个重要标志。假设你的成本是8元,市场价格现在是80元,但是仍然低于其本身的价值,你是否会坚定的持有?很多的交易者在获利的时候惴惴不安,而亏损的时候却心安理得,这样如何能够长期稳定的获利? 向控制自己下功夫!对赔钱的恐慌常使人违背原则,具体表现是经常止损割肉,频繁交易。追求做得正确比老想着赚钱赔钱更重要!
如果说短线交易者是艺术家,则长线交易者就是工程师。艺术家进行艺术创作充满兴奋和激情,而工程师进行工程却充满艰辛和挑战,因为工程需要长期努力,中途会出现意想不到的情况。长线交易更注重理性,而不是激情。长线交易理论上更适合广大投资者,因为他注重理性,但也正是因为他太理性和客观,就会失去每日交易的兴奋,形成一种孤独和更需要忍耐力的交易行为,有点象苦行僧,这种清苦让很多人重新加入到短线交易行列中去。 长线交易追逐趋势,认为趋势是自己唯一的真正的朋友,是自己利润的来源,他不重视价格的日内波动,认为价格的日内波动几乎和自己没有关系,这也会让人觉得你麻木不仁,甚至象个傻子,他也不重视第二天行情会怎么走,他只重视趋势是否结束。长线交易者持仓的忍耐力绝非一般投资者所能理解,也非一般投资者所能承受。市场有一种误解,认为长线交易者之所以能够长期持仓是因为他能预测到市场的趋势和终点所以才能放心长期持有!这真是一个天大的误解!其实长线交易者跟你一样不知道市场的未来走势,他只是遵守纪律跟踪趋势。
守纪律长期持仓要忍受常人不好理解的痛苦,可以说长线获利就是漫长的市场折磨所换来的!
痛苦1: 市场的大幅波动可以轻松的吃掉原有持仓的大部分利润,最难以忍受的是这种回折往往还是你认为确实要发生的,也就是说你眼睁睁的看到利润回去,这就如有人在你有准备的情况下抢走你的钱一样,这种痛苦你理解吗?你能接受吗?
痛苦2: 长线交易者要放弃很多认为必然有把握的获利机会而换取长期利润。
痛苦3: 长线交易的机会较少,市场一年之中大部分时间都在震荡,震荡之中长线交易者有时一直在亏损,并且往往都是在持仓获利的情况下转为亏损的,这种折磨足以击跨任何人!这些情况说起来容易真做起来会超出你想象的难!
痛苦4: 长线交易最重要的是保持客观和遵守纪律,在很多情况下要放弃你自己鲜活的思想和判断,但结束一次成功的长线头寸却可以获取令人羡慕的回报,这也是长线之所以令人向往的原因。
长线交易有一个最大的特点:亏小赢大,他不重视盈亏的次数比例,而重视盈亏的质量,这是他与短线交易的最本质区别!要做艺术家还是做工程师?要做长线还是做短线?这个选择应该不是很难。 想在股票市场赚大钱,持有股票的本领要下苦功去学,不管你是否有水平研究指数,是否有水平选择股票,真正能使你赚到大钱的真功夫就是如何长久持股! 成功必然来自于坚持正确的习惯方法和不断完善的性格修炼!
人性的弱点——人的本性不是努力去扩大收益,而是努力去扩大获得收益的机会!!
投资股票时我们应该将收益尽量扩大,而不是将获胜次数尽量扩大。比尔.埃克哈特总结道:“交易的成功率在统计绩效时是最不重要的,甚至可能是和绩效成反比。”杰夫·亚思,一个非常成功的交易者,论述同样的命题:“有一个基本观念对玩扑克和股权交易都适用,我们的主要目的不是要赢多少手次,而是把获利尽量扩大。”
“这里让我说一件事情:在华尔街经历了这么多事情,在赚了几百万美元,又亏了几百万美元之后,我想告诉你这一点:我的想法从来都没有替我赚过大钱,总是我坚持不动替我赚大钱,懂了吗?是我坚持不动!对市场判断正确丝毫不足为奇。你在多头市场里总是会找到很多一开始就做多的人,在空头市场里也会找到很多一开始就做空的人。但他们没有从中赚到真正的钱。因为能够同时判断正确又坚持不动的人很罕见,我发现这是最难学习的一件事。但是股票做手只有切实了解这一点后,他才能够赚大钱。"摘自《股票做手回忆录》 解决的方法:制定规则,执行规则。好的公司一路持有不要管其他任何因素的干扰 要成功首先要有能力控制自己的行为。向控制自己下功夫!心理控制、行为控制的重要性怎么强调都不过分,做不到这一点,无人能帮你,其他部分做的再好都没用。最大的敌人,就是你自己。校正自己,永远比观察市场重要。
知和行的问题。无知,无畏行;一知半解,难行;真知(跟市场尽量融为一体,以自己的视角读懂市场),易行。 拿不住手中的股票,从市场的角度看,是对市场趋势的发展过程细节波动理解不深刻造成的。如果中间趋势的发展一切都在我的”掌控“中,那还有什么拿不牢的?在市场有利的时候,你必须学会习惯于获利,这是区别交易者是否成熟的一个重要标志。假设你的成本是8元,市场价格现在是80元,但是仍然低于其本身的价值,你是否会坚定的持有?很多的交易者在获利的时候惴惴不安,而亏损的时候却心安理得,这样如何能够长期稳定的获利? 向控制自己下功夫!对赔钱的恐慌常使人违背原则,具体表现是经常止损割肉,频繁交易。追求做得正确比老想着赚钱赔钱更重要!
如果说短线交易者是艺术家,则长线交易者就是工程师。艺术家进行艺术创作充满兴奋和激情,而工程师进行工程却充满艰辛和挑战,因为工程需要长期努力,中途会出现意想不到的情况。长线交易更注重理性,而不是激情。长线交易理论上更适合广大投资者,因为他注重理性,但也正是因为他太理性和客观,就会失去每日交易的兴奋,形成一种孤独和更需要忍耐力的交易行为,有点象苦行僧,这种清苦让很多人重新加入到短线交易行列中去。 长线交易追逐趋势,认为趋势是自己唯一的真正的朋友,是自己利润的来源,他不重视价格的日内波动,认为价格的日内波动几乎和自己没有关系,这也会让人觉得你麻木不仁,甚至象个傻子,他也不重视第二天行情会怎么走,他只重视趋势是否结束。长线交易者持仓的忍耐力绝非一般投资者所能理解,也非一般投资者所能承受。市场有一种误解,认为长线交易者之所以能够长期持仓是因为他能预测到市场的趋势和终点所以才能放心长期持有!这真是一个天大的误解!其实长线交易者跟你一样不知道市场的未来走势,他只是遵守纪律跟踪趋势。
守纪律长期持仓要忍受常人不好理解的痛苦,可以说长线获利就是漫长的市场折磨所换来的!
痛苦1: 市场的大幅波动可以轻松的吃掉原有持仓的大部分利润,最难以忍受的是这种回折往往还是你认为确实要发生的,也就是说你眼睁睁的看到利润回去,这就如有人在你有准备的情况下抢走你的钱一样,这种痛苦你理解吗?你能接受吗?
痛苦2: 长线交易者要放弃很多认为必然有把握的获利机会而换取长期利润。
痛苦3: 长线交易的机会较少,市场一年之中大部分时间都在震荡,震荡之中长线交易者有时一直在亏损,并且往往都是在持仓获利的情况下转为亏损的,这种折磨足以击跨任何人!这些情况说起来容易真做起来会超出你想象的难!
痛苦4: 长线交易最重要的是保持客观和遵守纪律,在很多情况下要放弃你自己鲜活的思想和判断,但结束一次成功的长线头寸却可以获取令人羡慕的回报,这也是长线之所以令人向往的原因。
长线交易有一个最大的特点:亏小赢大,他不重视盈亏的次数比例,而重视盈亏的质量,这是他与短线交易的最本质区别!要做艺术家还是做工程师?要做长线还是做短线?这个选择应该不是很难。 想在股票市场赚大钱,持有股票的本领要下苦功去学,不管你是否有水平研究指数,是否有水平选择股票,真正能使你赚到大钱的真功夫就是如何长久持股! 成功必然来自于坚持正确的习惯方法和不断完善的性格修炼!
Sunday, July 12, 2009
耐心等突破才出手
在美國金融市場逐漸穩定之後,美國政府開始出手整頓華爾街,多名華爾街中人被控各種各樣的欺騙罪,這對投資者有一定的壓力。近日美國股市一再調整,道瓊斯指數已退至 8100點,一旦跌破 8000點,沽壓可能會加重。不過,內地股市則是一片大好,上證綜合指數不斷地創金融海嘯後的新高,已破了 3100點。
不少人說,內地股市狂熱的理由是銀行新增大量貸款所致,剛公佈的 6月份新增貸款高達 1.53萬億元人民幣,令許多人吃了一驚。今年年初,溫家寶總理說中國的銀行今年全年新增貸款將高達 5萬億元人民幣。現在,才半年時間,新增貸款已達 7.36萬億元人民幣,看來全年新增貸款肯定超越 10萬億元人民幣。溫總最近也說,貨幣政策不會輕易轉勢,至今中國的「保八」目標仍未達到。
因此,我也相信銀行會繼續大量增加貸款,也很肯定的,新增貸款的相當部份是流入股市,支持了股市。香港股市就在美國股市與內地股市背馳的背景下失去方向,恒指升則升不上,跌也跌不下。
在 2000點之間徘徊了一段時間,有本事的人則天天炒高炒低,我則寧可成為一個旁觀者,耐心地等待突破,向上突破。數個月前,恒指也曾經徘徊於 14000點與 15000點間一段時間,最後突然向上突破,破了 16000點後就一躍向上,升至近日才暫停,等待另一個突破。
不少人說,內地股市狂熱的理由是銀行新增大量貸款所致,剛公佈的 6月份新增貸款高達 1.53萬億元人民幣,令許多人吃了一驚。今年年初,溫家寶總理說中國的銀行今年全年新增貸款將高達 5萬億元人民幣。現在,才半年時間,新增貸款已達 7.36萬億元人民幣,看來全年新增貸款肯定超越 10萬億元人民幣。溫總最近也說,貨幣政策不會輕易轉勢,至今中國的「保八」目標仍未達到。
因此,我也相信銀行會繼續大量增加貸款,也很肯定的,新增貸款的相當部份是流入股市,支持了股市。香港股市就在美國股市與內地股市背馳的背景下失去方向,恒指升則升不上,跌也跌不下。
在 2000點之間徘徊了一段時間,有本事的人則天天炒高炒低,我則寧可成為一個旁觀者,耐心地等待突破,向上突破。數個月前,恒指也曾經徘徊於 14000點與 15000點間一段時間,最後突然向上突破,破了 16000點後就一躍向上,升至近日才暫停,等待另一個突破。
应健中:更大天量还在后头
本周的股市看得许多人目瞪口呆。周一大盘创出今年以来的新高,同时成交量创出自6124点历史最高位以来的天量,就在大家一片看好之时,一波杀跌行情吓出不少筹码,而在3000点岌岌可危之时,行情又起来了。这波走势犹如过山车,弄得车上的乘客神魂颠倒。
下半年的行情已经走了8个交易日了,这8个交易日全部在3000点上行走,而这个行走区间正好是上半年的天花板。进入下半年后,市场的人气反而在3000点上被激活了,有更多的人相信,天量之后必有天价,行情就要调头。问题是天量之后还有更大的天量,那天价之后岂不还有更高的天价?市场时过境迁,同样是3000点,去年的3000点与今时的3000点已经不能同日而语。
行走了7个多月的上升通道还在延伸中,至于延伸到何时、剑指何点,只有天知、地知,你不知、我也不知。我们能做的是在这个上升通道中分享一段利润。成功的投资都是相对的:在两天之内做了把行情,但对于一个月的投资未必成功;一月成功不等于一年成功,一年成功不等于一生成功;一生成功但透支生命、英年早逝就成了最大的不成功,即:人没了、钱还在。
投资尚未成功,股民仍需努力。如今3000点位,说高不高、说低不低,与6000点比,现在还在半山腰;与1664点比,现在有点高处不胜寒了。因此,当下的市场多空搏杀最为激烈,牛眼看市、处处是底,而熊眼看市、处处是顶。笔者相信在艰巨的搏杀中,最后牛眼之人胜出的概率较大,请注意如下市场状况:
第一,年线已经完全调头上行,这个趋势不可小觑。在中国股市将近20年的历史上,年线形成拐点调头上行只有三次,这个大家只要打开上证指数K线图看全景就能发现,每一次调头上行之后,将行走相当长一段时间才会再调头下行,所以现在年线从下降通道中走出来,走平之后调头上行,这种趋势形成后一年半载不可能改变。什么叫看势?这就是看势,看市场的大趋势。
第二,近期发行的沪深300指数基金在3天之内200亿元全部售罄,反映了市场资金面的宽松,更重要的是,最近发行的基金大多数是指数型基金,这些基金的建仓都是以自己选定的指数权重股为对象的,这对指数的支撑具有举足轻重的作用。在3000点位置上大发指数型基金意味着什么?值得关注。
第三,对通胀的预期还在升温,现金转换成资产的浪潮势不可挡。今年上半年房价大涨、股市大涨,关键的因素在于人们怕通胀来临,怕手中的现金贬值,所以纷纷抢买资产,股价也好、房价也罢,都是钱堆出来的,现在的股市不差钱,可以预料,本周创下的阶段性天量还不是真正意义上的天量,更大的天量还在后头呢。
下半年的行情已经走了8个交易日了,这8个交易日全部在3000点上行走,而这个行走区间正好是上半年的天花板。进入下半年后,市场的人气反而在3000点上被激活了,有更多的人相信,天量之后必有天价,行情就要调头。问题是天量之后还有更大的天量,那天价之后岂不还有更高的天价?市场时过境迁,同样是3000点,去年的3000点与今时的3000点已经不能同日而语。
行走了7个多月的上升通道还在延伸中,至于延伸到何时、剑指何点,只有天知、地知,你不知、我也不知。我们能做的是在这个上升通道中分享一段利润。成功的投资都是相对的:在两天之内做了把行情,但对于一个月的投资未必成功;一月成功不等于一年成功,一年成功不等于一生成功;一生成功但透支生命、英年早逝就成了最大的不成功,即:人没了、钱还在。
投资尚未成功,股民仍需努力。如今3000点位,说高不高、说低不低,与6000点比,现在还在半山腰;与1664点比,现在有点高处不胜寒了。因此,当下的市场多空搏杀最为激烈,牛眼看市、处处是底,而熊眼看市、处处是顶。笔者相信在艰巨的搏杀中,最后牛眼之人胜出的概率较大,请注意如下市场状况:
第一,年线已经完全调头上行,这个趋势不可小觑。在中国股市将近20年的历史上,年线形成拐点调头上行只有三次,这个大家只要打开上证指数K线图看全景就能发现,每一次调头上行之后,将行走相当长一段时间才会再调头下行,所以现在年线从下降通道中走出来,走平之后调头上行,这种趋势形成后一年半载不可能改变。什么叫看势?这就是看势,看市场的大趋势。
第二,近期发行的沪深300指数基金在3天之内200亿元全部售罄,反映了市场资金面的宽松,更重要的是,最近发行的基金大多数是指数型基金,这些基金的建仓都是以自己选定的指数权重股为对象的,这对指数的支撑具有举足轻重的作用。在3000点位置上大发指数型基金意味着什么?值得关注。
第三,对通胀的预期还在升温,现金转换成资产的浪潮势不可挡。今年上半年房价大涨、股市大涨,关键的因素在于人们怕通胀来临,怕手中的现金贬值,所以纷纷抢买资产,股价也好、房价也罢,都是钱堆出来的,现在的股市不差钱,可以预料,本周创下的阶段性天量还不是真正意义上的天量,更大的天量还在后头呢。
美國剩餘儲備高企啟示通脹未至
金融海嘯發生後,美國政府為挽救金融市場及經濟,除了把息率調低至接近零水平外,更推出「量化寬鬆」(Quantitative Easing)政策,在金融體系內注入萬億美元計的資金,嘗試力挽狂瀾。聯儲局最終能否成功拯救經濟,以及令金融市場回復秩序,還有待觀察。然而,聯儲局的救市行動,已令不少投資者擔憂超級通脹(Hyperinflation)的來臨,畢竟聯儲局(甚至連同歐羅區和英國)的救市行動形同大規模印鈔票。不過,事實是迄今美國經濟不但沒有嚴重的通脹壓力,反而出現溫和通縮的情況。箇中原因何在?此外,聯儲局「量化寬鬆」政策仍在,惡性通脹的危機不能抹煞,但作為投資者如何利用有效的指標監察惡性通脹的來臨呢?研究部今次與讀者探討這方面的議題。
在解構美國「量化寬鬆」政策對經濟帶來潛伏的通脹危機前,讓我們先了解一下目前美國的「量化寬鬆」政策如何運作。
剩餘儲備飆升400多倍在過去近年半以來,你是否知道升幅最快且最急的是什麼?股市、黃金或商品,全都錯!是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備水平(US Aggregate Reserves Depository Institutions Excess Reserves,即美國金融機構扣除法律規定所需儲備要求外,存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備金額;下稱「剩餘儲備」)。
事實上,在金融海嘯湧到之前,美國金融機構存放在聯儲局過剩的儲備不足約20億美元,但截至今年5月中,已飆升至逾8700億美元,上升幅度四百多倍!
由於美國貨幣基礎(monetary base)是由兩個主要成分所組成,分別是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部分),以及整體貨幣流通量,而「剩餘儲備」過去一年多時間內大幅攀升,直接令美國貨幣基礎出現暴升情況。美國貨幣基礎由2007年年底約8200多億美元急速膨脹,至今年5月最高曾見1.8萬億美元,升幅近一點二倍。而美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備水平,則由佔貨幣基礎不足0.3%,大幅攀升至佔50%以上的水平,升幅達一百七十倍!
那麼「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」如何及為何會出現暴漲?更重要的是,這將引發什麼潛在的問題呢?
「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」出現暴漲,正正顯示聯儲局運用「量化寬鬆」政策的踪影。具體而言,聯儲局於去年10月開始,給予美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部份)利息,利率雖然自去年12月16日開始向下修訂為0.25%的水平,息率不算十分吸引,但已較三個月或以下日期的國庫債券息率高(目前三個月國庫票據息率約0.15%);再者,在目前經濟乏善足陳,壞賬風險高企的環境下;再加上銀行正積極去槓桿化,修補及強化資產負債表,故不少金融機構寧願把資金存放在聯儲局內,這也解釋「剩餘儲備」或「貨幣基礎」近月出現顯著上升背後的因由。
聯儲局資產負債表質素轉壞值得補充的是,美國金融機構雖有龐大的資金存放在聯儲局內,但仍有不少銀行存在資不抵債情況,只是當資產不在按市價計算價值後(mark-to-market),情況「看似」有所改善。以花旗集團為例,它的資產約為2.1萬億美元,但當它進行壓力測試(stress test)時,當局處理其加權風險資產值,只計算資產值的一半而已,可見美國金融機構的資產值仍存在甚高水分。因此,美國金融機構也欠缺向市場拆出資金的意欲,令大量的剩餘儲備資金只存放在聯儲局內收取利息。
那麼聯儲局從金融機構吸納了數以千億計的存款做什麼呢?答案是成為部分資金來源,向美國金融機構購買國債,甚至按揭毒債(即MBS),從而向市場注入資金,逐步改善金融機構資產質素。根據聯儲局資產負債表顯示,在金融海嘯爆發前,聯儲局並未持有任何按揭毒債,但截至今年7月止,持有這類債務便高達4600多億美元。
此外,值得補充的是,金融機構從聯儲局獲得沽出毒債的資金後,再反過來把資金存放在聯儲局收取利息,產生循環乘數效應,令貨幣基礎進一步膨脹(即聯儲局不斷在金融體系注入資金)!
站在美國金融機構角度,其毒債賣給聯儲局的同時,還有儲備資金存放在聯儲局(收取利息),顯然美國金融機構資產負債表的質素將可得到改善(這也難怪近月來金融類股份有顯著的反彈)。然而,站在聯儲局的角度,它用了金融機構的存款,買入它們的毒債同時,還要為金融機構的剩餘儲備支付利息,它的資產負債表質素卻在轉壞中。
貨幣流速仍低那麼為何聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策多時,卻未令美國經濟出現高通脹呢?關鍵在於貨幣流速(Velocity of money;有興趣讀者可參閱5月22日「全球聯手救市 美三項中、長期經濟隱憂」)。以下的程式可反映出,貨幣基礎與經濟的關係:MV = PQ(M是貨幣供應;V為貨幣流速;P為物價;Q是實質產出)。
目前的情況是,雖然聯儲局不斷增加M供應,但金融機構迄今向市場拆出資金的意欲不大(見前文分析;這點可從「剩餘儲備」保持高企體現出來)。反而正積極減債改善資產負債表甚為明顯;加上美國家庭也同樣步入減債及增加儲蓄的階段(美國5月份儲蓄率攀升至6.9%,創下六十五個月以來的新高),消費層面出現萎縮,直接地令貨幣流速(V)下跌至近二十二年以來的新低,使物價(P)至今不但未曾出現大幅攀升的情況,反而正在下跌。
那麼惡性通脹最終會否出現?機會是存在的。從以上的討論可見,截至目前為止,聯儲局看似暫未出現放任濫印鈔票的情況,因為聯儲局在吸納毒債的資金,相信有不少的比重源自金融機構的剩餘儲備(當然也有部分來自救市資金)。
事實上,美國M2貨幣供應增長,至今按年只上升10%左右(增長速度明顯較剩餘儲備的為低)。不過,問題是聯儲局向美國金融機構借入巨額資金(剩餘儲備)買入毒債,倘若美國金融機構對放貸的意欲回復時,聯儲局如何支付資金予金融機構呢?顯然大量印鈔票是其中的不二法門,尤其當各國央行對購買美債的意欲每下愈況,屆時通脹急速惡化是可以預期,甚至是無法避免的。
四指標監察惡性通脹最後,惡性通脹的出現,很大程度上是聯儲局未能在經濟增長及拆借需求回復後,把之前在金融市場注入的巨額資金抽離金融體系。那麼除通脹及經濟增長指標外,還有那些另類指標可有效地監察惡性通脹的來臨呢?相信以下數個指標可作參考:
一、貨幣流速的變化:不難想像,聯儲局在金融市場注入如此龐大的資金(即M增大),若然貨幣流速加快(即V上升),通脹必然無可避免地急速上升;
二、美國金融機構在聯儲局剩餘儲備的水平:若然剩餘儲備水平出現回落,某程度反映美國金融機構借貸意欲正逐步上升,一方面會令貨幣流速增大;另一方面,勢將迫使聯儲局增大印鈔票的步伐,應付資金的提取;
三、美國聯儲局調升儲備利率或儲備要求(reserve requirement),甚至開始調升聯邦基金利率:目前聯儲局給予金融機構剩餘儲備25個基點的利息。若然聯儲局開始調升這方面的利率或調升儲備要求,某程度顯示聯儲局已呈現剩餘儲備流出的壓力,即反映金融機構借貸意欲開始回升,通脹惡化的風險也將隨之上升;
四、各國央行對美債的需求轉弱:不難想像,美國聯儲局救市的資金,除印鈔票和源自金融體系的剩餘儲備外,便是透過向外發債。若然投資者,尤其各國央行對美債需求持續下跌,反映美國政府將更依賴印鈔票來籌集救市資金,屆時惡性通脹的壓力必定增大。
無論如何,從目前各項的經濟數據表現,以至目前聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策的方向,看似暫未觸發通脹大幅上升的危機。然而,經濟增長及金融機構回復正常借貸的日子來臨時,聯儲局屆時能否及時在金融市場上抽走多餘的救市資金呢?若然讀者對此沒有信心,現在還是逐步做好預防通脹惡化的準備較佳。
在解構美國「量化寬鬆」政策對經濟帶來潛伏的通脹危機前,讓我們先了解一下目前美國的「量化寬鬆」政策如何運作。
剩餘儲備飆升400多倍在過去近年半以來,你是否知道升幅最快且最急的是什麼?股市、黃金或商品,全都錯!是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備水平(US Aggregate Reserves Depository Institutions Excess Reserves,即美國金融機構扣除法律規定所需儲備要求外,存放在聯儲局的剩餘儲備金額;下稱「剩餘儲備」)。
事實上,在金融海嘯湧到之前,美國金融機構存放在聯儲局過剩的儲備不足約20億美元,但截至今年5月中,已飆升至逾8700億美元,上升幅度四百多倍!
由於美國貨幣基礎(monetary base)是由兩個主要成分所組成,分別是美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部分),以及整體貨幣流通量,而「剩餘儲備」過去一年多時間內大幅攀升,直接令美國貨幣基礎出現暴升情況。美國貨幣基礎由2007年年底約8200多億美元急速膨脹,至今年5月最高曾見1.8萬億美元,升幅近一點二倍。而美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備水平,則由佔貨幣基礎不足0.3%,大幅攀升至佔50%以上的水平,升幅達一百七十倍!
那麼「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」如何及為何會出現暴漲?更重要的是,這將引發什麼潛在的問題呢?
「貨幣基礎」或「剩餘儲備」出現暴漲,正正顯示聯儲局運用「量化寬鬆」政策的踪影。具體而言,聯儲局於去年10月開始,給予美國金融機構存放在聯儲局的儲備(這包括所須及剩餘儲備兩部份)利息,利率雖然自去年12月16日開始向下修訂為0.25%的水平,息率不算十分吸引,但已較三個月或以下日期的國庫債券息率高(目前三個月國庫票據息率約0.15%);再者,在目前經濟乏善足陳,壞賬風險高企的環境下;再加上銀行正積極去槓桿化,修補及強化資產負債表,故不少金融機構寧願把資金存放在聯儲局內,這也解釋「剩餘儲備」或「貨幣基礎」近月出現顯著上升背後的因由。
聯儲局資產負債表質素轉壞值得補充的是,美國金融機構雖有龐大的資金存放在聯儲局內,但仍有不少銀行存在資不抵債情況,只是當資產不在按市價計算價值後(mark-to-market),情況「看似」有所改善。以花旗集團為例,它的資產約為2.1萬億美元,但當它進行壓力測試(stress test)時,當局處理其加權風險資產值,只計算資產值的一半而已,可見美國金融機構的資產值仍存在甚高水分。因此,美國金融機構也欠缺向市場拆出資金的意欲,令大量的剩餘儲備資金只存放在聯儲局內收取利息。
那麼聯儲局從金融機構吸納了數以千億計的存款做什麼呢?答案是成為部分資金來源,向美國金融機構購買國債,甚至按揭毒債(即MBS),從而向市場注入資金,逐步改善金融機構資產質素。根據聯儲局資產負債表顯示,在金融海嘯爆發前,聯儲局並未持有任何按揭毒債,但截至今年7月止,持有這類債務便高達4600多億美元。
此外,值得補充的是,金融機構從聯儲局獲得沽出毒債的資金後,再反過來把資金存放在聯儲局收取利息,產生循環乘數效應,令貨幣基礎進一步膨脹(即聯儲局不斷在金融體系注入資金)!
站在美國金融機構角度,其毒債賣給聯儲局的同時,還有儲備資金存放在聯儲局(收取利息),顯然美國金融機構資產負債表的質素將可得到改善(這也難怪近月來金融類股份有顯著的反彈)。然而,站在聯儲局的角度,它用了金融機構的存款,買入它們的毒債同時,還要為金融機構的剩餘儲備支付利息,它的資產負債表質素卻在轉壞中。
貨幣流速仍低那麼為何聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策多時,卻未令美國經濟出現高通脹呢?關鍵在於貨幣流速(Velocity of money;有興趣讀者可參閱5月22日「全球聯手救市 美三項中、長期經濟隱憂」)。以下的程式可反映出,貨幣基礎與經濟的關係:MV = PQ(M是貨幣供應;V為貨幣流速;P為物價;Q是實質產出)。
目前的情況是,雖然聯儲局不斷增加M供應,但金融機構迄今向市場拆出資金的意欲不大(見前文分析;這點可從「剩餘儲備」保持高企體現出來)。反而正積極減債改善資產負債表甚為明顯;加上美國家庭也同樣步入減債及增加儲蓄的階段(美國5月份儲蓄率攀升至6.9%,創下六十五個月以來的新高),消費層面出現萎縮,直接地令貨幣流速(V)下跌至近二十二年以來的新低,使物價(P)至今不但未曾出現大幅攀升的情況,反而正在下跌。
那麼惡性通脹最終會否出現?機會是存在的。從以上的討論可見,截至目前為止,聯儲局看似暫未出現放任濫印鈔票的情況,因為聯儲局在吸納毒債的資金,相信有不少的比重源自金融機構的剩餘儲備(當然也有部分來自救市資金)。
事實上,美國M2貨幣供應增長,至今按年只上升10%左右(增長速度明顯較剩餘儲備的為低)。不過,問題是聯儲局向美國金融機構借入巨額資金(剩餘儲備)買入毒債,倘若美國金融機構對放貸的意欲回復時,聯儲局如何支付資金予金融機構呢?顯然大量印鈔票是其中的不二法門,尤其當各國央行對購買美債的意欲每下愈況,屆時通脹急速惡化是可以預期,甚至是無法避免的。
四指標監察惡性通脹最後,惡性通脹的出現,很大程度上是聯儲局未能在經濟增長及拆借需求回復後,把之前在金融市場注入的巨額資金抽離金融體系。那麼除通脹及經濟增長指標外,還有那些另類指標可有效地監察惡性通脹的來臨呢?相信以下數個指標可作參考:
一、貨幣流速的變化:不難想像,聯儲局在金融市場注入如此龐大的資金(即M增大),若然貨幣流速加快(即V上升),通脹必然無可避免地急速上升;
二、美國金融機構在聯儲局剩餘儲備的水平:若然剩餘儲備水平出現回落,某程度反映美國金融機構借貸意欲正逐步上升,一方面會令貨幣流速增大;另一方面,勢將迫使聯儲局增大印鈔票的步伐,應付資金的提取;
三、美國聯儲局調升儲備利率或儲備要求(reserve requirement),甚至開始調升聯邦基金利率:目前聯儲局給予金融機構剩餘儲備25個基點的利息。若然聯儲局開始調升這方面的利率或調升儲備要求,某程度顯示聯儲局已呈現剩餘儲備流出的壓力,即反映金融機構借貸意欲開始回升,通脹惡化的風險也將隨之上升;
四、各國央行對美債的需求轉弱:不難想像,美國聯儲局救市的資金,除印鈔票和源自金融體系的剩餘儲備外,便是透過向外發債。若然投資者,尤其各國央行對美債需求持續下跌,反映美國政府將更依賴印鈔票來籌集救市資金,屆時惡性通脹的壓力必定增大。
無論如何,從目前各項的經濟數據表現,以至目前聯儲局實行「量化寬鬆」政策的方向,看似暫未觸發通脹大幅上升的危機。然而,經濟增長及金融機構回復正常借貸的日子來臨時,聯儲局屆時能否及時在金融市場上抽走多餘的救市資金呢?若然讀者對此沒有信心,現在還是逐步做好預防通脹惡化的準備較佳。
Saturday, July 11, 2009
More toxic loans could haunt banks
Japan's economy was paralyzed for a decade as banks failed to deal with their troubled loans. That's why it's nothing short of stunning to discover some U.S. banks are doing the same thing now.
Despite all the tough talk out of Washington and Wall Street about how the U.S. can't repeat what happened in Japan, the reality is that banks are granting extensions to borrowers in one key category, commercial real-estate loans, so they don't default. It's a bet that economic conditions will improve before the loans come due.
"They are kicking the can down the road, hoping things will be better soon," said Barry Ritholtz, head of the financial research firm FusionIQ and author of the new book "Bailout Nation."
This maneuvering is being called "extend and pretend" in financial circles, reflecting banks' willingness to extend loan maturities because they believe -- or hope-- rental rates and building values could come back to levels seen during the peak of the real-estate market in 2007.
Ritholtz and other financial experts worry that banks are just delaying the inevitable by not dealing with troubled loans now. And since commercial loans are such an important part of the portfolio of many small and midsized banks, it also could constrain their ability to make other new loans. An average of 20 percent of local and regional banks' loan exposure is in commercial real estate vs 4 percent for the nation's biggest banks, according to data from Deutsche Bank.
"This is a bad strategy," said Bryan Marsal, CEO of the corporate restructuring firm Alvarez & Marsal. "It is really about not facing up to where you are today."
Unlike fixed-rate home mortgages, most commercial property loans are structured as balloon notes. Borrowers pay only interest for the first five or 10 years until the loans mature, and then the entire amount must be paid back.
In the boom years, rising rents and property values made it easy for borrowers to find multiple lenders willing to roll over these loans into new and often larger principal amounts that allowed owners to take out millions of dollars in cash to buy other properties.
That game has come to a crashing halt. Cash flows are down on many properties as rental and occupancy rates have fallen, causing the value of many properties to drop significantly. That's made it tougher for owners to refinance their loans.
Delinquency rates on commercial loans have doubled in the past year to 7 percent as more companies downsize and retailers close their doors, according to the Federal Reserve.
In some cases, banks are offering a temporary fix by granting borrowers an extension on loan maturities. On paper, that looks like a plus for the bank because the borrower pays a fee or agrees to pay a higher interest rate, or both. This allows banks to avoid having to foreclose or write down these loans as impaired assets. They also can keep the loans on their books as if nothing were amiss.
"This lets the banks post results that are misleading because the loans have more risk to them than they are disclosing," said Len Blum, managing partner at the investment-bank Westwood Capital. "They can pretend things are better than they are."
That's just what banks in Japan did back in the 1990s. After its debt-fed real estate bubble burst, Japan slid into what has come to be known the "lost decade" because of its drawn out economic and financial malaise.
Even though the Japanese government injected trillions of yen into its banking system, new lending was constrained because troubled loans clogged banks' balance sheets. In some cases, banks refused to foreclose when owners couldn't even pay the interest. Instead, they added the unpaid interest to the loan's principal in the hope that borrowers' problems would be alleviated by an improving economic climate, which never materialized.
What's worrisome is the lack of transparency about how often this is happening now in the United States. Due to privacy issues, banks aren't required to disclose details of specific loan extensions, and most news that does trickle out comes from public companies announcing that they have reached accommodations with their lenders.
Just this week, Bluegreen Corp., a Boca Raton, Fla.-based timeshare resort developer, said it had gotten the maturity dates of a combined $130.1 million in liabilities extended. Others getting loan extensions in recent months were Toys R Us, Tanger Factory Outlets and Washington Real Estate Investment Trust.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. believes that extending the maturity on commercial real-estate loans can be a "value-maximizing and prudent approach," said FDIC spokesman Andrew Gray.
Gray said that its examiners are trying to make sure the loan extensions are being done prudently, and that credit losses are being recognized appropriately. The FDIC directly examines and supervises about 5,160 banks and savings banks.
Bob Seiwert, who heads the Center for Commercial Lending and Business Banking at the American Bankers Association, said loan extensions should be done on a case-by-case basis and aren't necessarily a bad thing. Banks need to assess the chances of the principal amount being repaid and evaluate the viability on the loan on an ongoing basis, he said.
"It may still be a good project," Seiwert said. "It just may need more time."
There are already clear signs that worries about the commercial real estate market have constrained lending. The latest Federal Reserve Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey, from April, showed almost two-thirds of domestic banks had reported tightening lending standards and terms on commercial real estate loans over the previous three months.
"When lenders do the 'extend and pretend' routine because they don't want to deal with the problem ... what that causes them to do is to restrict their future lending. They pull back into their shell," said Marsal, who is also leading the liquidation of Lehman Brothers. "When and if we do have an economic recovery, what it will do is slow the pace."
Now imagine if the loans that are being extended turn up rotten a year or two from now. That could further hamper lending at local banks -- the backbone of many small-town economies -- meaning companies wouldn't be able to get loans to build new facilities or do renovations or repairs. Hiring would be curbed or more jobs cut, slowing consumer spending.
"The banks seem to think it is OK to hide their head in the sand and keep these kinds of loans on their balance sheets," said Westwood Capital's Blum. "Until the banks really clean up their books, we risk repeating what happened in Japan."
Despite all the tough talk out of Washington and Wall Street about how the U.S. can't repeat what happened in Japan, the reality is that banks are granting extensions to borrowers in one key category, commercial real-estate loans, so they don't default. It's a bet that economic conditions will improve before the loans come due.
"They are kicking the can down the road, hoping things will be better soon," said Barry Ritholtz, head of the financial research firm FusionIQ and author of the new book "Bailout Nation."
This maneuvering is being called "extend and pretend" in financial circles, reflecting banks' willingness to extend loan maturities because they believe -- or hope-- rental rates and building values could come back to levels seen during the peak of the real-estate market in 2007.
Ritholtz and other financial experts worry that banks are just delaying the inevitable by not dealing with troubled loans now. And since commercial loans are such an important part of the portfolio of many small and midsized banks, it also could constrain their ability to make other new loans. An average of 20 percent of local and regional banks' loan exposure is in commercial real estate vs 4 percent for the nation's biggest banks, according to data from Deutsche Bank.
"This is a bad strategy," said Bryan Marsal, CEO of the corporate restructuring firm Alvarez & Marsal. "It is really about not facing up to where you are today."
Unlike fixed-rate home mortgages, most commercial property loans are structured as balloon notes. Borrowers pay only interest for the first five or 10 years until the loans mature, and then the entire amount must be paid back.
In the boom years, rising rents and property values made it easy for borrowers to find multiple lenders willing to roll over these loans into new and often larger principal amounts that allowed owners to take out millions of dollars in cash to buy other properties.
That game has come to a crashing halt. Cash flows are down on many properties as rental and occupancy rates have fallen, causing the value of many properties to drop significantly. That's made it tougher for owners to refinance their loans.
Delinquency rates on commercial loans have doubled in the past year to 7 percent as more companies downsize and retailers close their doors, according to the Federal Reserve.
In some cases, banks are offering a temporary fix by granting borrowers an extension on loan maturities. On paper, that looks like a plus for the bank because the borrower pays a fee or agrees to pay a higher interest rate, or both. This allows banks to avoid having to foreclose or write down these loans as impaired assets. They also can keep the loans on their books as if nothing were amiss.
"This lets the banks post results that are misleading because the loans have more risk to them than they are disclosing," said Len Blum, managing partner at the investment-bank Westwood Capital. "They can pretend things are better than they are."
That's just what banks in Japan did back in the 1990s. After its debt-fed real estate bubble burst, Japan slid into what has come to be known the "lost decade" because of its drawn out economic and financial malaise.
Even though the Japanese government injected trillions of yen into its banking system, new lending was constrained because troubled loans clogged banks' balance sheets. In some cases, banks refused to foreclose when owners couldn't even pay the interest. Instead, they added the unpaid interest to the loan's principal in the hope that borrowers' problems would be alleviated by an improving economic climate, which never materialized.
What's worrisome is the lack of transparency about how often this is happening now in the United States. Due to privacy issues, banks aren't required to disclose details of specific loan extensions, and most news that does trickle out comes from public companies announcing that they have reached accommodations with their lenders.
Just this week, Bluegreen Corp., a Boca Raton, Fla.-based timeshare resort developer, said it had gotten the maturity dates of a combined $130.1 million in liabilities extended. Others getting loan extensions in recent months were Toys R Us, Tanger Factory Outlets and Washington Real Estate Investment Trust.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. believes that extending the maturity on commercial real-estate loans can be a "value-maximizing and prudent approach," said FDIC spokesman Andrew Gray.
Gray said that its examiners are trying to make sure the loan extensions are being done prudently, and that credit losses are being recognized appropriately. The FDIC directly examines and supervises about 5,160 banks and savings banks.
Bob Seiwert, who heads the Center for Commercial Lending and Business Banking at the American Bankers Association, said loan extensions should be done on a case-by-case basis and aren't necessarily a bad thing. Banks need to assess the chances of the principal amount being repaid and evaluate the viability on the loan on an ongoing basis, he said.
"It may still be a good project," Seiwert said. "It just may need more time."
There are already clear signs that worries about the commercial real estate market have constrained lending. The latest Federal Reserve Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey, from April, showed almost two-thirds of domestic banks had reported tightening lending standards and terms on commercial real estate loans over the previous three months.
"When lenders do the 'extend and pretend' routine because they don't want to deal with the problem ... what that causes them to do is to restrict their future lending. They pull back into their shell," said Marsal, who is also leading the liquidation of Lehman Brothers. "When and if we do have an economic recovery, what it will do is slow the pace."
Now imagine if the loans that are being extended turn up rotten a year or two from now. That could further hamper lending at local banks -- the backbone of many small-town economies -- meaning companies wouldn't be able to get loans to build new facilities or do renovations or repairs. Hiring would be curbed or more jobs cut, slowing consumer spending.
"The banks seem to think it is OK to hide their head in the sand and keep these kinds of loans on their balance sheets," said Westwood Capital's Blum. "Until the banks really clean up their books, we risk repeating what happened in Japan."
Friday, July 10, 2009
REIT - Positioned for a recovery
Investment summary
• S-REITs have rebounded by 56% from March low, in line with 60% for the STI. The S-REIT sector has rebounded strongly from its all-time low in Mar 09, attributed to a strong inflow of foreign funds. Correspondingly, yield expectations have abated from an all-time high of 17% to 11%.
• Recapitalised; refinancing concerns largely averted. REITs have gone beyond the successful refinancing of debt to recapitalisations in a bid to strengthen their balance sheets for the recession ahead. Sponsor-backed REITs including Ascendas REIT, CapitaMall Trust, CapitaCommercial Trust, Starhill Global, and Frasers Commercial Trust went to the market and raised a combined S$3bn of equity. Average asset leverage for REITs under our coverage has retreated to 32% from 35%. Interest cover also appears healthy at 4.5x vs. the typical lenders’ requirement of 2x. We consider balance sheets to be relatively healthy.
• Positioned for a recovery. The larger environment looks positive for investing in REITs, underpinned by: 1) expected high liquidity and low interest rates; and 2) the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
• We are most optimistic on hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we believe will be major beneficiaries of the following in 2010: 1) the completion of the two integrated resorts (IRs); 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore as a standalone destination for tourists; 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines; and 4) the anticipated return of corporates and expatriates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive against its regional peers.
• Neutral on industrial sub-sector. The outlook for both the manufacturing and logistics industries remains weak, and we expect the businesses of industrialists in factory and warehouse space to be under pressure. We expect occupancy for industrial space to lag behind the actual slowdown in industrial businesses, holding out the downturn for industrial properties for longer.
• Negative on office sector. We expect occupancy to hold up with the return of corporates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive vis-à-vis the region. However, rents are expected to remain under pressure from three continuous years of strong potential supply and shadow space.
• Overweight on S-REITs; top picks are Suntec REIT and CDLH-HT. We retain our Overweight position on REITs. Our top picks are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT on the back of their lower valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively. CDL-HT’s Singapore concentration makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and one of the major beneficiaries of two MRT stations opening next to it. We also have Outperform ratings for FCT, ART, PLife.
General environment is positive
Beyond balance-sheet and debt issues, we believe that the outlook for REITs’ growth is more positive than a year ago. Contributing factors are expected high liquidity and low interest rates and the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
High liquidity and low interest rates
Ample liquidity and low interest rates likely to sustain yield spread. Since the collapse of Lehman Brothers, sharply higher borrowing costs have cast a pall on REITs’ ability to finance acquisitions and refinance debts. However, with most of the S-REITs proving their ability to refinance debt and the easing of medium-term swap offer rates, such concerns have abated. Additionally, concerted global monetary easing has lifted liquidity conditions in recent months. Our regional strategists have analysed key liquidity indicators, namely M1 to GDP, foreign fund flows and market turnover to market capitalisation (velocity) for a gauge on where excess liquidity may drive Asian markets. They conclude that on the global front, US M1 growth has been unprecedented and the widely used LIBOR benchmark has fallen to a historical low.
Judging from previous recessions, they believe that the era of low interest rates has only begun and short-term risk-free rates could stay low for a year or two, at the least.
Implications for the Asian markets we cover are positive. Based on M1 to GDP and velocity measures, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia stand to benefit the most.
With M1 to GDP at a historical high, these three markets could gain the most from liquidity drivers, in our view.
Further on rates, SIBOR has a close correlation with LIBOR. Hence, we are expecting SIBOR to stay low longer with weak global growth.
An environment of ample liquidity and low interest rates is highly positive for REITs, which should benefit from easier access to funding as well as cheaper financing.
US and Singapore 10-year bond yields maintain an attractive spread of 690bp and 780bp respectively, to average REIT yields.
Hospitality and retail are our preferred sub-sectors
We are most optimistic on the hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we expect to be major beneficiaries of certain catalysts in 2010: 1) the completion of Singapore’s two IRs; 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore towards a standalone tourist destination; and 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines. The biggest stock beneficiaries should include CDLHT-HT, Ascott REIT, Suntec REIT, and Frasers Centrepoint Trust.
Tourism and infrastructure catalysts
The IR catalyst to benefit retail and hospitality subsectors
Profound changes in Singapore’s tourism industry; impact on hospitality and retail REITS. We anticipate sea changes for Singapore’s tourism sector after the opening of its two IRs by 2010, when a seamless chain of attractions around the Marina Bay area would be created. Orchard Road and other attractions are also scheduled for rejuvenation. All this would have a profound effect on Singapore’s economy and employment, auguring well for the retail sector which should benefit from both increased tourist and domestic spending; as well as the hospitality sector which should benefit from increased visitor arrivals and increased length of stay.
Change in the marketing of Singapore. Officially, Singapore wants to book annual tourist receipts of S$30bn (S$15bn in 2008), tourist arrivals of 17m (10.1m in 2008) and an average length of stay of 4.5 days (3.7 days in 2008) by 2015. These goals are showing initial signs of success. Recent talks with Genting Singapore indicate that Genting remains confident of drawing in 4.5m-5.5m visitors to Resorts World in its first year of launch. With the combined draw of the two IRs and Universal Studios, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are, for the first time, positive about marketing Singapore as a single tourist destination in their respective markets. This is a significant improvement over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination, or lumped together with its neighbouring countries Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
Additionally, non-gaming elements in the two resorts such as Universal Studios and conference facilities should attract more family-oriented visitors, as well as BTMICE (business travel, meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) audiences.
Comparisons with the established gaming markets of Las Vegas and Macau show that family-oriented and BTMICE visitors have a much higher propensity for retail spending than less family-oriented and non-BTMICE gamers. For these two reasons, the outlook for sizeable retail clusters in close proximity to the two resorts is positive.
Hotel supply within IRs insufficient to meet demand. We maintain that increased tourist arrivals generated by the IRs will exceed what the IR hotels can absorb, thus benefiting existing hotels. We add the following scenario for illustration.
In a press release dated 19 Feb 09, Resorts World said that it expects to welcome 15m visitors in its first year of operation. Assuming that demand is eroded by about a third by the global recession and only 11m visitors arrive, of whom 4.5m are Singapore residents who will not require hotel accommodation, and assuming only one day of stay on a twin-sharing basis for foreign guests, there would be 3.25m room nights generated by Resorts World. Around 11,130 rooms would be required, assuming an average hotel occupancy rate of 80% on a daily basis to meet the demand. This would be three times what the two IRs can accommodate, and also more than the 9,950 new rooms coming up in the next four years. Hence, we believe that the success of the two IRs will create strong spillover demand to benefit hotels outside the two IRs.
We believe that centrally-located, mid-priced hotels can best tap the demand from both families and BTMICE visitors.
Increased accessibility and catchment population.
A number of infrastructure works is in progress in the Marina Bay area. They include the construction of two Circle Line MRT stations, Esplanade and Promenade, scheduled for opening in 2010.
The Promenade station will also serve as the interchange station for the Downtown Line that will link Marina Bay Sands IR (MBSIR) to all four major rail lines. Promenade will be one station away from Bayfront Station, the gateway to MBSIR.
Furthermore, a pedestrian bridge will be built to link the MBSIR with the Marina area. This bridge is part of the URA’s plan to build a 3.5km promenade linking the necklace of attractions around the bay. Attractions that will form part of the S$35m waterfront promenade include a 300-m long steel structure, water features and a shaded tropical walk. We expect Suntec REIT to be a key beneficiary of the infrastructure works as the catchment population of Suntec City, its key asset, is expected to expand materially with the opening of the two stations.
Staying negative on office sub-sector
Office: large potential supply and shrinking demand. Historically, there is a close correlation between Singapore’s GDP performance and office space demand. Both the government and our house are expecting Singapore’s GDP to contract this year, by 5-9% yoy. As such, we expect new demand for office space to weaken further. Additionally, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) forecasts that office supply will be significant over the next five years at 9.8m sf, equivalent to a 2.7% increase p.a. on current supply of 72.2m sf. The projection takes into account known delayed projects, including City Development’s South Beach development, which is located close to
Suntec City. With potential new supply and shrinking demand, occupancy levels are expected to move further south.
Shadow space may prolong rental depression.
Shadow space is excess office space that companies have leased but are looking to sublet to third parties. Colliers estimates that office shadow space had increased 48% in a short span of two months, from 250,000 sf in Mar 09 to 370,000 sf in May 09, with more than half contributed by the two key micro-markets of Raffles Place/New Downtown and Marina/City Hall. This is equivalent to 0.5% of islandwide office supply. The sharp increase has intensified the competition for tenants and exacerbated the downward pressure on rents. As a result, some landlords are resorting to incentives such as rent holidays in addition to competitive closing rents, some of which are 25-30% below asking rents. Hence, effective rents have fallen by more than what signing rents are indicating.
We expect the availability of shadow space to peak in 2010, as a number of financial institutions had pre-committed to a large amount of space in yet-to-be completed offices or business park buildings in the last two years. An estimated 400,000-600,000 sf of additional shadow space could enter the market in 2010, from financial institutions alone. Increased shadow space is expected to prolong the rental depression and delay a market recovery until after 2010. Colliers forecasts that by the end of 2010, average monthly gross rents for Grade A office space in the Raffles Place area could reach the mid-2005 level of S$5.00psf/month, although this would remain above the S$3.95 seen at the bottom of the market in 2004 Occupancy to be supported, but rents likely to stay low. With still lower rents than its regional peers, a stable political environment, and relatively low tax rates, we believe that Singapore will grow increasingly attractive to multi-national corporations which need to be established in this part of the world. We expect occupancy levels for prime office space to be supported by the gradual return of expatriates, who are attracted by Singapore’s cost-competitiveness. Nonetheless, a large supply and global recession could continue to keep office rents low.
Maintain Overweight on S-REITs; CDLHT and Suntec REIT are our top picks.
Overall, we are most positive on hospitality and retail on visible catalysts in the next 12 months, including the IRs and a possible return of expatriates to Singapore. Within these two sub-sectors, we prefer CDL-HT for its Singapore concentration, which makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and should be one of the major beneficiaries of the two MRT stations opening next to it.
We are Neutral on the industrial sub-sector. A weak outlook for the manufacturing and logistics sectors and intensifying rental competition from Grade A office space largely diminish the potential for higher rental reversions, although occupancy is more likely to stay stable given long leases for all our three industrial REITs. Our top industrial picks, AREIT and MLT, are nearing our target prices.
We remain negative on the office sub-sector on the back of a large supply overhang over the next three years. We believe that cheaper rents will eventually lure back demand, particularly to newer, quality office buildings. However, we are doubtful that the demand will be strong enough to revive rents to 2007 levels. Valuations appear low now at 0.5x P/BV against the sector average of 0.6x. However, with more asset devaluations expected and a lack of near-term catalysts, we expect limited upside potential for share prices.
Our top picks for the REIT sector are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT for their valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively.
Suntec REIT
• Maintain Outperform. We believe there is room for upside surprises from SUN’s retail segment, from a higher catchment population after the opening of two new MRT stations at Suntec City, and direct linkage to the Marina Bay integrated resort. Additionally, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are starting to market Singapore as a single tour destination over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination. This change should have a significant impact on the length of visitors’ stay in Singapore, and hence retail spending.
• Supply overhang in office; but cost-competitiveness also increases. New office supply of 9.8m over the next five years as well as 400,000-600,000 sf of potential shadow space from 2010 is likely to depress a rental recovery. On the other hand, this development should also improve Singapore’s cost-competitiveness vs. its regional competitors, Hong Kong and Tokyo. We expect continued low rents to support occupancy. A pick-up in leasing volumes in recent months is a sign that occupancy could turn out less depressed than expected.
•DDM-derived target price of S$1.07 (discount 9.4%). We like Suntec REIT for its: 1) quality office and retail portfolio; 2) low leverage of 34.4%; 3) absence of refinancing concerns until 2011; and 4) severely discounted price for a possible fall in asset values. We believe that downside risks for the office sector have been factored into its share price while upside surprises from its retail segment have largely been neglected.
Suntec REIT is the first mixed commercial real estate investment trust (REIT) to be listed in Singapore, in Dec 04, owning prime retail and office space in Singapore’s Central Business District. From two properties (Suntec City Mall and Suntec City Office Towers), Suntec REIT now has five properties. The three additions are a onethird stake in One Raffles Quay (ORQ), Park Mall and Chijmes. Its portfolio value had more than doubled from S$2.2bn at the time of listing to S$5.4bn as at 31 Dec 08, with 1.9m sf of office space and 1m sf of retail space under management. As at 31 Mar 09, office occupancy was 97.4% and retail occupancy, 98.8%.
• S-REITs have rebounded by 56% from March low, in line with 60% for the STI. The S-REIT sector has rebounded strongly from its all-time low in Mar 09, attributed to a strong inflow of foreign funds. Correspondingly, yield expectations have abated from an all-time high of 17% to 11%.
• Recapitalised; refinancing concerns largely averted. REITs have gone beyond the successful refinancing of debt to recapitalisations in a bid to strengthen their balance sheets for the recession ahead. Sponsor-backed REITs including Ascendas REIT, CapitaMall Trust, CapitaCommercial Trust, Starhill Global, and Frasers Commercial Trust went to the market and raised a combined S$3bn of equity. Average asset leverage for REITs under our coverage has retreated to 32% from 35%. Interest cover also appears healthy at 4.5x vs. the typical lenders’ requirement of 2x. We consider balance sheets to be relatively healthy.
• Positioned for a recovery. The larger environment looks positive for investing in REITs, underpinned by: 1) expected high liquidity and low interest rates; and 2) the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
• We are most optimistic on hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we believe will be major beneficiaries of the following in 2010: 1) the completion of the two integrated resorts (IRs); 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore as a standalone destination for tourists; 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines; and 4) the anticipated return of corporates and expatriates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive against its regional peers.
• Neutral on industrial sub-sector. The outlook for both the manufacturing and logistics industries remains weak, and we expect the businesses of industrialists in factory and warehouse space to be under pressure. We expect occupancy for industrial space to lag behind the actual slowdown in industrial businesses, holding out the downturn for industrial properties for longer.
• Negative on office sector. We expect occupancy to hold up with the return of corporates as Singapore grows more cost-competitive vis-à-vis the region. However, rents are expected to remain under pressure from three continuous years of strong potential supply and shadow space.
• Overweight on S-REITs; top picks are Suntec REIT and CDLH-HT. We retain our Overweight position on REITs. Our top picks are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT on the back of their lower valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively. CDL-HT’s Singapore concentration makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and one of the major beneficiaries of two MRT stations opening next to it. We also have Outperform ratings for FCT, ART, PLife.
General environment is positive
Beyond balance-sheet and debt issues, we believe that the outlook for REITs’ growth is more positive than a year ago. Contributing factors are expected high liquidity and low interest rates and the Singapore government’s continued support for the REIT industry.
High liquidity and low interest rates
Ample liquidity and low interest rates likely to sustain yield spread. Since the collapse of Lehman Brothers, sharply higher borrowing costs have cast a pall on REITs’ ability to finance acquisitions and refinance debts. However, with most of the S-REITs proving their ability to refinance debt and the easing of medium-term swap offer rates, such concerns have abated. Additionally, concerted global monetary easing has lifted liquidity conditions in recent months. Our regional strategists have analysed key liquidity indicators, namely M1 to GDP, foreign fund flows and market turnover to market capitalisation (velocity) for a gauge on where excess liquidity may drive Asian markets. They conclude that on the global front, US M1 growth has been unprecedented and the widely used LIBOR benchmark has fallen to a historical low.
Judging from previous recessions, they believe that the era of low interest rates has only begun and short-term risk-free rates could stay low for a year or two, at the least.
Implications for the Asian markets we cover are positive. Based on M1 to GDP and velocity measures, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia stand to benefit the most.
With M1 to GDP at a historical high, these three markets could gain the most from liquidity drivers, in our view.
Further on rates, SIBOR has a close correlation with LIBOR. Hence, we are expecting SIBOR to stay low longer with weak global growth.
An environment of ample liquidity and low interest rates is highly positive for REITs, which should benefit from easier access to funding as well as cheaper financing.
US and Singapore 10-year bond yields maintain an attractive spread of 690bp and 780bp respectively, to average REIT yields.
Hospitality and retail are our preferred sub-sectors
We are most optimistic on the hospitality and retail sub-sectors, which we expect to be major beneficiaries of certain catalysts in 2010: 1) the completion of Singapore’s two IRs; 2) a change in the marketing of Singapore towards a standalone tourist destination; and 3) an expanded transport infrastructure with more rail lines. The biggest stock beneficiaries should include CDLHT-HT, Ascott REIT, Suntec REIT, and Frasers Centrepoint Trust.
Tourism and infrastructure catalysts
The IR catalyst to benefit retail and hospitality subsectors
Profound changes in Singapore’s tourism industry; impact on hospitality and retail REITS. We anticipate sea changes for Singapore’s tourism sector after the opening of its two IRs by 2010, when a seamless chain of attractions around the Marina Bay area would be created. Orchard Road and other attractions are also scheduled for rejuvenation. All this would have a profound effect on Singapore’s economy and employment, auguring well for the retail sector which should benefit from both increased tourist and domestic spending; as well as the hospitality sector which should benefit from increased visitor arrivals and increased length of stay.
Change in the marketing of Singapore. Officially, Singapore wants to book annual tourist receipts of S$30bn (S$15bn in 2008), tourist arrivals of 17m (10.1m in 2008) and an average length of stay of 4.5 days (3.7 days in 2008) by 2015. These goals are showing initial signs of success. Recent talks with Genting Singapore indicate that Genting remains confident of drawing in 4.5m-5.5m visitors to Resorts World in its first year of launch. With the combined draw of the two IRs and Universal Studios, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are, for the first time, positive about marketing Singapore as a single tourist destination in their respective markets. This is a significant improvement over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination, or lumped together with its neighbouring countries Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
Additionally, non-gaming elements in the two resorts such as Universal Studios and conference facilities should attract more family-oriented visitors, as well as BTMICE (business travel, meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) audiences.
Comparisons with the established gaming markets of Las Vegas and Macau show that family-oriented and BTMICE visitors have a much higher propensity for retail spending than less family-oriented and non-BTMICE gamers. For these two reasons, the outlook for sizeable retail clusters in close proximity to the two resorts is positive.
Hotel supply within IRs insufficient to meet demand. We maintain that increased tourist arrivals generated by the IRs will exceed what the IR hotels can absorb, thus benefiting existing hotels. We add the following scenario for illustration.
In a press release dated 19 Feb 09, Resorts World said that it expects to welcome 15m visitors in its first year of operation. Assuming that demand is eroded by about a third by the global recession and only 11m visitors arrive, of whom 4.5m are Singapore residents who will not require hotel accommodation, and assuming only one day of stay on a twin-sharing basis for foreign guests, there would be 3.25m room nights generated by Resorts World. Around 11,130 rooms would be required, assuming an average hotel occupancy rate of 80% on a daily basis to meet the demand. This would be three times what the two IRs can accommodate, and also more than the 9,950 new rooms coming up in the next four years. Hence, we believe that the success of the two IRs will create strong spillover demand to benefit hotels outside the two IRs.
We believe that centrally-located, mid-priced hotels can best tap the demand from both families and BTMICE visitors.
Increased accessibility and catchment population.
A number of infrastructure works is in progress in the Marina Bay area. They include the construction of two Circle Line MRT stations, Esplanade and Promenade, scheduled for opening in 2010.
The Promenade station will also serve as the interchange station for the Downtown Line that will link Marina Bay Sands IR (MBSIR) to all four major rail lines. Promenade will be one station away from Bayfront Station, the gateway to MBSIR.
Furthermore, a pedestrian bridge will be built to link the MBSIR with the Marina area. This bridge is part of the URA’s plan to build a 3.5km promenade linking the necklace of attractions around the bay. Attractions that will form part of the S$35m waterfront promenade include a 300-m long steel structure, water features and a shaded tropical walk. We expect Suntec REIT to be a key beneficiary of the infrastructure works as the catchment population of Suntec City, its key asset, is expected to expand materially with the opening of the two stations.
Staying negative on office sub-sector
Office: large potential supply and shrinking demand. Historically, there is a close correlation between Singapore’s GDP performance and office space demand. Both the government and our house are expecting Singapore’s GDP to contract this year, by 5-9% yoy. As such, we expect new demand for office space to weaken further. Additionally, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) forecasts that office supply will be significant over the next five years at 9.8m sf, equivalent to a 2.7% increase p.a. on current supply of 72.2m sf. The projection takes into account known delayed projects, including City Development’s South Beach development, which is located close to
Suntec City. With potential new supply and shrinking demand, occupancy levels are expected to move further south.
Shadow space may prolong rental depression.
Shadow space is excess office space that companies have leased but are looking to sublet to third parties. Colliers estimates that office shadow space had increased 48% in a short span of two months, from 250,000 sf in Mar 09 to 370,000 sf in May 09, with more than half contributed by the two key micro-markets of Raffles Place/New Downtown and Marina/City Hall. This is equivalent to 0.5% of islandwide office supply. The sharp increase has intensified the competition for tenants and exacerbated the downward pressure on rents. As a result, some landlords are resorting to incentives such as rent holidays in addition to competitive closing rents, some of which are 25-30% below asking rents. Hence, effective rents have fallen by more than what signing rents are indicating.
We expect the availability of shadow space to peak in 2010, as a number of financial institutions had pre-committed to a large amount of space in yet-to-be completed offices or business park buildings in the last two years. An estimated 400,000-600,000 sf of additional shadow space could enter the market in 2010, from financial institutions alone. Increased shadow space is expected to prolong the rental depression and delay a market recovery until after 2010. Colliers forecasts that by the end of 2010, average monthly gross rents for Grade A office space in the Raffles Place area could reach the mid-2005 level of S$5.00psf/month, although this would remain above the S$3.95 seen at the bottom of the market in 2004 Occupancy to be supported, but rents likely to stay low. With still lower rents than its regional peers, a stable political environment, and relatively low tax rates, we believe that Singapore will grow increasingly attractive to multi-national corporations which need to be established in this part of the world. We expect occupancy levels for prime office space to be supported by the gradual return of expatriates, who are attracted by Singapore’s cost-competitiveness. Nonetheless, a large supply and global recession could continue to keep office rents low.
Maintain Overweight on S-REITs; CDLHT and Suntec REIT are our top picks.
Overall, we are most positive on hospitality and retail on visible catalysts in the next 12 months, including the IRs and a possible return of expatriates to Singapore. Within these two sub-sectors, we prefer CDL-HT for its Singapore concentration, which makes it the best proxy for a tourism revival in Singapore. Suntec REIT’s Suntec City Developments (87% of gross revenue) is the closest sizeable retail cluster to the Marina Bay Sands IR and should be one of the major beneficiaries of the two MRT stations opening next to it.
We are Neutral on the industrial sub-sector. A weak outlook for the manufacturing and logistics sectors and intensifying rental competition from Grade A office space largely diminish the potential for higher rental reversions, although occupancy is more likely to stay stable given long leases for all our three industrial REITs. Our top industrial picks, AREIT and MLT, are nearing our target prices.
We remain negative on the office sub-sector on the back of a large supply overhang over the next three years. We believe that cheaper rents will eventually lure back demand, particularly to newer, quality office buildings. However, we are doubtful that the demand will be strong enough to revive rents to 2007 levels. Valuations appear low now at 0.5x P/BV against the sector average of 0.6x. However, with more asset devaluations expected and a lack of near-term catalysts, we expect limited upside potential for share prices.
Our top picks for the REIT sector are CDL-HT and Suntec REIT for their valuations and near-term catalysts. Dividend yields are also attractive at 9% and 10% respectively.
Suntec REIT
• Maintain Outperform. We believe there is room for upside surprises from SUN’s retail segment, from a higher catchment population after the opening of two new MRT stations at Suntec City, and direct linkage to the Marina Bay integrated resort. Additionally, Chinese and Indian tour agencies are starting to market Singapore as a single tour destination over their traditional marketing of Singapore as a stop-over destination. This change should have a significant impact on the length of visitors’ stay in Singapore, and hence retail spending.
• Supply overhang in office; but cost-competitiveness also increases. New office supply of 9.8m over the next five years as well as 400,000-600,000 sf of potential shadow space from 2010 is likely to depress a rental recovery. On the other hand, this development should also improve Singapore’s cost-competitiveness vs. its regional competitors, Hong Kong and Tokyo. We expect continued low rents to support occupancy. A pick-up in leasing volumes in recent months is a sign that occupancy could turn out less depressed than expected.
•DDM-derived target price of S$1.07 (discount 9.4%). We like Suntec REIT for its: 1) quality office and retail portfolio; 2) low leverage of 34.4%; 3) absence of refinancing concerns until 2011; and 4) severely discounted price for a possible fall in asset values. We believe that downside risks for the office sector have been factored into its share price while upside surprises from its retail segment have largely been neglected.
Suntec REIT is the first mixed commercial real estate investment trust (REIT) to be listed in Singapore, in Dec 04, owning prime retail and office space in Singapore’s Central Business District. From two properties (Suntec City Mall and Suntec City Office Towers), Suntec REIT now has five properties. The three additions are a onethird stake in One Raffles Quay (ORQ), Park Mall and Chijmes. Its portfolio value had more than doubled from S$2.2bn at the time of listing to S$5.4bn as at 31 Dec 08, with 1.9m sf of office space and 1m sf of retail space under management. As at 31 Mar 09, office occupancy was 97.4% and retail occupancy, 98.8%.
Monday, July 6, 2009
CapitaCommercial Trust: Rights issue completed
Rights issue completed.
CapitaCommercial Trust (CCT) had recently completed its Rights issue with 1.4b new units listed last Friday, bringing the total number of outstanding units to 2.8b. The Rights issue was wellaccepted, with a subscription rate of 135.4% of the total units available under the Rights issue. With the completion of the Rights issue, CCT's gearing will decline from 43.1% to 30.7%, after the repayment of borrowings using the proceeds.
Slower rate of decline in office rental but cautiousness is warranted.
According to Jones Lang LaSalle, average prime Grade A office rental declined 11% QoQ to S$9.50 psf per month in 2Q09 and the decline had decelerated in comparison to the 28% QoQ decline in 1Q09. Despite the positive news, our fundamental view of a worsening office market going forward remains unchanged. The slower rate of decline also came after a steep decline in rental in 1Q09. The office market in Singapore will continue to be plagued by the huge oncoming supply of new office space (13.9m sq ft in the pipeline) and shadow space that will continue to put downward pressure on office rental.
Current gearing sufficient to withstand devaluation through downturn.
At a post-Rights gearing of 30.7% after the recent revaluation of its properties, CCT can withstand a further S$1,995.6m or 31.8% decline in the valuation of its properties before it reaches the upper bound of its comfortable gearing range of 30%-45% and this is also more than the S$1,581.5m or 26.2% decline in valuation (based on latest valuation report) that we have factored in our RNAV computation. We believe that this provides a sufficient buffer for CCT to tide over the asset devaluation during this downturn without the need to tap on the equity market again.
Maintain BUY.
Despite the weak sector outlook, we continue to like CCT for its quality office assets and strong management which is evident in the high portfolio occupancy rates, diversified tenant base and long established tenant-landlord relationship. Support from a strong sponsor - CapitaLand - also provides an added level of comfort to investors in turbulent time. Based on CCT's current price/NAV ratio of 0.54x, the market is now factoring in a 32.4% decline in asset value, which is over-excessive in our view. Success of its Rights issue has also removed refinancing concerns going forward.
We maintain our BUY rating on CCT with fair value of S$0.96.
CapitaCommercial Trust (CCT) had recently completed its Rights issue with 1.4b new units listed last Friday, bringing the total number of outstanding units to 2.8b. The Rights issue was wellaccepted, with a subscription rate of 135.4% of the total units available under the Rights issue. With the completion of the Rights issue, CCT's gearing will decline from 43.1% to 30.7%, after the repayment of borrowings using the proceeds.
Slower rate of decline in office rental but cautiousness is warranted.
According to Jones Lang LaSalle, average prime Grade A office rental declined 11% QoQ to S$9.50 psf per month in 2Q09 and the decline had decelerated in comparison to the 28% QoQ decline in 1Q09. Despite the positive news, our fundamental view of a worsening office market going forward remains unchanged. The slower rate of decline also came after a steep decline in rental in 1Q09. The office market in Singapore will continue to be plagued by the huge oncoming supply of new office space (13.9m sq ft in the pipeline) and shadow space that will continue to put downward pressure on office rental.
Current gearing sufficient to withstand devaluation through downturn.
At a post-Rights gearing of 30.7% after the recent revaluation of its properties, CCT can withstand a further S$1,995.6m or 31.8% decline in the valuation of its properties before it reaches the upper bound of its comfortable gearing range of 30%-45% and this is also more than the S$1,581.5m or 26.2% decline in valuation (based on latest valuation report) that we have factored in our RNAV computation. We believe that this provides a sufficient buffer for CCT to tide over the asset devaluation during this downturn without the need to tap on the equity market again.
Maintain BUY.
Despite the weak sector outlook, we continue to like CCT for its quality office assets and strong management which is evident in the high portfolio occupancy rates, diversified tenant base and long established tenant-landlord relationship. Support from a strong sponsor - CapitaLand - also provides an added level of comfort to investors in turbulent time. Based on CCT's current price/NAV ratio of 0.54x, the market is now factoring in a 32.4% decline in asset value, which is over-excessive in our view. Success of its Rights issue has also removed refinancing concerns going forward.
We maintain our BUY rating on CCT with fair value of S$0.96.
Jim Rogers Sells Dollars, Plans to Short Treasuries
The dollar and U.S. Treasuries are both likely to slide as soaring government debt in the world's biggest economy undermines confidence in its assets, according to Jim Rogers, chairman of Rogers Holdings.
"The government is printing lots of money and borrowing even more; that's not the basis for a sound currency," he said in a telephone interview today from Singapore . "The idea that anybody would lend money to the U.S. government for 30 years at 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 percent interest is mind-boggling to me."
Rogers, the author of books including "Investment Biker" and "Adventure Capitalist", said he holds fewer dollars than a year ago and plans to "short U.S. government bonds someday." A short bet involves selling a security you don't own with a view to buying it back after the price has fallen.
He recently bought the Swiss franc and within the Asia- Pacific region his currency holdings include yen, Singapore dollars, the yuan as well as the Australian and New Zealand dollars.
Rogers said he expects commodities prices to climb, saying it's one of the few asset classes with improving fundamentals.
Stocks in Sri Lanka are the only equities the investor said he would consider buying at present, adding that he plans to hold on to his holdings in China for many years to come.
"Selling Chinese shares in 2009 would be like selling U.S. ones in 1909," Rogers said. "My children were born in 2003 and 2008 and I expect them to hold my shares someday."
"The government is printing lots of money and borrowing even more; that's not the basis for a sound currency," he said in a telephone interview today from Singapore . "The idea that anybody would lend money to the U.S. government for 30 years at 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 percent interest is mind-boggling to me."
Rogers, the author of books including "Investment Biker" and "Adventure Capitalist", said he holds fewer dollars than a year ago and plans to "short U.S. government bonds someday." A short bet involves selling a security you don't own with a view to buying it back after the price has fallen.
He recently bought the Swiss franc and within the Asia- Pacific region his currency holdings include yen, Singapore dollars, the yuan as well as the Australian and New Zealand dollars.
Rogers said he expects commodities prices to climb, saying it's one of the few asset classes with improving fundamentals.
Stocks in Sri Lanka are the only equities the investor said he would consider buying at present, adding that he plans to hold on to his holdings in China for many years to come.
"Selling Chinese shares in 2009 would be like selling U.S. ones in 1909," Rogers said. "My children were born in 2003 and 2008 and I expect them to hold my shares someday."
曾渊沧@股友通讯录 - 七月份
股市从今年3 月开始上升,升势惊人,至6月初,海峡时报指数破2400点,之后出现调整,但调整幅度不大。
股市在如此短时间有这么大幅度的升幅的确少见,主要的力量来自美国狂印钞票所产生的效果。那是一种担心通货膨涨的恐惧心,因为这个恐惧心,人们觉得为了对抗通涨,应该把钱由银行里提出来买一些东西,股票就成了选择之一。当然另一个原因是今年3 月股市也的确跌得太恐怖了,跌过了头。人人在惊弓之鸟的威胁之下不顾一切卖掉手上的股票。
现在,论经济复苏,仍是遥遥无期,经济何时复苏?连诺贝尔经济学奖得主的多位经济学家都有不同的意见,互相在争论,而主流意见是经济不容易在短期内复苏。美国第一次申请失业救济的人数曾经下跌,但又回升。新建房屋量也曾经上升,但又回跌,经济数据时好时差,相当混乱。
经济迟迟不复苏,但股市却一片大好,是股市跑在经济表现之前?还是股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升?
这也的确不容易准确的回答。如果说股市是跑在经济之前,跑前多长的时间呢?从过去的历史经验来看,也没有定论。如果说股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升,也说不过去,因为过去几个月努力在市场买股的并不是一般的小投资者,而是基金经理。众多的基金经理的智慧应该不会比小投资者差。
从过去的经验,股市往往是在小投资者大量投入市场后见顶,大量退出后见跌。股市往往是多数人错误而少数人正确。
因此,我们可以说,今年3 月份股市最坏的情况已经发生,股市的确是在复苏中,只是因为股市到底能领先经济多长时间并不定论,因此至今经济仍未见曙光。
新加坡的情况似乎比美国更差。美元是国际上最流通的货币,美国政府可以大量地印钞票来救美国经济,而新加坡不能。美国一日不复苏,新加坡也很难复苏,毕竟新加坡的经济主力仍是制造业,得依靠美国人的消费来维持。
还有,目前已在社区扩散的猪流感对本地旅游业的打击非常大,旅客不是担心来这里感染猪流感,而是担心来了之后被强制隔离。隔离会打乱了旅客的行程日程表,这才是严重的。因此,目前买股票,也应该避开工业股与旅游零售股。
股市不可能不停的升,问题是何时会调整。一个较大型的调整则是不可能预测的。因此,那些仍然未入市,手上仍然没有股票的人也很着急。错失了一个又一个小型的调整,我相信每天都有一些手上没股的小投资者忍不住而入市,一直到有一天,大量小投资者入了市,股市就会出现一次比较大的调整。
股市在如此短时间有这么大幅度的升幅的确少见,主要的力量来自美国狂印钞票所产生的效果。那是一种担心通货膨涨的恐惧心,因为这个恐惧心,人们觉得为了对抗通涨,应该把钱由银行里提出来买一些东西,股票就成了选择之一。当然另一个原因是今年3 月股市也的确跌得太恐怖了,跌过了头。人人在惊弓之鸟的威胁之下不顾一切卖掉手上的股票。
现在,论经济复苏,仍是遥遥无期,经济何时复苏?连诺贝尔经济学奖得主的多位经济学家都有不同的意见,互相在争论,而主流意见是经济不容易在短期内复苏。美国第一次申请失业救济的人数曾经下跌,但又回升。新建房屋量也曾经上升,但又回跌,经济数据时好时差,相当混乱。
经济迟迟不复苏,但股市却一片大好,是股市跑在经济表现之前?还是股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升?
这也的确不容易准确的回答。如果说股市是跑在经济之前,跑前多长的时间呢?从过去的历史经验来看,也没有定论。如果说股市是属於虚妄性的错误上升,也说不过去,因为过去几个月努力在市场买股的并不是一般的小投资者,而是基金经理。众多的基金经理的智慧应该不会比小投资者差。
从过去的经验,股市往往是在小投资者大量投入市场后见顶,大量退出后见跌。股市往往是多数人错误而少数人正确。
因此,我们可以说,今年3 月份股市最坏的情况已经发生,股市的确是在复苏中,只是因为股市到底能领先经济多长时间并不定论,因此至今经济仍未见曙光。
新加坡的情况似乎比美国更差。美元是国际上最流通的货币,美国政府可以大量地印钞票来救美国经济,而新加坡不能。美国一日不复苏,新加坡也很难复苏,毕竟新加坡的经济主力仍是制造业,得依靠美国人的消费来维持。
还有,目前已在社区扩散的猪流感对本地旅游业的打击非常大,旅客不是担心来这里感染猪流感,而是担心来了之后被强制隔离。隔离会打乱了旅客的行程日程表,这才是严重的。因此,目前买股票,也应该避开工业股与旅游零售股。
股市不可能不停的升,问题是何时会调整。一个较大型的调整则是不可能预测的。因此,那些仍然未入市,手上仍然没有股票的人也很着急。错失了一个又一个小型的调整,我相信每天都有一些手上没股的小投资者忍不住而入市,一直到有一天,大量小投资者入了市,股市就会出现一次比较大的调整。
格罗斯:恐慌暂时压倒投资者贪性
太平洋投资管理公司(PIMCO)投资总监比尔·格罗斯7月1日在其公司网站上发表的月度研究报告称, 金融危机使得美国消费者的谨慎情绪增加,美国人重拾储蓄、削减开支可能使美国经济在一段时间内维持低于潜在增长水平的增速,他因此建议投资者更多关注固定收益投资。
低利率更应投资固定收益
享有“债券天王”美誉的比尔·格罗斯论述了导致全球金融危机的破坏性事件,他说:“简而言之,规模过大的金融杠杆和消费者开支,与放松监管的政治气候‘融合’在一起,结果就是我们看到的市场失效和非理性行为。”
他认为,在消费者谨慎情绪弥漫的当前,美联储(FED)的短期政策利率保持在低位的时间会长于正常周期。他指出,股票、高收益垃圾债以及商业和住宅地产前景仍有风险。他因此建议投资者应该关注那些能提供固定收益的债券和高派息证券产品。而股票、高收益的“垃圾债券”、商业地产和居民住宅仍然有很高的风险。
格罗斯今年6月初曾公开表示,美元持有者应尽快卖出美元,以免在各国央行和主权基金极端地抛售美元、美元大幅贬值之后追悔莫及。他说,高储蓄率和国家债务成本提升将是美国经济的负累,这多半意味着万亿美元的赤字规模将难以撼动。美国政府承诺将动用12.8万亿美元启动信贷市场,美联储则计划购买至多1.75万亿美元的美国国债。格罗斯认为“这等同于制造通胀”。
恐慌暂时压倒投资者贪性
格罗斯说,2007年金融危机爆发以来,美国消费者的财富蒸发了15万亿美元,失业率现在已接近10%,这会影响到消费模式,未来美国人必将提高储蓄并减少消费。基于这种假设,格罗斯认为未来美国经济增长率将在2%左右,低于此前数年3.5%的水平。
格罗斯特别提及了人类的贪性与经济增长的互动关系,他说:“对经济来说,贪婪不仅是件好事,而且是不可或缺的。”他推崇经济学家凯恩斯的“动物精神”理论。凯恩斯通过观察大萧条,认为个人经济行为更多是出于“非理性的动物精神”,而非经济理论学家所钟爱的长期理性计算。 凯恩斯认为,出于“动物精神”,人们总有自发冲动想要有所作为,并且具有“自发的乐观主义精神”。
格罗斯在报告中指出,他认为这种精神对经济增长来说不可或缺。他说:“贪性终将卷土重来,但就目前而言,恐慌心态暂时成为一种主导情绪,而且有可能至少会持续一代人。”他表示,当潜在消费者感觉到财富减少了如此之多,人们用来预测未来的模式就只有一个,即提高储蓄和降低消费的常识性模式。
分析人士指出,美国股市和债市最近一段时间的反弹主要是得益于对经济复苏的乐观预期,但这一复苏趋势的前景尚不确定,一旦停止,投资者可能遭受更大的损失。
美国劳工部7月3日公布的数据显示,6月非农业就业人口大减46.7万人,远多于预期的36.3万人,失业率则升至9.5%,为1983年8月来的最高水平,给近期对经济衰退可能正在缓和的希望当头一棒。
低利率更应投资固定收益
享有“债券天王”美誉的比尔·格罗斯论述了导致全球金融危机的破坏性事件,他说:“简而言之,规模过大的金融杠杆和消费者开支,与放松监管的政治气候‘融合’在一起,结果就是我们看到的市场失效和非理性行为。”
他认为,在消费者谨慎情绪弥漫的当前,美联储(FED)的短期政策利率保持在低位的时间会长于正常周期。他指出,股票、高收益垃圾债以及商业和住宅地产前景仍有风险。他因此建议投资者应该关注那些能提供固定收益的债券和高派息证券产品。而股票、高收益的“垃圾债券”、商业地产和居民住宅仍然有很高的风险。
格罗斯今年6月初曾公开表示,美元持有者应尽快卖出美元,以免在各国央行和主权基金极端地抛售美元、美元大幅贬值之后追悔莫及。他说,高储蓄率和国家债务成本提升将是美国经济的负累,这多半意味着万亿美元的赤字规模将难以撼动。美国政府承诺将动用12.8万亿美元启动信贷市场,美联储则计划购买至多1.75万亿美元的美国国债。格罗斯认为“这等同于制造通胀”。
恐慌暂时压倒投资者贪性
格罗斯说,2007年金融危机爆发以来,美国消费者的财富蒸发了15万亿美元,失业率现在已接近10%,这会影响到消费模式,未来美国人必将提高储蓄并减少消费。基于这种假设,格罗斯认为未来美国经济增长率将在2%左右,低于此前数年3.5%的水平。
格罗斯特别提及了人类的贪性与经济增长的互动关系,他说:“对经济来说,贪婪不仅是件好事,而且是不可或缺的。”他推崇经济学家凯恩斯的“动物精神”理论。凯恩斯通过观察大萧条,认为个人经济行为更多是出于“非理性的动物精神”,而非经济理论学家所钟爱的长期理性计算。 凯恩斯认为,出于“动物精神”,人们总有自发冲动想要有所作为,并且具有“自发的乐观主义精神”。
格罗斯在报告中指出,他认为这种精神对经济增长来说不可或缺。他说:“贪性终将卷土重来,但就目前而言,恐慌心态暂时成为一种主导情绪,而且有可能至少会持续一代人。”他表示,当潜在消费者感觉到财富减少了如此之多,人们用来预测未来的模式就只有一个,即提高储蓄和降低消费的常识性模式。
分析人士指出,美国股市和债市最近一段时间的反弹主要是得益于对经济复苏的乐观预期,但这一复苏趋势的前景尚不确定,一旦停止,投资者可能遭受更大的损失。
美国劳工部7月3日公布的数据显示,6月非农业就业人口大减46.7万人,远多于预期的36.3万人,失业率则升至9.5%,为1983年8月来的最高水平,给近期对经济衰退可能正在缓和的希望当头一棒。
“永远不要跟随潮流”
有人在批评我的《我只在 “ 大象 ” 出现时才射击》一文中说,巴菲特其实并不是在股票价值低估或恐慌时买进的,费雪、林奇等更不会是这样,而格兰厄姆相比这些人来说采用此方法,业绩是最差的。他还说,1987年10月美国股市发生世纪性大跌,但可口可乐公司该年反而上涨19%,巴菲特更是在1988年反弹后的 “ 高位 ” 追进可口可乐。言外之意,巴菲特似乎更喜欢紧跟市场在股票上涨时买进。果真是这样的吗?
表面上看,巴菲特在买进可口可乐股份时,它的市场价格相当于税后净收入的15倍、现金流的12倍,确实分别比市场平均水平高30%和50%。但是,根据罗伯特·海格卓姆《沃伦·巴菲特之路》一书中有关资料显示,1988年可口可乐的股东盈余是8.28亿美元,假设可口可乐在未来10年内以每年15%的速度增长,那么第10个年度的股东盈余将会是33.49亿美元,假设从第11年开始每年只以5%的速度增长,使用9%的贴现率,那么可口可乐的实质价值在1988年为483.77亿美元。在1988年和1989年巴菲特购买可口可乐期间,可口可乐在股票市场上的价值平均仅为151亿美元。但是巴菲特估计,可口可乐公司的实质价值至少应该是207亿美元(假设股东盈余以5%的比例增长),有可能是324亿美元(假设股东盈余以10%的比例增长),或是381亿美元(假设股东盈余以12%的比例增长),甚至483亿美元。因此巴菲特获得的收益安全差额,也就是内在价值的折扣,少说有27%,多则有70%。这样看来,巴菲特的这次买卖确实是一笔很划算的生意。
1989年,巴菲特公开宣布他已持有可口可乐的股份,亚特兰大《机构》杂志的一名记者采访了巴菲特,提问了一个巴菲特被经常问及的问题:为什么没有更早买入可口可乐的股份?巴菲特回答:“假如你要离开10年,而此时你想做一笔投资,你了解你现在所知道的一切,但当你不在的时候不能改变这一切,你会怎么想?”这里的意思是,这家公司的业务要简单易懂,并且其政策要始终如一。长期业绩的展望要令人满意。“假如我知道一些事情确定会发生 —— 例如,市场会不断地扩大,公司领导不会更换,公司将有可喜的成长。但我唯独不了解像可口可乐这类商品和可口可乐公司的业务。"巴菲特解释说,“我必须确信当我回来时,这家公司会比现在做得更多更好。”但是,为什么现在又买进可口可乐的股票呢?因为可口可乐公司的“特性已经存在了几十年了”。更重要的是,巴菲特看上了可口可乐公司1980年代由罗伯特·格伊祖塔和唐纳德·考夫领导下所发生的巨大变化。也就是说,因为可口可乐公司令人满意的长期发展前景加上有吸引力的价格,才最终促使巴菲特买入其股份。可见,根本不是某些人所说的巴菲特是在1988年反弹后的“高位"追进可口可乐这么一回事。
至于菲利普·费雪,虽然他非常强调公司成长性的重要,但是费雪又说, “ 如果公司有一项大幅提升获利能力的计划,而这种提升尚未反映在股价变化上时,投资者就可以大胆介入。也就是说,无论具体情况如何变化,只要公司的盈利能力将会有很大的的改善或加强,而股票的价格又还没有被这种预期推高。那么就是投资的良好买入点。 ” 彼得·林奇认为,市场投资的良机出现于一家公司的真正价值发生改变,而不是最近股市行情的变化,作为基金经理,当他看到股票价格明显低于实际价值时,他就买入,希望从中赚取三分之一左右的收益。而格雷厄姆在他的公司20年的经营期内,它的年收益率比市场高出2.5%。熟悉基金史的人应该知道,这是一个非常惊人的数字,我不知道他 “ 业绩最差 ” 从何说起。
某些人愿意在牛市中不计价格地购买股票,而在熊市中不计后果地抛售股票,那是他自己的事。但是我只牢记约翰·邓普顿说过的: “ 正确的买入时间是悲观情绪最严重的时刻,那样的话,大部分的问题都可能被解决。 ” 当然,逆潮流而行是一件极度困难的事,尤其在最黑暗的时刻。但是如果我随潮流的话,我也会得到别人同样的结果。因此,伯纳德·巴鲁克将这条原则归纳总结如下: “ 永远不要跟随潮流。 ”
表面上看,巴菲特在买进可口可乐股份时,它的市场价格相当于税后净收入的15倍、现金流的12倍,确实分别比市场平均水平高30%和50%。但是,根据罗伯特·海格卓姆《沃伦·巴菲特之路》一书中有关资料显示,1988年可口可乐的股东盈余是8.28亿美元,假设可口可乐在未来10年内以每年15%的速度增长,那么第10个年度的股东盈余将会是33.49亿美元,假设从第11年开始每年只以5%的速度增长,使用9%的贴现率,那么可口可乐的实质价值在1988年为483.77亿美元。在1988年和1989年巴菲特购买可口可乐期间,可口可乐在股票市场上的价值平均仅为151亿美元。但是巴菲特估计,可口可乐公司的实质价值至少应该是207亿美元(假设股东盈余以5%的比例增长),有可能是324亿美元(假设股东盈余以10%的比例增长),或是381亿美元(假设股东盈余以12%的比例增长),甚至483亿美元。因此巴菲特获得的收益安全差额,也就是内在价值的折扣,少说有27%,多则有70%。这样看来,巴菲特的这次买卖确实是一笔很划算的生意。
1989年,巴菲特公开宣布他已持有可口可乐的股份,亚特兰大《机构》杂志的一名记者采访了巴菲特,提问了一个巴菲特被经常问及的问题:为什么没有更早买入可口可乐的股份?巴菲特回答:“假如你要离开10年,而此时你想做一笔投资,你了解你现在所知道的一切,但当你不在的时候不能改变这一切,你会怎么想?”这里的意思是,这家公司的业务要简单易懂,并且其政策要始终如一。长期业绩的展望要令人满意。“假如我知道一些事情确定会发生 —— 例如,市场会不断地扩大,公司领导不会更换,公司将有可喜的成长。但我唯独不了解像可口可乐这类商品和可口可乐公司的业务。"巴菲特解释说,“我必须确信当我回来时,这家公司会比现在做得更多更好。”但是,为什么现在又买进可口可乐的股票呢?因为可口可乐公司的“特性已经存在了几十年了”。更重要的是,巴菲特看上了可口可乐公司1980年代由罗伯特·格伊祖塔和唐纳德·考夫领导下所发生的巨大变化。也就是说,因为可口可乐公司令人满意的长期发展前景加上有吸引力的价格,才最终促使巴菲特买入其股份。可见,根本不是某些人所说的巴菲特是在1988年反弹后的“高位"追进可口可乐这么一回事。
至于菲利普·费雪,虽然他非常强调公司成长性的重要,但是费雪又说, “ 如果公司有一项大幅提升获利能力的计划,而这种提升尚未反映在股价变化上时,投资者就可以大胆介入。也就是说,无论具体情况如何变化,只要公司的盈利能力将会有很大的的改善或加强,而股票的价格又还没有被这种预期推高。那么就是投资的良好买入点。 ” 彼得·林奇认为,市场投资的良机出现于一家公司的真正价值发生改变,而不是最近股市行情的变化,作为基金经理,当他看到股票价格明显低于实际价值时,他就买入,希望从中赚取三分之一左右的收益。而格雷厄姆在他的公司20年的经营期内,它的年收益率比市场高出2.5%。熟悉基金史的人应该知道,这是一个非常惊人的数字,我不知道他 “ 业绩最差 ” 从何说起。
某些人愿意在牛市中不计价格地购买股票,而在熊市中不计后果地抛售股票,那是他自己的事。但是我只牢记约翰·邓普顿说过的: “ 正确的买入时间是悲观情绪最严重的时刻,那样的话,大部分的问题都可能被解决。 ” 当然,逆潮流而行是一件极度困难的事,尤其在最黑暗的时刻。但是如果我随潮流的话,我也会得到别人同样的结果。因此,伯纳德·巴鲁克将这条原则归纳总结如下: “ 永远不要跟随潮流。 ”
目前只是牛市的初期
中国经济在未来将引领全球经济的发展,中国将是未来几年成长最快的地区。
这是一轮长周期的上升期,也就是一轮长周期的牛市,目前只是牛市的初期。不是什么反弹。
牛市也会亏钱,再好的东西也要有好价格。价值投资不是只买不卖。
股市的1/9定律(10%的人赚钱)、2/8定律(专业投资者也只有20%的人赚钱)依旧有效。
优秀的企业相对于资金来说是:严重供不应求。
未来是不可预测的,认真的挑选具备抗风险能力的企业,才是回避风险的最佳办法。我们不可预知八级以上的地震何时发生,我们可以做到把建筑抗震级别做到十级以上。
恐惧的源泉来源于自身对企业的认知有缺陷。
人往往会高估自己一两年的成绩,却会低估自己未来十年的成就。大智若愚。
人分为三类:先知先觉、后知后觉、不知不觉。中间层的人数最多,力量最强大。
自下上的投资回报一定是超越市场的。长期定投股票的回报一定超越定投基金。
准备好现金,只要有好的机会就要参与。优秀企业的股权能够超越通货膨胀。
这是一轮长周期的上升期,也就是一轮长周期的牛市,目前只是牛市的初期。不是什么反弹。
牛市也会亏钱,再好的东西也要有好价格。价值投资不是只买不卖。
股市的1/9定律(10%的人赚钱)、2/8定律(专业投资者也只有20%的人赚钱)依旧有效。
优秀的企业相对于资金来说是:严重供不应求。
未来是不可预测的,认真的挑选具备抗风险能力的企业,才是回避风险的最佳办法。我们不可预知八级以上的地震何时发生,我们可以做到把建筑抗震级别做到十级以上。
恐惧的源泉来源于自身对企业的认知有缺陷。
人往往会高估自己一两年的成绩,却会低估自己未来十年的成就。大智若愚。
人分为三类:先知先觉、后知后觉、不知不觉。中间层的人数最多,力量最强大。
自下上的投资回报一定是超越市场的。长期定投股票的回报一定超越定投基金。
准备好现金,只要有好的机会就要参与。优秀企业的股权能够超越通货膨胀。
Saturday, July 4, 2009
滙豐股價會繼續落後
人稱末日博士的股壇名人麥嘉華,在他的專欄中建議投資者買股票與商品,末日博士長期看淡美國經濟,看淡美國股市,為甚麼現在會改變形象?
據他自己說,他仍然看淡美國經濟,也因為看淡美國經濟,他相信美國政府還會繼續狂印鈔票來刺激經濟,鈔票多了,還值錢嗎?鈔票不值錢,自然得買股票商品來保值。
麥嘉華這番話,正是我於去年金融海嘯最嚴重的時候,用來勉勵某些人,他們在股市上虧很多錢,眼看自己手上的股票一日日貶值。當時我已經在專欄上重複強調,自從這個世界出了一名稱為凱恩斯的經濟學家之後,這個世界就沒有解決不了的經濟衰退問題。所謂經濟衰退,就是人人手上沒錢,沒錢消費,因此,政府只要狂印鈔票,分給這些沒錢的人,問題就解決了。當然,如何分是另一門學問,今年 3月 19日,美國聯邦儲備局終於宣佈大量印鈔票,股市就急速地復蘇。
印鈔票來解決經濟衰退問題不是每一個國家都可以做的,只有貨幣呈強勢的國家才可以這麼做。今年 3月,美元正處於強勢,於是可以開動印鈔機印鈔票;人民幣也處於強勢,也同樣可以印;香港金管局也印了不少,不斷地向銀行體系注資,還發行數以百億元計的短期票據,吸收市場上過量的資金。
鈔票多了,一定有通脹,這是經濟學教科書的基本定律,但是,至今為止,通脹仍未出現,原因是至今為止,美國的銀行依然很謹慎的放貸。
不要忘記,除了政府外,另一個可以印鈔票、創造貨幣的機構就是銀行,銀行通過經濟學稱為「乘數原理」的方法創造貨幣。
金融海嘯對美國的銀行打擊太大,至今仍無法復元,仍然沒錢可借,也擔心借出去收不回來。
這就是為甚麼近幾個月我一直不看好滙控的原因,今日的滙控,主要業務已不是在香港,而是在歐美,歐美的滙控就與其他歐美的銀行一樣,仍然處於內傷很重的時期,要很長的時間復元。
據他自己說,他仍然看淡美國經濟,也因為看淡美國經濟,他相信美國政府還會繼續狂印鈔票來刺激經濟,鈔票多了,還值錢嗎?鈔票不值錢,自然得買股票商品來保值。
麥嘉華這番話,正是我於去年金融海嘯最嚴重的時候,用來勉勵某些人,他們在股市上虧很多錢,眼看自己手上的股票一日日貶值。當時我已經在專欄上重複強調,自從這個世界出了一名稱為凱恩斯的經濟學家之後,這個世界就沒有解決不了的經濟衰退問題。所謂經濟衰退,就是人人手上沒錢,沒錢消費,因此,政府只要狂印鈔票,分給這些沒錢的人,問題就解決了。當然,如何分是另一門學問,今年 3月 19日,美國聯邦儲備局終於宣佈大量印鈔票,股市就急速地復蘇。
印鈔票來解決經濟衰退問題不是每一個國家都可以做的,只有貨幣呈強勢的國家才可以這麼做。今年 3月,美元正處於強勢,於是可以開動印鈔機印鈔票;人民幣也處於強勢,也同樣可以印;香港金管局也印了不少,不斷地向銀行體系注資,還發行數以百億元計的短期票據,吸收市場上過量的資金。
鈔票多了,一定有通脹,這是經濟學教科書的基本定律,但是,至今為止,通脹仍未出現,原因是至今為止,美國的銀行依然很謹慎的放貸。
不要忘記,除了政府外,另一個可以印鈔票、創造貨幣的機構就是銀行,銀行通過經濟學稱為「乘數原理」的方法創造貨幣。
金融海嘯對美國的銀行打擊太大,至今仍無法復元,仍然沒錢可借,也擔心借出去收不回來。
這就是為甚麼近幾個月我一直不看好滙控的原因,今日的滙控,主要業務已不是在香港,而是在歐美,歐美的滙控就與其他歐美的銀行一樣,仍然處於內傷很重的時期,要很長的時間復元。
Some pain before the gain
STI could possibly slide to 2080 level over the next 2-3 months? The STI has surged 58% from the early Mar 09 low point. Economic indicators, though off the worst, have not taken off in similar fashion. We believe the current market has priced in a sharp economic recovery, and the risk of being disappointed is high. Hence, we believe there could be downside pressure on STI in the short term. We believe the STI could correct to 2080, or 1.3x P/B, which is one standard deviation below the 12-year mean of 1.6x P/B.
But upside to 2750 likely over the next 12-months. The STI P/B peak in 2000 coincided with the peak of M3 to GDP ratio. This occurred after the 1997/1998 Asian Financial Crisis. The liquidity generated led to the strength in the STI then. The M3 to GDP ratio has risen sharply over the past 2 years, and we expect the ratio to rise further with M3 rising faster than GDP. We see this contributing to further upside on the STI over the 12-month time horizon. Our target of 2750 is based on 1.6x P/B, the mean over the past 12 years.
To ride on the short-term weakness, we recommend selling SIA, SGX and Parkway.
SIA (SELL\S$12.34\Target: S$8.80) suffered weak May 09 operating statistics, and we expect H1N1 concerns to lead to further softness in passenger load.
SGX's (SELL\S$7.17\Target: S$6.20) Jun 09 average daily turnover is down~20% from the May 09 peak of S$2.27b. Chinese companies can now also list on alternative exchanges such as Bursa Malaysia, and this could lower SGX long term growth.
Parkway (SELL\S$1.63\Target: S$0.92) is dependent on foreign patients and this segment has been adversely affected by the fall in foreign visitors to Singapore due to the H1N1 concerns.
Certain stocks will outperform despite the likely STI short-term softness.
City Development (BUY\S$8.80\Target: S$12.00) will benefit from the recent strength in new property units sold. We forecast 10,000 residential units to be sold in Singapore in 2009, versus 4,300 for 2008.
ComfortDelgro (BUY\S$1.28\Target: S$1.78) should register resilient bus and rail ridership numbers despite the recession. Softer diesel and electricity prices will keep expenses low.
Keppel Corp (BUY\S$6.75\Target: S$8.60) will see strong demand from its customers as the breakeven cost of drilling a deepwater well is now US$60/bbl, versus US$75/bbl two years ago.
StarHub (BUY\S$2.06\Target: S$2.39) should see resilience given its strong yields of over 8%, the highest in the industry.
But upside to 2750 likely over the next 12-months. The STI P/B peak in 2000 coincided with the peak of M3 to GDP ratio. This occurred after the 1997/1998 Asian Financial Crisis. The liquidity generated led to the strength in the STI then. The M3 to GDP ratio has risen sharply over the past 2 years, and we expect the ratio to rise further with M3 rising faster than GDP. We see this contributing to further upside on the STI over the 12-month time horizon. Our target of 2750 is based on 1.6x P/B, the mean over the past 12 years.
To ride on the short-term weakness, we recommend selling SIA, SGX and Parkway.
SIA (SELL\S$12.34\Target: S$8.80) suffered weak May 09 operating statistics, and we expect H1N1 concerns to lead to further softness in passenger load.
SGX's (SELL\S$7.17\Target: S$6.20) Jun 09 average daily turnover is down~20% from the May 09 peak of S$2.27b. Chinese companies can now also list on alternative exchanges such as Bursa Malaysia, and this could lower SGX long term growth.
Parkway (SELL\S$1.63\Target: S$0.92) is dependent on foreign patients and this segment has been adversely affected by the fall in foreign visitors to Singapore due to the H1N1 concerns.
Certain stocks will outperform despite the likely STI short-term softness.
City Development (BUY\S$8.80\Target: S$12.00) will benefit from the recent strength in new property units sold. We forecast 10,000 residential units to be sold in Singapore in 2009, versus 4,300 for 2008.
ComfortDelgro (BUY\S$1.28\Target: S$1.78) should register resilient bus and rail ridership numbers despite the recession. Softer diesel and electricity prices will keep expenses low.
Keppel Corp (BUY\S$6.75\Target: S$8.60) will see strong demand from its customers as the breakeven cost of drilling a deepwater well is now US$60/bbl, versus US$75/bbl two years ago.
StarHub (BUY\S$2.06\Target: S$2.39) should see resilience given its strong yields of over 8%, the highest in the industry.
失业率高企 无需担心通货膨胀
那些担心美国联邦储备委员会(Federal Reserve)宽松的货币政策将引发通货膨胀的投资者,应该留意一个大体维持了几十年的经济趋势。
自第二次世界大战以来,只有在就业市场处于供应紧张状态时,通货膨胀率才会持续上扬,当然,上世纪70年代因油价短时间内暴涨而导致的通货膨胀不包括在内。当就业机会大量存在时,员工可以要求获得更高的工资和福利,而这会迫使雇主提高公司所售产品和服务的价格,以弥补增加的用工成本。
但在目前的经济状况下并不存在这一问题。周四发布的6月份非农就业人数报告预计将显示,劳动力供应一点也不紧张。
美国的失业率目前正处于25年来的最高水平。接受道琼斯通讯社(Dow Jones Newswires)调查的经济学家们预计,6月份的失业率将从5月份的9.4%升至9.6%。
从以往经验看,在失业率降至5%以下之前,通货膨胀不会成为大问题。美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)称,自2001年以来,非加速通货膨胀失业率(NAIRU)一直维持在4.8%的水平。也就是说,在经济学家们看来,只要失业率不低于4.8%,就不会出现通货膨胀。
今年第一季度,非加速通货膨胀失业率和实际失业率之间的差距平均为3.3%,为1983年以来的最大值,当时的失业率大体维持在10%左右。这一巨大差距显示,只有就业市场获得进一步改善人们才需要担心通货膨胀。
1983年,当时美国刚结束了一段通货膨胀率达两位数的时期。随着失业率的上升,通货膨胀率出现了下降。
目前不包括食品和能源的通货膨胀率已处于2%左右的相对低水平。再考虑到就业市场疲软这一因素,可以认为通货膨胀近期内不会成为一个需要担心的问题。
对投资者和决策者来说,时机的把握至关重要。如果美联储过早地采取抑制通货膨胀的措施,有可能会扼杀经济复苏。只要失业率仍在上升,与通货膨胀作斗争就远提不上议事日程。
穆迪经济网(Moody's Economy.com)的首席经济学家赞迪(Mark Zandi)说,他认为通货膨胀率加速上扬的可能性很小,这一定程度上要归因于美国的就业前景。赞迪称,在2011、甚至2012年以前,美国的通货膨胀风险都不会加大。
自第二次世界大战以来,只有在就业市场处于供应紧张状态时,通货膨胀率才会持续上扬,当然,上世纪70年代因油价短时间内暴涨而导致的通货膨胀不包括在内。当就业机会大量存在时,员工可以要求获得更高的工资和福利,而这会迫使雇主提高公司所售产品和服务的价格,以弥补增加的用工成本。
但在目前的经济状况下并不存在这一问题。周四发布的6月份非农就业人数报告预计将显示,劳动力供应一点也不紧张。
美国的失业率目前正处于25年来的最高水平。接受道琼斯通讯社(Dow Jones Newswires)调查的经济学家们预计,6月份的失业率将从5月份的9.4%升至9.6%。
从以往经验看,在失业率降至5%以下之前,通货膨胀不会成为大问题。美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)称,自2001年以来,非加速通货膨胀失业率(NAIRU)一直维持在4.8%的水平。也就是说,在经济学家们看来,只要失业率不低于4.8%,就不会出现通货膨胀。
今年第一季度,非加速通货膨胀失业率和实际失业率之间的差距平均为3.3%,为1983年以来的最大值,当时的失业率大体维持在10%左右。这一巨大差距显示,只有就业市场获得进一步改善人们才需要担心通货膨胀。
1983年,当时美国刚结束了一段通货膨胀率达两位数的时期。随着失业率的上升,通货膨胀率出现了下降。
目前不包括食品和能源的通货膨胀率已处于2%左右的相对低水平。再考虑到就业市场疲软这一因素,可以认为通货膨胀近期内不会成为一个需要担心的问题。
对投资者和决策者来说,时机的把握至关重要。如果美联储过早地采取抑制通货膨胀的措施,有可能会扼杀经济复苏。只要失业率仍在上升,与通货膨胀作斗争就远提不上议事日程。
穆迪经济网(Moody's Economy.com)的首席经济学家赞迪(Mark Zandi)说,他认为通货膨胀率加速上扬的可能性很小,这一定程度上要归因于美国的就业前景。赞迪称,在2011、甚至2012年以前,美国的通货膨胀风险都不会加大。
谢国忠:滞胀将最终接管一切
人们总是认为股票市场预示着未来,如果这样的话,过去一段时间的股市上扬就在预言一场未来的经济繁荣—不用屏息以待,它不会来的。相反,世界经济正在陷入滞胀,罪魁祸首正是用以应对金融危机的激进政策。政策制定者们抛弃了正确的应对之道:重组,他们希望用大量的流动性来冲走泡沫破灭的恶果,但这种行为的后果并不是带来下一场繁荣,而是通货膨胀。
2009年第一季度,美国经济总量萎缩了1.6%,欧元区则萎缩了2.5%,日本4%,那些工业制成品出口导向的发展中国家遭遇了更凄惨的情形。相较于2008年第二季度的高点,全球经济总量收缩了5%,全球贸易总额则收缩了20%。尽管收缩速度在减缓,但今年第二季度全球经济总量仍很可能继续下滑。
这是一场自1930年代以来就未曾有过的大崩溃。全球经济正如一列在悬崖上行驶的火车,虽然前方就是无尽的深渊,但是现在仍然有机会原地刹车以避免坠落下去。不幸的是,金融市场就如同车厢上的舞者,它引起的每一次振动都有可能将列车倾覆。
流动性是使市场再次疯狂的燃料:根据摩根士丹利的统计,在4-5月的10周内流入新兴市场基金的资金就达到210亿美元—这已经达到令人眩目的2007年总流入额的一半。当资产价格随着CPI膨胀之后快速上涨,央行们又必须减少流动性,这将击垮资产市场的泡沫盛宴。
在美联储的20年中,格林斯潘熟练地耍弄流动性魔术同时免于带来通胀,三个特别的因素为他带来了这一非凡好运。首先,IT革命使得供给端更加有效率,这使得在发达国家占支配地位的劳动密集型经济部门被重组,原有的劳动力被大大节约。这一因素导致白领职员的工资水平在整个格林斯潘时代走低。
第二,柏林墙的倒塌使得超过20亿发展中国家的劳动力走入全球贸易体系。它带来了制造业从高成本经济体向低成本的发展中国家的快速重新配置。由此带来的一个结果是,全球贸易增长速度两倍于全球经济增长速度,这稳定了发达国家的制造业工人工资和商品的价格。
第三,苏联的解体减缓了对于能源等天然资源的需求。尽管中国和印度的快速发展增加了它们对于上述资源的需求,但是苏联的解体减缓了天然资源价格上涨的压力。这种供需的动态平衡使得大宗商品市场对于财务投资者而言成为了无利可图的市场。这使得在全球经济进入了一个被拉长的繁荣期时,大宗商品价格仍然保持在低位。
如今已大不相同。IT行业已经完全进入了成熟期。事实上,随着它越来越成为日常消费工具——常常被用来在工作中消磨时间——它降低而非提高了生产力。在发展中国家,工资水平早已充分反映在工业制成品的价格中。同时,前苏联国家对于大宗商品的需求正在增加,中国和印度也是如此。
很多人争辩说通货膨胀不会发生在一个萧条的经济周期中,但是事实上通胀曾经是经济增长缓慢的1970年代所面临的重要问题之一。“滞胀”这个词语正是从那个年代而来。我担心全球正步入另一个滞胀时代。唯一能够抑制通胀的,是所谓衰弱的全球经济下的过剩产能。然而,许多过剩的产能,例如汽车行业,需要一劳永逸的被消除,因为未来的需求与过去完全不同。解决之道是对供应与需求两方都进行重组,但是全球的央行们错误地认为货币刺激政策才是解决之道。
正因为它们向全球经济体注入更多的货币,大宗商品价格可能会首先有所反应,尽管对石油的需求仍然在萎缩,但其价格自3月起的涨幅已经超过了股票市场,达到了60美元一桶。财务投资者们而不是如今需要使用石油的人控制着石油价格,因此,货币的增加正如我们所言的那样带来了通胀。
现在的盛宴注定了是短命的,明年,通胀预期将变得明显,那可能会导致利率上调。虽然央行们很可能不愿意上调利率,但公债利息的走高将最终迫使它们这么做,但是他们绝不可能足够快速地上调利率以切断通胀产生的动力。滞胀将最终接管一切。
另一些人觉得通胀对于股票和房地产市场而言是一件好事,因为它能够增加账面销量和利润。历史却得出了相反的结论,1970年代,美国股票市场的总市值约为其账面价值的1.3倍,低于如今的1.7倍。
2009年第一季度,美国经济总量萎缩了1.6%,欧元区则萎缩了2.5%,日本4%,那些工业制成品出口导向的发展中国家遭遇了更凄惨的情形。相较于2008年第二季度的高点,全球经济总量收缩了5%,全球贸易总额则收缩了20%。尽管收缩速度在减缓,但今年第二季度全球经济总量仍很可能继续下滑。
这是一场自1930年代以来就未曾有过的大崩溃。全球经济正如一列在悬崖上行驶的火车,虽然前方就是无尽的深渊,但是现在仍然有机会原地刹车以避免坠落下去。不幸的是,金融市场就如同车厢上的舞者,它引起的每一次振动都有可能将列车倾覆。
流动性是使市场再次疯狂的燃料:根据摩根士丹利的统计,在4-5月的10周内流入新兴市场基金的资金就达到210亿美元—这已经达到令人眩目的2007年总流入额的一半。当资产价格随着CPI膨胀之后快速上涨,央行们又必须减少流动性,这将击垮资产市场的泡沫盛宴。
在美联储的20年中,格林斯潘熟练地耍弄流动性魔术同时免于带来通胀,三个特别的因素为他带来了这一非凡好运。首先,IT革命使得供给端更加有效率,这使得在发达国家占支配地位的劳动密集型经济部门被重组,原有的劳动力被大大节约。这一因素导致白领职员的工资水平在整个格林斯潘时代走低。
第二,柏林墙的倒塌使得超过20亿发展中国家的劳动力走入全球贸易体系。它带来了制造业从高成本经济体向低成本的发展中国家的快速重新配置。由此带来的一个结果是,全球贸易增长速度两倍于全球经济增长速度,这稳定了发达国家的制造业工人工资和商品的价格。
第三,苏联的解体减缓了对于能源等天然资源的需求。尽管中国和印度的快速发展增加了它们对于上述资源的需求,但是苏联的解体减缓了天然资源价格上涨的压力。这种供需的动态平衡使得大宗商品市场对于财务投资者而言成为了无利可图的市场。这使得在全球经济进入了一个被拉长的繁荣期时,大宗商品价格仍然保持在低位。
如今已大不相同。IT行业已经完全进入了成熟期。事实上,随着它越来越成为日常消费工具——常常被用来在工作中消磨时间——它降低而非提高了生产力。在发展中国家,工资水平早已充分反映在工业制成品的价格中。同时,前苏联国家对于大宗商品的需求正在增加,中国和印度也是如此。
很多人争辩说通货膨胀不会发生在一个萧条的经济周期中,但是事实上通胀曾经是经济增长缓慢的1970年代所面临的重要问题之一。“滞胀”这个词语正是从那个年代而来。我担心全球正步入另一个滞胀时代。唯一能够抑制通胀的,是所谓衰弱的全球经济下的过剩产能。然而,许多过剩的产能,例如汽车行业,需要一劳永逸的被消除,因为未来的需求与过去完全不同。解决之道是对供应与需求两方都进行重组,但是全球的央行们错误地认为货币刺激政策才是解决之道。
正因为它们向全球经济体注入更多的货币,大宗商品价格可能会首先有所反应,尽管对石油的需求仍然在萎缩,但其价格自3月起的涨幅已经超过了股票市场,达到了60美元一桶。财务投资者们而不是如今需要使用石油的人控制着石油价格,因此,货币的增加正如我们所言的那样带来了通胀。
现在的盛宴注定了是短命的,明年,通胀预期将变得明显,那可能会导致利率上调。虽然央行们很可能不愿意上调利率,但公债利息的走高将最终迫使它们这么做,但是他们绝不可能足够快速地上调利率以切断通胀产生的动力。滞胀将最终接管一切。
另一些人觉得通胀对于股票和房地产市场而言是一件好事,因为它能够增加账面销量和利润。历史却得出了相反的结论,1970年代,美国股票市场的总市值约为其账面价值的1.3倍,低于如今的1.7倍。
谢国忠:全球经济进入沉闷时代
随着流动性的大幅收紧,全球可能出现持久熊市。一些依靠吸引国外资本流入支撑其消费的国家,将步入货币走软、通胀加剧、利率上涨、信贷消费缩水的恶性循环;而一些新兴国家也将由经常账户盈余重归赤字境地
1998年以来,各国央行通过向全球金融体系注入更多资金,一次次缓解了通缩给全球经济带来的压力。强大的流动性使金融资产涨价,从而维系了全球经济的强劲增长。这段美妙插曲即将结束。
5月中期以来的卖空,是对2005年11月至2006年4月期间过热行情的调整。这期间,尽管全球流动性放缓,但由于流动性在全球范围内的重新分配,新兴市场和商品市场仍然出现了繁荣景象。
随着通缩冲击因素的消失,金融系统的过剩流动性将转化为通货膨胀;在未来两年,通货膨胀可能会继续成为各国央行所担心的问题。各国央行反通胀的举措,会使流动性大幅降低,这种情况下,所有资产都将重新定价。全球经济可能会经历一段资产全面贬值的时期。
全球经济要在2007年避免大衰退,一个必需的条件是,美国和中国土地价格要实现软着陆。如果能说服投资者接受比他们当前所期望的水平更低的资本回报,那么软着陆就是可能的。但总体而言,硬着陆的风险非常大。
这不仅是一场价格调整
过去两周时间里,我走访了一些亚洲的股票投资者。投资者的情绪普遍低落。突如其来的卖空令人沮丧。大多数人难以接受这个现实。
大多数投资者相信,这次卖空只不过是一场价格调整。然而,现在已经没有多少人想再买进,他们担心再次赔进去。事实上,很多投资者正试图通过期货市场来对冲风险,想等流动性重新回升的时候再卖掉手中的高贝塔系数股票。
我对投资者们说出了我的看法:
(1)本轮卖空是由于流动性周期跌落,
(2)目前为止的卖空还只是对2005年11月以来过热行情的调整,
(3)由于通胀压力,全球流动性将下降,从而引发熊市。
我的关于熊市就在眼前的观点,并没有得到太多回应。大多数投资者只是想和我讨论,其他投资者在做些什么。显然,很多投资者已经进入求生状态,他们对市场的一些技术细节非常感兴趣,寄希望于依赖这些技术细节来帮助自己做出决定。
看来还是恐惧战胜了贪婪。未来很可能出现更多的利润回吐。除非通胀压力有非常大的改观,否则目前这种状态难以扭转。我怀疑在未来12个月里,通胀因素并不会有大的改观。这就是为什么我认为,任何的市场反弹都不会持久。
过热行情的调整
新兴市场和商品市场行情从2005年11月开始一路飙升,直到2006年4月。此间全球流动性趋缓。G3自由流动性(美国、欧元区以及日本的短期货币增长率减去名义GDP增长率)2004~2005期间年增长率为1.1%,相比之下,2002~2003期间的年增长率为8.1%。
新兴市场和商品市场的繁荣,是由于流动性在全球范围的重新分配,或者说,是由于这些市场的风险容纳上升了。债券市场出现熊市已经两年。美国大型股票在过去一年半时间里陷入低迷。大的资产市场的表现,基本上反映了流动性趋缓的大环境。
2005年11月至2006年4月间新兴市场和商品市场的繁荣,并非水涨船高的结果,而是在全球流动性趋缓情形下的逆水行舟。在流动性趋缓的环境之下,风险容纳的上升是不可能长久维系。一不小心就引发风险容纳的倒转。
流动性可能下降
全球经济自1998年以来经历了一场“通缩繁荣”。此间出现了一系列通缩震荡。中国国企改革以及日本银行改革等新兴市场危机,引发了通缩恐慌。世界各国的中央银行纷纷打开货币政策的阀门。金融投机成为货币需求的主要源头,金融投机带来的资产价格上升,促使全球经济快速增长。
我认为1999~2000年的技术泡沫,以及2000年以来的全球房地产/新兴市场/商品市场泡沫,都属于同一个流动性周期。只要通货膨胀还不成问题,投机需求依然旺盛,全球经济就会不停从一个泡沫开往另一个泡沫。
然而,通货膨胀现在已经成了一个大问题。全球自由流动性比十年前高出约60%。只要这个世界继续接受通缩震荡的调整,那么这些多出来的流动资金就不会成为通货膨胀因素。
然而,中国的工资在上涨,日本的土地价格在上涨,陷入危机的那些新兴经济体如今拥有了巨大的外汇储备。事实上,一度曾将通缩震荡输送给全球经济的那些经济体,如今已经开始输出通胀。
全球金融系统中多余的这60%资金,在新的环境下已经成为通胀因素。至于它具体是通过油价、中国工资还是通过美国方面的途径来实现,并不重要。只要这些资金不被央行收回,就会引发通货膨胀。
即使美国经济大幅放缓,这种通胀压力也无法消除。这仍然是一个货币现象。技术传输渠道并不重要。即使美国经济放缓,我相信有两点仍然会保持不变。
首先,油价可能保持高位。我认为商品泡沫正在走向破灭,但石油除外。石油出口国在过去两年里赚了很多钱,如今它们出售石油的热切渴望已经大大降低。大多数石油出口国正在享受它们新近确立的全球地位。它们不会介意削减生产以维持高油价。
其次,中国正在提高其生产成本,其出口价格也会相应提高。一些国家希望通过施压人民币升值,以提高中国的出口价格。事实上,中国方面正在通过减少或取消出口补贴来提高出口价格,而不是通过人民币升值来实现。这种方式有利于促进国内消费。
这两股力量,将使通胀因素持续上扬,即使全球经济在2007年走向衰退。这就是为什么即使全球经济在2007年陷入衰退,各国央行也不能降低利率。而事实上我在最近两周里见到的所有投资者,都和我的这个看法相左。
今年熊市就在眼前
考虑到当今全球自由流动性比十年前高出60%,流动性减少的幅度可能会非常大。即使过去十年所累积的多余流动性中,有一半会由于全球化带来的持久性反通胀效应而保持不变,其余部分的流动性减少仍然会使所有资产的价格平均跌落约20%。
在我看来,当资产价格下降,全球经济就可能进入一个非常沉闷的阶段。对股票市场尤其重要,公司收入在全球经济中的比重可能会下降。有两个因素一度夸大了公司收入。首先是商品涨价,通过对消费者征收通货膨胀税,增加了公司收入。一旦商品泡沫破灭,这种收入就不再归公司所有。
其次,金融投机夸大了金融部门的收入。举例来说,房地产牛市一度使金融机构收入急剧增加。全球资产的涨价,抬高了金融部门的收入。
再者,高端消费品市场可能受到财富负效应严重影响。过去的财富正效应,一度夸大了高端商品和服务的消费需求。高端消费领域的通货膨胀远比其他领域要高,这部分通胀一度推动了公司收入的增长。
这就是为什么我认为,不能根据当前的收入,来为当前的市场作估值判断。资产涨价驱动的全球经济,大幅夸大了公司收入。一个更有意义的指数,是股市资本总额与GDP的比值。这个比值在过去十年里急剧上升。这个增量中的大部分,可能会在熊市中被消解掉。
有些经济体将很快进入危机
有几个经济体,一直以来通过吸引国外资本流入来支撑其本国消费。这部分资本流入,使其保持货币强劲、低通胀、股市高涨、借贷消费繁荣。一旦国外资本不再流入,这些经济体的货币就开始走弱,通胀加剧、利率上涨、借贷消费萎缩。在我看来,这种恶性循环可能带来货币危机。
此外,有些新兴经济体在商品价格高涨的情况下,经历了经常账户盈余。而一旦商品泡沫破灭,这些经济体的经常账户就可能再次陷入赤字。我认为,这些经济体同样非常容易受到冲击。
1998年以来,各国央行通过向全球金融体系注入更多资金,一次次缓解了通缩给全球经济带来的压力。强大的流动性使金融资产涨价,从而维系了全球经济的强劲增长。这段美妙插曲即将结束。
5月中期以来的卖空,是对2005年11月至2006年4月期间过热行情的调整。这期间,尽管全球流动性放缓,但由于流动性在全球范围内的重新分配,新兴市场和商品市场仍然出现了繁荣景象。
随着通缩冲击因素的消失,金融系统的过剩流动性将转化为通货膨胀;在未来两年,通货膨胀可能会继续成为各国央行所担心的问题。各国央行反通胀的举措,会使流动性大幅降低,这种情况下,所有资产都将重新定价。全球经济可能会经历一段资产全面贬值的时期。
全球经济要在2007年避免大衰退,一个必需的条件是,美国和中国土地价格要实现软着陆。如果能说服投资者接受比他们当前所期望的水平更低的资本回报,那么软着陆就是可能的。但总体而言,硬着陆的风险非常大。
这不仅是一场价格调整
过去两周时间里,我走访了一些亚洲的股票投资者。投资者的情绪普遍低落。突如其来的卖空令人沮丧。大多数人难以接受这个现实。
大多数投资者相信,这次卖空只不过是一场价格调整。然而,现在已经没有多少人想再买进,他们担心再次赔进去。事实上,很多投资者正试图通过期货市场来对冲风险,想等流动性重新回升的时候再卖掉手中的高贝塔系数股票。
我对投资者们说出了我的看法:
(1)本轮卖空是由于流动性周期跌落,
(2)目前为止的卖空还只是对2005年11月以来过热行情的调整,
(3)由于通胀压力,全球流动性将下降,从而引发熊市。
我的关于熊市就在眼前的观点,并没有得到太多回应。大多数投资者只是想和我讨论,其他投资者在做些什么。显然,很多投资者已经进入求生状态,他们对市场的一些技术细节非常感兴趣,寄希望于依赖这些技术细节来帮助自己做出决定。
看来还是恐惧战胜了贪婪。未来很可能出现更多的利润回吐。除非通胀压力有非常大的改观,否则目前这种状态难以扭转。我怀疑在未来12个月里,通胀因素并不会有大的改观。这就是为什么我认为,任何的市场反弹都不会持久。
过热行情的调整
新兴市场和商品市场行情从2005年11月开始一路飙升,直到2006年4月。此间全球流动性趋缓。G3自由流动性(美国、欧元区以及日本的短期货币增长率减去名义GDP增长率)2004~2005期间年增长率为1.1%,相比之下,2002~2003期间的年增长率为8.1%。
新兴市场和商品市场的繁荣,是由于流动性在全球范围的重新分配,或者说,是由于这些市场的风险容纳上升了。债券市场出现熊市已经两年。美国大型股票在过去一年半时间里陷入低迷。大的资产市场的表现,基本上反映了流动性趋缓的大环境。
2005年11月至2006年4月间新兴市场和商品市场的繁荣,并非水涨船高的结果,而是在全球流动性趋缓情形下的逆水行舟。在流动性趋缓的环境之下,风险容纳的上升是不可能长久维系。一不小心就引发风险容纳的倒转。
流动性可能下降
全球经济自1998年以来经历了一场“通缩繁荣”。此间出现了一系列通缩震荡。中国国企改革以及日本银行改革等新兴市场危机,引发了通缩恐慌。世界各国的中央银行纷纷打开货币政策的阀门。金融投机成为货币需求的主要源头,金融投机带来的资产价格上升,促使全球经济快速增长。
我认为1999~2000年的技术泡沫,以及2000年以来的全球房地产/新兴市场/商品市场泡沫,都属于同一个流动性周期。只要通货膨胀还不成问题,投机需求依然旺盛,全球经济就会不停从一个泡沫开往另一个泡沫。
然而,通货膨胀现在已经成了一个大问题。全球自由流动性比十年前高出约60%。只要这个世界继续接受通缩震荡的调整,那么这些多出来的流动资金就不会成为通货膨胀因素。
然而,中国的工资在上涨,日本的土地价格在上涨,陷入危机的那些新兴经济体如今拥有了巨大的外汇储备。事实上,一度曾将通缩震荡输送给全球经济的那些经济体,如今已经开始输出通胀。
全球金融系统中多余的这60%资金,在新的环境下已经成为通胀因素。至于它具体是通过油价、中国工资还是通过美国方面的途径来实现,并不重要。只要这些资金不被央行收回,就会引发通货膨胀。
即使美国经济大幅放缓,这种通胀压力也无法消除。这仍然是一个货币现象。技术传输渠道并不重要。即使美国经济放缓,我相信有两点仍然会保持不变。
首先,油价可能保持高位。我认为商品泡沫正在走向破灭,但石油除外。石油出口国在过去两年里赚了很多钱,如今它们出售石油的热切渴望已经大大降低。大多数石油出口国正在享受它们新近确立的全球地位。它们不会介意削减生产以维持高油价。
其次,中国正在提高其生产成本,其出口价格也会相应提高。一些国家希望通过施压人民币升值,以提高中国的出口价格。事实上,中国方面正在通过减少或取消出口补贴来提高出口价格,而不是通过人民币升值来实现。这种方式有利于促进国内消费。
这两股力量,将使通胀因素持续上扬,即使全球经济在2007年走向衰退。这就是为什么即使全球经济在2007年陷入衰退,各国央行也不能降低利率。而事实上我在最近两周里见到的所有投资者,都和我的这个看法相左。
今年熊市就在眼前
考虑到当今全球自由流动性比十年前高出60%,流动性减少的幅度可能会非常大。即使过去十年所累积的多余流动性中,有一半会由于全球化带来的持久性反通胀效应而保持不变,其余部分的流动性减少仍然会使所有资产的价格平均跌落约20%。
在我看来,当资产价格下降,全球经济就可能进入一个非常沉闷的阶段。对股票市场尤其重要,公司收入在全球经济中的比重可能会下降。有两个因素一度夸大了公司收入。首先是商品涨价,通过对消费者征收通货膨胀税,增加了公司收入。一旦商品泡沫破灭,这种收入就不再归公司所有。
其次,金融投机夸大了金融部门的收入。举例来说,房地产牛市一度使金融机构收入急剧增加。全球资产的涨价,抬高了金融部门的收入。
再者,高端消费品市场可能受到财富负效应严重影响。过去的财富正效应,一度夸大了高端商品和服务的消费需求。高端消费领域的通货膨胀远比其他领域要高,这部分通胀一度推动了公司收入的增长。
这就是为什么我认为,不能根据当前的收入,来为当前的市场作估值判断。资产涨价驱动的全球经济,大幅夸大了公司收入。一个更有意义的指数,是股市资本总额与GDP的比值。这个比值在过去十年里急剧上升。这个增量中的大部分,可能会在熊市中被消解掉。
有些经济体将很快进入危机
有几个经济体,一直以来通过吸引国外资本流入来支撑其本国消费。这部分资本流入,使其保持货币强劲、低通胀、股市高涨、借贷消费繁荣。一旦国外资本不再流入,这些经济体的货币就开始走弱,通胀加剧、利率上涨、借贷消费萎缩。在我看来,这种恶性循环可能带来货币危机。
此外,有些新兴经济体在商品价格高涨的情况下,经历了经常账户盈余。而一旦商品泡沫破灭,这些经济体的经常账户就可能再次陷入赤字。我认为,这些经济体同样非常容易受到冲击。
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