Time

Saturday, January 3, 2009

In Post We Trust

Fair Value: S$0.93

General Data
Issued Capital : 1,926 millions
Mkt Cap S$ 1,531 millions
Major Shareholder : SingTel (25.7%)
Free Float (%) 74.2
NTA per share (S$) 0.118
Daily Vol 3-mth (‘000) 4,079
52Wk High (S$) 1.180
52Wk Low (S$) 0.795

Singapore Post (SingPost) is the designated Public Postal Licensee for Singapore. It provides domestic and international postal services, and is also a logistics provider in the domestic market with global service offerings to more than 220 territories/countries. Leveraging on its retail distribution network, SingPost also provides agency and financial services. In 1H09, the group achieved a 4.3% YoY rise in revenue to S$241.6m but incurred a 1.5% fall in net profit to S$76.9m. Excluding one-off items, underlying net profit was higher by 11.5% at S$77.7m.
Should remain dominant despite liberalisation. Despite the liberalisation of the basic mail services market in Apr 07, SingPost is still in a strong position to remain as the dominant postal services operator.
Only it can hold the masterdoor keys to letterboxes provided by property owners and developers, including those in HDB estates, as dictated by the Info-communications Development Authority (IDA). With other advantages like an established distribution network, significant free cash flow, a monopoly over stamp issues and an entrenched brand name, we believe that the liberalisation should have limited impact on SingPost.
Defensiveness amid uncertainty. SingPost has stable operating and free cash flows given the nature of its business. It has also been increasing its dividend per share since its IPO in 2003 to S$0.0625 in FY08. With the uncertainty in today's stock markets, its earnings are comparatively defensive. Although mail volume growth may be affected by e-substitution and the slowing economy, SingPost has undertaken proactive measures, as evidenced from its launched initiatives and diversification of services.
Initiate with BUY. The defensive nature of SingPost's business and its dominant market position renders it an attractive investment. Its proactive measures demonstrate its resolution to safeguard its profits, making it an even more compelling stock. Moreover, with a long list of properties under its name, SingPost may be able to unlock asset value when the time is ripe. We initiate SingPost with a BUY recommendation and S$0.93 fair value, derived from the free cash flow to equity approach (cost of equity 8.8%, terminal growth 2%). SingPost has a dividend policy of minimum S$0.05 per share a year, implying at least a 6.3% yield. Assuming SingPost
continues its S$0.0625 dividend per share in FY09, this would imply a 7.9% yield, which is attractive given its defensiveness.

I. Background in brief
Singapore Post (SingPost) is the designated Public Postal Licensee for Singapore. It provides domestic and international postal services, and is also a logistics provider in the domestic market with global service offerings to more than 220 territories/countries. Leveraging on its retail distribution network with its post offices, self-service automated machines (SAMs) and vPost, its internet portal, SingPost provides not only postal but also agency and financial services.

II. Investment highlights
Dominant postal services operator. SingPost has been, and still is, the dominant player in the postal services industry in Singapore. Although the basic mail services market was liberalised in April 2007, SingPost still holds the masterdoor keys to letterboxes provided by property owners and developers, including those in HDB estates. As such, new entrants to the industry either have to utilize SingPost's network or deliver mail door-todoor, limiting pricing flexibility. With other advantages such as an established distribution network, significant free cash flow, a monopoly over stamp issues and an entrenched brand name, we believe that the liberalisation should have a limited impact on SingPost.
Defensiveness amid uncertainty. We like SingPost for its stable operating cash flows given its non-cyclical business. Historically, SingPost has weathered economic downturns well, with flat revenues during the Asian financial crisis and a marginal 2% fall during the SARS crisis. This is especially relevant now given that the world is probably experiencing the worst slump since the Great Depression, with companies going through tough times in the face of falling demand and drying credit lines. SingPost has stable operating cash flows (Exhibit 1), a strong balance sheet and
dominant market position. Management has reiterated its dividend policy of a minimum of S$0.05 per share each year. Such factors render it an attractive stock given the current volatile market conditions. SingPost has also outperformed the general market over the past year in terms of share price, excluding dividends.

Opportunities for growth. SingPost has been launching new services and initiatives over the past few years, and latest ones include "ClickPost", an internet-enabled one-stop mailing solution for customers and "A.M. Mail", a time-certain service that bridges the gap between express mail and regular mail. It has also leveraged on its wide retail network via partnerships with companies such as GE Money, ERA Realty and Prudential. Direct mail (junk mail) is a segment that SingPost is targeting for growth by capturing a bigger slice of the advertising market share. According to SingPost, its current share is 4-5% of the Singapore market, while counterparts in
developed countries such as the UK enjoy about 14% of their country's market share. SingPost therefore believes it has potential to grow in this area.
Potential boosts from assets. SingPost is able to unlock value from its properties, and management has previously expressed interest in selling its flagship building, the Singapore Post Centre (SPC), next to Paya Lebar MRT Station. The group has also been selling some of its smaller properties, such as HDB shop units at Boon Lay Place and Clementi Central for S$2.8m and S$7.9m respectively. Though there are potential capital gains to be reaped from such asset sales, the likelihood of more sales, especially that of SPC, could be lower given the weakening property market. SingPost is also repurposing some of its post offices such as its Tanglin Post Office
which has been converted into a lifestyle hub with tenants such as Friven and Co, SunMoon Food Company, as well as The Wine Shop.

Sustainability amid uncertainty. In a time and age when melamine is appearing in milk and financial institutions are imploding, it is a tough call to think of entities worth entrusting our assets to today. However, SingPost is likely to appear on the list of trusted names given its consistent service quality over the years in terms of speed and reliability. It also has a history of paying out about 75-85% of its earnings and 70-80% of its free cash flow every year in the form of dividends since 2004, after its IPO in 2003. This is ideal as we prefer companies with free cash flow payout ratios below 80%, demonstrating that the firm has catered a cash cushion to maintain its dividend payments. SingPost has a dividend policy of minimum S$0.05 per share.

III. Risks
Spectacular capital gains unlikely. SingPost may not be attractive to investors who are looking for spectacular capital gains, given its defensive profile. As it has outperformed the market in the past year, its share price has not plunged as much as others, so investors looking for quick gains are unlikely to be satisfied with SingPost (unless SingPost gives a special dividend when it sells its SPC building when the property market picks up).
Although management is looking at growth drivers across all its business segments, it has singled out direct mail as an area they wish to further develop. It is unlikely, however, that the direct mail market will grow substantially in the short term given the current economic downturn as companies may choose to curtail advertising costs. However SingPost may be able to capture greater market share despite the slower market growth in the short term.
Margins may deteriorate. With new entrants after the liberalisation of the basic mail services market, we expect greater margin pressure. Profit margin for 2Q09 was 31.0%, lower than 33.2% in 2Q08. As such, management will continue to focus on cost management measures to control its costs but we do note that easing inflation should help SingPost mitigate its costs.

Increase in terminal dues. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) has reclassified Singapore as a "target country" (previously known as "industrialized country") from its current category of "net contributor country" for the purpose of terminal dues settlement, with effect from 1 Jan 2010.
Singapore will have to apply the relevant terminal dues system from 2010 to 2013 and contribute to the UPU Quality of Service Fund. All this means that net terminal dues payments (dependent on type and volume of mail, and destination mix) will rise, therefore increasing SingPost's traffic expenses. SingPost said it will apply to IDA for adjustments in postage rates if necessary, but any revisions will require IDA's approval.
Other risks. Terrorist acts happen swiftly and unexpectedly, and such threats should never be disregarded. Postal and express delivery operations may be disrupted by the threat of anthrax attacks or mail bombs, whether real or hoaxes, including other terrorism-related activities. Any such incident could negatively impact SingPost's business and reputation.

Section B: Country Analysis and Macroeconomic Forces
Economic downturn will affect demand. Singapore, being the first Asian country to enter into a technical recession, is expected to contract by as much as 2% in the coming year, according to official estimates. The Economist Intelligence Unit forecasts that Singapore will be among the world's 10 slowest-growing economies in 2009, and sees it contracting by 2.2%. With such a backdrop, SingPost's businesses, especially the mail and retail segments, are likely to be affected as well:

1) Public mail has been decreasingly steadily over the years with esubstitution, while business mail volumes should decline with slower business activity. Direct mail may be impacted by lower advertising expenditure, but SingPost hopes to mitigate its slowdown by capturing greater market share, as discussed earlier.

2) SingPost's retail segment comprises agency services and retail products, as well as financial services such as remittances and unsecured lending. With a weakening real economy, people are likely to curtail their spending and decrease consumption.

Not all segments will be hit. Singapore's increasing foreign population means that foreign remittances could grow, although money remitted home could either rise (family members may need more money with the global downturn) or fall (workers may be retrenched or suffer from pay-cuts).
SingPost revealed that its main customers are from the Philippines and neighbouring countries, while Chinese and Indians form a smaller percentage. Going forward, SingPost hopes to secure more customers in the latter group to sustain the remittance business. SingPost also has six pawnshops under the SpeedCash brand. Pawnshops are normally a reliable bellweather of the state of the economy, as there is usually an increase in business with more people looking for fast ways to get cash during an economic crisis. With the economic downturn and projected rising unemployment, pawnshops are likely to benefit.
Easing inflation may mitigate cost pressures. SingPost has been experiencing cost pressures partly from rising labour costs which make up the bulk (27%) of total operating expenses in FY08. It is unlikely that wage and other costs increases will be substantial going forward given easing inflation in Singapore and the current difficult operating environment which has prompted firms to retrench workers. Fuel costs are also unlikely to spike up in the near future (barring unforeseen circumstances) with lower oil prices in light of the slowing global economy.

Section C: Industry Analysis
As revenue from the mail business made up 77% of total revenue and 81% of operating profit in FY08, we will examine this segment in greater detail.

I. Singapore's postal services sector
Slow growth in total mail volume. According to IDA, while total mail volume in Singapore enjoyed healthy growth in the 1990s, the average growth rate in recent years has slowed to about 2% a year. Despite esubstitution, SingPost experienced an increase in mail volume handled in both domestic and international mail. In the longer term, once the economy picks up, direct mail should be an important growth driver since there is still room for SingPost's business to grow. However, as we weather the current economic downturn, companies are expected to send out less direct marketing mail. As such, mail industry growth is not expected to be spectacular.

Includes domestic letters, postcards, and printed pages sent and received within Singapore, and similar categories of international mail, both inbound and outbound.
Excludes express letters and parcels.
Longest history in Singapore among the five existing firms. Although SingPost was incorporated in Mar 92, its actual history actually dates back to 1819 through its predecessors. Pursuant to a license granted by the IDA in Apr 92, SingPost was the exclusive provider of basic mail services until Mar 07. Swiss Post International Singapore was issued a postal service license only in 2007. The others were issued licenses only in 2008.
Basic mail is the only area of liberalisation. Basic mail refers to letters and postcards, excluding express letters. Under the domestic mail segment, SingPost is likely to encounter increased competition in the direct mail business, although this segment has always been open to competition.
Among the other four postal service operators, it is possible that Swiss Post International (S) and WMG may compete for market share in direct marketing services. International mail (both inbound and outbound) is also likely to face greater competition, as IDA's intention is to develop Singapore as a regional printing hub and enhance e-commerce activities.

Still has some exclusive rights. SingPost is the designated Public Postal Licensee for Singapore, which means only it has access to letterbox masterdoor keys, and the rationale behind IDA's decision is to protect mail integrity in the public postal system and safeguard consumers' interests.
As such, new entrants to the industry either have to utilize SingPost's network or deliver mail door-to-door, limiting pricing flexibility. SingPost will also be the only one to issue national stamps and continue to be the organization representing Singapore at international and regional postal meetings.
Widening network. SingPost has also been increasing its reach to consumers over the years. Its postal network comprises post offices, stamp vendors, SAMs and postboxes. Given the nature of the business where convenience and easy access are among the main priorities of the customer, SingPost's vast distribution network ensures that it has the competitive advantage.
Degree of competition. Potential competitors are unlikely to compete aggressively in the domestic mail market considering that they have to utilize SingPost's access network since they do not hold the masterdoor keys. As such, there is limited pricing flexibility. There could be more competition in the international mail market but SingPost also has a joint venture (Spring, set up in 2001) with TNT Post and Royal Mail for the crossborder mail business. As for logistics, SingPost has admitted that this is a highly competitive business but the group said it has performed well in the past year by expanding its customer base in a variety of industries.

II. Global postal services sector
Postal service operators not spared. The financial crisis has affected postal service operators around the world, including the United States Postal Service (USPS), the biggest postal service in the world. The group posted a net loss of US$2.8b for FY08, partly due to a 9.5b decline in mail volumes to 202.7b pieces. The UK's Royal Mail has also said that its operations "face additional risk from the squeeze in the UK economy" and from businesses' and individuals' cost-cutting measures.
State of the worldwide postal sector. The postal sector is still very much relevant and certain sectors are expected to grow. According to the UPU, while growth in urgent mail is stagnating in industrialized countries, there is still "tremendous growth potential" in emerging countries. Direct mail is growing in both developed and developing countries. New technologies can be utilized as means of increasing the interconnectedness among countries and further integrating the postal offices around the world, therefore increasing the points of access for ordinary citizens.

Section D: Company Analysis
I. Business overview
SingPost has three main operating divisions: mail, logistics and retail. In the latest 2Q09 results, mail accounted for 72% of total revenue, while logistics and retail made up 15% and 13% respectively.

Public Mail
Public mail consists primarily of stamped mail and franked mail. Stamped mail is sent mainly by individuals and consists letters and postcards (excluding express letters). Volumes have been declining due to substitution by email and the Internet. Franked mail is used primarily by home offices and SMEs as a method of mailing large quantities of mail of different weights and sizes. Volumes have been declining as franked mail customers upgrade to bulk mail.

Bulk Mail
Bulk mail consists of publications, direct mail, and government and business mail. It is used as an efficient means of distributing large quantities of homogenous mail such as invoices and promotional mailings. Processing and delivery times are reduced as the customer's items and postage rates do not have to be weighed and calculated individually.

Hybrid Mail
More bulk mail is being outsourced for printing and mailing as companies focus more on their core businesses and competencies. Main customers include financial institutions, telecommunications companies, and government bodies, among others.

International Mail
There is increasing competition in the international mail market as new competitors enter previously regulated markets in the world. International mail volumes are also likely to be hit by the global economic slowdown.

Philatelic
SingPost produces commemorative and special stamps as well as other collectibles for tourists and the gift market.

Speedpost
Speedpost is a door-to-door express delivery service for documents, parcels and freight. Speedpost Islandwide is a service within Singapore, Speedpost Worldwide provides international deliveries, while Speedpost Freight transports large or heavyweight shipments.

Warehousing, fulfillment and distribution
This is a complement to Speedpost and provides business customers a one-stop logistics service. Fulfillment services include item collection, wrapping, payment collection, shipping and invoicing.

vPost (shop and ship)
vPost is SingPost's online portal that offers a range of services including shopping and shipping. Currently, customers can purchase items from certain countries in the world and have them delivered to their doorstep.

Retail
SingPost sells a wide variety of postal and non-postal products including packaging and stationery items. Customers can also pay their utility bills, taxes, fines, license fees and other contributions as organizations outsource payment administration to SingPost.
Under financial services, remittances and unsecured lending made up the bulk of this segment's revenue while post-assurance and secured lending accounted for the rest. With the credit crunch and economic downturn, SingPost's lending business may improve as banks tighten their lending.

II. Competitive positioning and corporate strategies
Emphasis on quality. Instead of merely relying on a cost leadership model, SingPost places great emphasis on service quality and worker productivity.
In FY08, SingPost continued to surpass the Quality of Serivce in mail delivery set by the IDA by achieving more than 99% delivery by the next working day for mail posted within and outside the Central Business District (CBD).
The group also achieved international recognition in the World Mail Awards (Quality category) on the basis of increased productivity, discounts to customers, lower incidence of damage and improved sorting accuracy and delivery.
Productivity increases. Postman productivity has also increased from 2,923 to 3,130 items delivered per postman per effective man-day in FY08, while productivity of mail processing officers grew from 5,765 to 6,307 items sorted per processing officer. Going forward, SingPost aims to pursue further efficiency improvements.

More effective direct mail. SingPost also has a competitive advantage based on its extensive network and proprietary database. SingPost's updated data repository and clear understanding of the whereabouts of the target audience is important in increasing the effectiveness of direct mail, as mail can be sent to targeted customer segments. This increases the response rate and cuts unnecessary spending for the corporate partner.
One-Stop-Shop service. SingPost is able to provide a one-stop service for its customers through its mail, logistics and retail divisions. The group has diversified its operations in the past few years with forays into remittances and lending services, among others. New initiatives and joint ventures have been undertaken as well, and the following exhibit illustrates some in the past 3 years.

III. SWOT analysis table
The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats with regards to SingPost have been discussed in earlier parts of the report, but just to recap:

Key JVs and initiatives in the past three years
15 Dec 08 Launched A.M. Mail Time-certain service that delivers mail by 11am the next working day
20 Oct 08 Termination of JV JV with GPN International and Oce
19 Sep 08 Added new remittance channel New channel to the Philippines through the Philppine National Bank
29 Apr 08 Collaboration with ABN AMRO SingPost will distribute ABN AMRO's line of credit, PostLine
28 Mar 08 Launched Asian property sercurities fund Collaboration with Prudential
5 Feb 08 Offered the SingPost Visa Money Transfer service First postal service provider in the world to offer Visa remittance service
22 Jan 08 New remittance service to Indonesia Collarboration with PT Bank Negara
23 Jul 08 Launched Dmrocket one-stop specialist Direct Mail service
2 Jul 07 JV with Thai British Security Printing Set up JVC to provide laser printing and enveloping statements, bills etc
4 May 07 Cooperation agreement with Hongkong Post Provide data printing, enveloping and other services
3 May 07 JV with GPN International and Oce To engage in the business of Print-On-Demand
23 Nov 06 Collaboration with Pos Indonesia Four initiatives on channelling services, remittances, logistics and direct mail
14 Nov 06 Established unit trusts distribution partnership Collaboration with Prudential Asset
29 Sep 06 Launched PostREALTY Collaboration with ERA Realty Network of Hersing
23 Jan 06 Launched Speedpost Express Premium express courier service with DHL as a partner

Strengths Weaknesses
A. Dominant position in postal services industry
B. Stable operating and free cash flows
C. Able to leverage on wide distribution network
A. Slow growth in mail volume, the mainstay business
B. Limited upside for postage rates which is also subject to IDA's approval

Opportunities Threats
A. New initiatives and diversification of services to present more opportunities
B. Potential boosts from assets
C. Direct mail a market worth focusing but may be affected in this downturn
A. Pricing pressures from increasing competition
B. Higher expenses from terminal dues revision
C. Economic downturn to affect demand

I. Financial performance and forecasts
Good 2Q09 results. In SingPost's latest 2Q09 results, group revenue grew by 4.1% YoY to S$120.7m with improved performances in all three business segments. Mail revenue rose 2.8% on the back of higher contributions from domestic, international and hybrid mail, as well as the philatelic business.
Logistics revenue increased by 6.4% due to growth in Speedpost, vPost shipping transactions as well as warehousing, fulfillment and distribution.
As for retail, revenue rose by 8.6%, driven by financial and agency services. The group's rental and property-related income grew by 39.3% to S$8.2m, boosted by higher rental income from its headquarters, the SPC.
Forecasts. We are estimating a 2.5% growth in revenue in FY09, followed by a 2.0% contraction in FY10. To recap, SingPost's revenue was flat in the Asian Financial Crisis (1997/1998) but fell by 2% during the SARS period (2003). As the property and rental market weakens, we are unlikely to see a similar increase in SingPost's rental and property-related income as compared to FY08. The leases in the SPC are staggered, and about one-third of them come up for renewal every year. A check with SingPost also confirmed that lease rates are softening. Margins are prone to downward
pressures with new entrants in the industry but management said it will continue to focus on cost management measures. Easing inflation is likely to help SingPost in this area as well.
Bonds are the only borrowings. SingPost's only borrowings is its unsecured bonds of principal amount S$300m listed on the SGX-ST. The maturity period is 10 years from 11Apr 03 with fixed interest rate of 3.13% per annum. This translates to a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.3 as of Sep 08.
There is solid cash flow protection due to its strong operating cash flows(operating CF: S$173.7m, FCF: S$160.9m in FY08). Interest coverage using EBIT/Interest gives a ratio of 16.1.

II. Valuation and recommendation
Upside potential with low refinancing risk. In view of its stable cash flows, we value the group on a discounted free cash flow to equity basis (8.8% cost of equity, 2% terminal growth), deriving a fair value estimate of S$0.93. We have adopted a beta of 0.8 instead of Bloomberg's 0.6 for a more conservative cost of equity. As our sensitivity analysis shows, even with a higher cost of equity at 9.0% or lower terminal growth of 1.5%, SingPost still has an upside potential sufficient for a BUY call. SingPost has little capital expenditure (less than 5% of revenue every year, and has been 2-3% historically) and its defensive business and strong cash flows
means it has little refinancing risk.

Initiate with BUY. We initiate coverage on SingPost with a BUY recommendation with a fair value estimate of S$0.93. We like SingPost for its stable operating cash flows and dividend yield, and we think its defensive profile will serve it well during this period of economic uncertainty. Although mail volume growth may be crimped with a slowing economy and esubstitution, SingPost has launched new initiatives over the years and diversified into other business areas to pursue growth. SingPost is also asset rich, and there is always the possibility of unlocking asset values though this may be unlikely in the near future with a weakening property market. SingPost has a dividend policy of minimum S$0.05 per share a year, implying at least a 6.3% yield. Assuming SingPost continues its S$0.0625 dividend per share in FY09, this imply a 7.9% yield, which is attractive given its defensiveness.

Thursday, January 1, 2009

逆市大贏家──蔡志明親述6大投資智慧

「玩具大王」旭日國際集團主席蔡志明,上周以7億3000萬元向「大馬糖王」郭鶴年旗下的嘉里集團,買入尖東安達中心全幢,消息令疲弱的投資市場大為震動,皆因這是自金融海嘯以來最大額的成交。

他向本刊披露逆市六大投資心法,當中最重要的,是不估底,不貪高,他認為如果堅持要在最低位入市,最高位沽貨,分分鐘會錯失時機;此外,自己不熟識的投資,一定不做。

拼搏三十多年,蔡志明靠雙手建立百億玩具王國,清楚辛苦錢不易賺,他自稱是穩陣投資派,沒沾手衍生工具,「銀行不會死錯人,點會畀高息你又冇risk?」。

成功實業家的投資智慧,自然高明過人。
「我唔係叻,穩陣啫。」蔡志明對本刊強調並非未卜先知,只是多年做廠和投資經驗,令他多少洞悉經濟循環和物極必反的道理。

「我對停車場好有興趣,貪它價值上落不大,不用做宣傳,又不會有欠租等問題。去年試過跟他們(嘉里)傾,對方想賣12億,我不肯;兩、三個星期前他們再搵我,最初開價8億,大家再討價還價3、4日,結果以7億3000萬傾掂數。」蔡志明說。

雖然不少地產界人士看淡後市,蔡志明卻重鎚出擊,皆因他看中停車場的現金流,「安達中心有全尖東最大的停車場,可泊950架車,全個區的商業中心和酒店都來租位,每月收租360至370萬,回報有5至6厘。」

雖被市場人士冠以「淡市救星」稱號,但蔡志明認為,樓市才剛開始跌,這個價未算最低,但他覺得合理便拍板去馬。「只要個市跌得不是咁慘,收些租運作到就OK。明年個價或者會更低,但到時又有對手一齊跟我爭啦,而且我是長渣不是短炒,有機會等佢升。」他稱。

61歲的蔡志明,做玩具起家,其後轉戰地產界,自97年金融風暴後,他趁樓市不斷下滑,密密低價吸納優質商廈、住宅、商場及舖位,部分趁高價沽出,獲利甚豐。蔡志明目前持有的三十多個地產項目,市值超過100億元,單是停車場已有6、7個,為他提供穩定而充足的財源。

蔡志明身家估計有13億美元,令他打入今年《福布斯》香港40富豪榜。他的投資致勝之道,在於他往往在樓市低殘時敢於入市撈平貨。金融海嘯殺到埋身,人人都沒有錢時,再次為持有充足現金的實力投資者提供入市機會,蔡志明向本刊獨家披露6大逆市投資智慧:

不估底
蔡志明認為,買物業是長線投資,他選擇投資對象時,亦會揀自己喜歡的物業,價錢滿意便會買入,而不會等物業跌至最低價。

「幾個月前有基金想出貨賣九龍城廣場,那裡共62萬呎地方,我出價14億8000萬,計落只是二千多元一呎,成本同自己起樓差不多,所以買得好舒服。」他說。

據了解,蔡志明3年前曾向大摩為首的財團出價洽購九龍城廣場,最初業主叫價18億元,雙方討價還價好一段日子,蔡志明近期成功以平價買到心頭好。以該商場現時每月租金700萬元計算,蔡志明穩袋6厘回報。

蔡志明與長居美國的哥哥亦有涉足當地的樓市,其中一項最成功的投資,就是趁樓價跌,專揀未完工的銀主盤去買,「美國有規定,銀行收樓後要在1年內賣出,我們平價買回來後會花錢埋尾,然後租出去,都有2成回報,幾年就有10倍、8倍回報。」

不貪頂
蔡志明投資屬穩陣派,經常有買入無賣出。不過,他去年直覺覺得本港樓市、股市已「去到好高」,於是一口氣沽了7個物業,套現32億元。現在回看,他沽貨的時機拿捏得相當準。

「我相信物極必反,世界經濟皆有循環,以前是4年一個循環,現在6、7年、10年,愈來愈長。去年恆指上到30000點時,我完全不敢入市,根本超乎實際,當時不知今年(經濟)會差,但我不想欠銀行太多錢,所以沽了7件貨還錢給銀行。」蔡志明說。

去年他沽貨時,最常聽到的一句話是:「咁快就賣?個價仲有得高喎!」例如中環鱷魚恤大廈賣出後,市價仍繼續向上,但蔡志明一於少理,皆因他相信「不要去得太盡」,「我不貪心,升一倍不走,明年可能打回原形,咪空歡喜一場?」

蔡 志明前年在美國曼克頓市也賣了8間地舖,「成本1億,現在賺一個double,其實不是咩預感,我不知個市況,但覺得價啱就賣。如果一直冇賣,去年就變了 冇賺,今年仲要倒蝕!」他笑說,做廠對他預測經濟循環都有幫助,「我會睇歐美的定單走勢,當定單由好勇變成一『水』都要分3次落單,或者數期拖長,都是銀 根抽緊的跡象。」

識計風險 不信高回報
蔡志明擁有很多物業,持有的股票相對較少,除2003年入股「位元堂」外,目前只持有愛女蔡加怡擔任主席的康健國際,以及富豪酒店的股票,他說帳面虧損了10億、8億元。

「我是長渣的,基本上不賣,至於其他衍生工具,我完全冇掂。早排大摩經常搵我和我的財務總監,叫我買Accumulator,但我心諗,銀行邊有咁好死,畀咁多息你又冇risk?他們咁多專家計數,實冇死錯人,好彩冇事就搵少少,唔好彩就大件事啦。」

「我曾跟朋友講,邊有咁大隻蛤乸隨街跳?當時仲畀人鬧,話全世界都玩緊,咁先發達的!」他續稱。

蔡志明完全不為Accumulator所動,全因他在1973年受過畢生難忘的教訓。剛開了玩具廠的他,辛苦賺來20萬元,聽人講買了置地的股票,「那時第一次買股票,完全是散戶心態,股價跌了唔肯走,升又唔肯賣,結果73年股災畀佢瀉到乜都冇。

「那筆錢應該拿來發展間廠,買多兩部機器,我好後悔,咁辛苦搵錢,點知變了廢紙,從此我好少買股票,有錢賺就沽。」

去年股市牛氣沖天,有不少富豪被「氹」買了Accumulator等高風險衍生工具,就算純買股票,一樣輸到喊,「有些人市旺時成日講股票,話今日又賺了100萬,現在都唔係幾出聲,我亦唔會問,但我想他們都不會輸到破產,都係唔見啲咁啦。」

保持良好信貸紀錄
蔡志明近年大舉投資物業市場原因之一,是玩具行業很容易受全球經濟影響,令定單時多時少。假如公司有物業收租,財政收入會較穩定,亦可保住一班員工。

無論做廠或購買物業,少不免要與銀行交手,蔡志明去年便選擇清還銀行債務,保持良好信貸紀錄。

「如果不是欠銀行錢,我未必會咁積極賣樓,但我不想孭住條數,萬一個市跌就好麻煩,餘下的錢就投資到韶關,興建全球最大的玩具廠。」他說。

今年不少銀行收緊信貸,但正因為蔡志明欠銀行的款項已還得七七八八,銀行自然願意借錢給他,協助蔡志明繼續在低位撈貨。

不賣鍾情物業
蔡志明特別留意與自己有感情的物業,好像安達中心,他以前經常來這裡見客,不時光顧該停車場,「當時個場好多車,成日要上去好高層先搵到位泊車。」

銅鑼灣時代廣場對面的二千年廣場,亦是蔡志明另一鍾情物業,「那裡好旺,又有好多廣告牌,愈睇愈覺得鍾意,有人出高價我都不願意賣。」

蔡志明位於沙田九肚山紅橋里的豪華大宅,亦曾有日本投資者出天價洽購,但蔡志明一樣不為所動。

2005年底,他再以5000萬元買入紅橋里六號地皮作擴建之用,整個地盤佔地約2萬5000平方呎,目前正在裝修。

雖然生意已上軌道,但蔡志明堅持每日早上返公司開會,下午則處理地產業務,盡量不沾手不熟悉的投資項目。

「做廠好忙,不會有心機成日睇股票,例如你買期指,上落好大,令你成日好緊張要睇實,恆指升會開心得滯,大跌就連開會都影響埋。」蔡志明稱。

不沾手陌生投資
他的兒子去年從美國回來時,亦曾跟朋友「細細哋玩吓」,蔡志明並無禁止,卻留意到兒子在公司開會時偷瞄股票機。

「他說買甚麼Put輪,我完全不知道是甚麼,但我跟他講,你來公司學習,但你的注意力放晒落投資,會學藝不精。他好乖,一個月後食飯時,攞了部股票機出來,跟我講以後收埋不玩了。」他說,結果金融海嘯殺到,兒子投資沒有損手,還說:「老竇,都係你好嘢。」

本港經濟未見底
蔡志明的客戶遍及歐美,對全球經濟脈搏掌握得比普通人多,他亦向本刊分享他對多國聯手救市及本港投資市場前景的看法。

蔡志明認為,金融海嘯跟97年金融風暴不同之處,在於多國很快便決定救市,令投資者以為有希望,盡量去守。「我相信中國政府救市會OK,經濟慢慢會穩定些, 但歐美是否救到則是疑問。中國以出口為主,歐美市民冇購買力,定貨減少就影響中國,內地失業率上升,市民就冇錢買樓和消費。」他稱。

他的本行玩具業更是首當其衝的行業之一,中小型工廠已面對接單困難,廣東省萬多間玩具廠當中,至少會有三分一執笠。

「玩具業未來幾年全球定單會減少,加上內地實施了《勞動法》,工人好易扭計,客戶又不肯加價,中小型工廠的生意好難做,對玩具業影響好大。」蔡志明說,不過因為一些細廠倒閉,近期他的工廠定單不跌反升,相信明年亦可維持賺到利潤。

當大多數意見均認為,經濟轉差會令父母減少買玩具給小朋友,蔡志明卻提出另一套理論:「我又不是太悲觀,玩具始終要買,但家長會揀平價的,在沙士期間,玩具銷量根本冇跌到。」

「在別人最冇錢時入貨」
至於本港經濟,他認為現時仍未見底,未到遍地平貨的時候,「今次金融海嘯來得好急好厲害,不少人輸錢,但97年時多些人受影響,涉及層面亦廣些。」

蔡志明預計,明年及後年的經濟或會繼續差,「我最擔心係,雖然中國救到市,但歐美唔得,中國頂得一陣就被拖累。中國是世界工廠,如果冇工開,你話經濟掂唔掂?」

他又認為,歐美經濟至少3年後才能復甦。那麼本港投資者何時才適合買樓、買股票?蔡志明謹慎地說:「當別人最冇錢的時候,市場才會有平貨執,那時才是入市的時機。」

激讚女兒「唔肯走」
蔡志明教人「買股票要識得走」,但女兒一次「唔肯走」的堅持,令蔡志明十分欣賞。

蔡加怡2006年加入康健集團並當上主席,蔡志明給了女兒400萬元買入康健的股票,「市旺時個價曾升了10倍,我勸她賣多少套回本金,女兒卻說,作為公司主席,如果她賣股票,股民會以為隻股票唔好。

「現在跌剩幾十萬囉,但加怡說無後悔,仲話:『我要話畀全香港人知道,我蔡加怡係做嘢,唔係炒股票的。』」加怡做實事的態度,令這個當爸爸的十分欣慰。

做玩具大王
因為小時候好少玩具,蔡志明立志長大了要做玩具這一行。預科畢業後,他當上玩具廠推銷員,「原本打算去多倫多大學讀書,但母親說仔女全都到外面去了,剛巧她有朋友做玩具廠,就去學嘢,和留下來多些陪她。」3年後才往英國修讀機械工程。

畢業後他和友人合資成立旭日實業,後來朋友退股,他咬緊牙關捱過沒錢賺的日子,憑著獨到眼光,主動聯絡經營史諾比玩具的生產商,寧讓人家賺多點利潤,也要爭取合作,得到對方信任,生意愈來愈大。

在工業界拼搏超過30年,蔡志明說,40歲之前做得十分辛苦,大小事務一腳踢,「貨多時,我都要幫手將玩具入箱,試過累得蜷在箱內睡着了,早上醒來又再入過。近年生意上了軌道,才多了出去玩,去吓ball。」

銅鑼灣時代廣場對面的二千年廣場,亦是蔡志明另一鍾情物業,「那裡好旺,又有好多廣告牌,愈睇愈覺得鍾意,有人出高價我都不願意賣。」

蔡志明位於沙田九肚山紅橋里的豪華大宅,亦曾有日本投資者出天價洽購,但蔡志明一樣不為所動。

2005年底,他再以5000萬元買入紅橋里六號地皮作擴建之用,整個地盤佔地約2萬5000平方呎,目前正在裝修。

雖然生意已上軌道,但蔡志明堅持每日早上返公司開會,下午則處理地產業務,盡量不沾手不熟悉的投資項目。

「做廠好忙,不會有心機成日睇股票,例如你買期指,上落好大,令你成日好緊張要睇實,恆指升會開心得滯,大跌就連開會都影響埋。」蔡志明稱。

陶朱公智慧与逆向投资

被巴菲特等投资大师开涮最多的一种动物叫旅鼠。这种动物出名在自杀式的季节性迁徙。“旅鼠故事”说的就是,一个庞大的群体一哄而上地、盲从地向海边走去而淹没在海中,被人们称为集体自杀的行为。对此老巴还有句妙语:当惯性起作用的时候,理性通常会萎缩。

可在从众方面,人其实比旅鼠好不到哪儿去。

老巴说他非常迷惑,华尔街有那么多受过良好教育、经验丰富的职业投资家,但证券市场上却没有因此而形成更多逻辑和理智的力量。市场总是在从众和随大流中实现着一次又一次的轮回。

其实在中国最古老的财富智慧中,对此早有解析。春秋时代的陶朱公,也就是助越王勾践一战灭吴的大智者范蠡,堪称历史上弃政从商的鼻祖和开创个人致富纪录的典范。《史记》中载“累十九年三致金,财聚巨万”,靠的是什么呢?不能不佩服陶朱公的经商头脑。在当时那个年代他就能根据市场的供求关系,判断价格的涨落,即“论其(商品)有余和不足,则知(价格)贵贱。”他发现价格涨落有个极限,即贵到极点后就会下落;贱到极点后就会上涨,出现“一贵一贱,极而复反”的规律。他进而提出一套“积贮之理”。这就是在物价便宜时,要大量收进。他说“贱取如珠玉”,即像重视珠玉那样重视降价的物品,尽量买进存贮起来。等到涨价之后,就尽量卖出。“贵出如粪土”,即像抛弃粪土那样毫不可惜地尽数抛出。
按照陶朱公的理论,金木水火之年轮流循环,具有很强的周期性,于是陶朱公就在丰收的金年里低价收购粮食,在歉收及饥馑的年景里陆续售出,同时购入木材。到了火年时节遭逢大旱,道路平整易于车辆奔行,所以造车的利润很高,而陶朱公却反其道而行之,将他收购来的木材全部用来造船。正当人们讥笑他不识时务的时候,旱年之后随之就是大洪涝,别的商人措手不及,根本没有时间临时改车造船,而陶朱公家里事先造好的船只,则是以很高的价格一售而空。

财富的智慧往往在于另辟蹊径。旱时造船,涝时却造车,体现的是逆向思维。时至今日,这些财富哲思经历了近三千年之久的岁月洗练,越发明晰而显出其卓见真知。
巴菲特的名言“在别人贪婪的时候恐惧,在别人恐惧的时候贪婪”,也有异曲同工之妙。或许是一种必然,凡投资大师血液里都有逆向投资的基因,这也暗合了这样一个规律,那就是在投资(投机)这个行业中,绝大多数人最终都必须成为失败者,面对这样的残酷,唯有远离大众思维,才能加大胜出的概率。

斯宾诺沙有一句哲学名言:“从灾难的观点出发去发现价值”,可是,当灾难真正来临的时候,有多少人不会陷入灾难的恐惧中,甚至会自然不自然地传播恐惧?事实证明,当灾难远去的时候,人们才会恍然大悟。拿价值投资者最为看重的安全边际来说,没有坏消息、坏事情的伴随,怎能会轻易出现?可是摆脱从众思维对任何人来说殊非易事。

公认的逆向投资高手邓普顿当年为了避税以及远离华尔街的噪音,宣布放弃美国国籍,长居巴哈马。因为他觉得,如果一直待在曼哈顿,所见的人、所谈的事和其他人一模一样,要想进行逆向操作就变得无比困难。与其他投资理念相比,逆向投资更显知易行难,度的把握也更具艺术性。某种意义上说,逆向投资实际上是一种心理博弈过程,是比谁的心理更稳定,谁更理性,谁更能战胜自我,而战胜自我却是最难、最需要修炼的事情。

Wednesday, December 31, 2008

Professor Nouriel Roubini views for 2009

Nouriel Roubini expects 2009 to be a year of stagflation and recession for most of the global economy. He expects a severe, global recession.
Whether or not it persists in 2010 will depend on how aggressive and effective policy actions are: monetary policy and fiscal policy and efforts to recapitalize financial institutions in the US and elsewhere.
He believes there could be a return to positive economic growth by 2010. The European Central Bank should follow the Federal Reserve and cut interest rates further. The US needs a plan to reduce the debt burden to US households. The remedies will cost tax payers a lot of money.

Does the U..S. dollar's December slide mean the USD has passed its peak?
Most likely not. The turn-of-the- year profit-taking on long USD positions creates a near-term blip in the dollar's uptrend but doesn't alter the medium-term trend of appreciation versus the euro. The four horseman of the carry trade apocalypse - Deleveraging, Risk Aversion, Growth Differentials and the Dollar's Reserve Currency Status - would need to retreat before we see a sustained pullback in the EUR/USD from the slide to near-parity ($1.10-$1.30) . Governments, banks and other firms are still scrambling for dollars to repay their USD-denominated debt while signs of global recession and credit crisis spur on the flight-to-safety in U.S. Treasuries. European sovereign bonds offer an alternative but inferior safe haven because of the
European bond market's fragmentation and exposure to emerging Europe . More aggressive policy response in the U.S. compared to Europe , could bring the U.S. out of a recession faster than the Eurozone (though growth will most likely remain subdued for some years to come), supporting the dollar against the euro. In the longer term, however, once risk appetite revives, the greenback might lose its defenses in wake of worries surrounding U.S. public debt expansion and the potential inflationary effect of quantitative easing.

Luke Mullins of U.S. News & World Report recently interview the professor and the following is the text FYI.

Nouriel Roubini: The $700 Billion Bailout Isn't Enough - December 18, 2008
I spoke with the bearish?but prescient?economist Nouriel Roubini on Wednesday about what's in store for the economy, housing, and stock markets in 2009. Here's what he had to say:

What is your outlook for the length and depth of the recession?
My view is that that recession is going to continue at least through the end of 2009. It started in December 2007, so it's going to be 24 months long. It's going to be the longest we've had in the last 60 years. I expect a cumulative fall in output from the peak of 4 to 5 percent. Just to give you a sense, in the last recession, the cumulative fall in output was only 0.4 percent?this one is 10 times deeper. The unemployment rate will peak at above 9 percent sometime in 2010. And we're facing not just a U.S. recession but a global recession. There is a recession in all of the
advanced economies, and now there is the beginning of a hard landing also in the emerging markets.

What are the main factors behind the recession?
Initially, it was the excesses in the U.S. housing market, but we have discovered that those excesses were not limited only to housing. The household sector was highly leveraged?subprime, prime, credit cards, auto loans, student loans. There was a releveraging of the financial system, with massive amounts of excessive leverage and risk taking. That led to the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression and, because of securitization, we spread it to the rest of the world. Also easy money from the Fed?they pushed down the federal funds rate and kept it too low for too long?and lax supervision of financial institutions played a role. So a number of different factors [triggered the crisis].

What's your outlook for housing?
Well, between 1996 and 2006, real home prices doubled. So just to go back to the previous level?without undershooting? you need a fall in real terms of 50 percent in home prices. You can achieve 40 percent of that through nominal falling home prices and 10 percent of it through inflation. That means that home prices have to fall at least 40 percent [from the peak].
And they have fallen, as of today, from their peak of 2006 by 25 percent. I expect them to fall at least another 15 percent or maybe even 20?so a cumulative fall in home prices in nominal terms of at least 40 percent, possibly 45. And the housing recession has not bottomed out. The data yesterday about housing starts and building permits suggested that it's a total disaster in housing, and there is no bottom to it. This is the worst housing recession since the Great Depression.

Do you think stocks have bottomed?
No, I don't think so. Of course, in the last few weeks we have been in another bear market rally, but bear market rallies have occurred for the last 12 months. Markets rally after shocks, and then shocks come and they fall further. But I see another downside to U.S. and global equities of at least 15 to 20 percent from current levels for three reasons. One is that the news about the economy?both in the U.S. and abroad?is going to be much worse then expected. The numbers have been just awful, and they are going to get worse. Two, there is still a lot of delusion about what earnings are going to be in 2009. And three, I think that there are going to be many more financial shocks, other large institutions going bust?highly leveraged
institutions like hedge funds.

The financial shocks are not over, and the credit losses are going to mount because they are spreading from subprime to prime to credit cards to auto loans to student loans to leveraged loans to municipal bonds to industrial and commercial loans to corporate bonds. We have to take about $2 trillion of credit losses and so far nearly half of it has been recognized. So I see another wave of massive credit losses that is going to worsen the credit crunch.

Would you say then that the credit crisis is at its halfway point?
Well, we're still in the middle of it. We are still in the deepest part of this credit crunch. Look at corporate credit spreads?they are unprecedented. We are nowhere near the bottom. The credit crunch is as painful now as it has been. And so far, everything the Fed has done in its massive quantitative easing has not made much of a difference as far as corporate credit spreads.

What is your opinion of the government's response to the credit crisis so far?
My first observation would be that even if they do everything right, the recession is going to proceed through the end of next year. I don't think that there is anything that the government can do at this point to reverse that. What they can do is to try to ensure that there is at least the beginning of an economic recovery toward the end of next year and into 2010. What needs to be done is actually many different things. The first thing is we need a huge fiscal stimulus because private demand, consumption, and spending are collapsing. So you need a huge stimulus?$500
billion to $700 billion of government spending in infrastructure, money to state and local governments, unemployment benefits. The usual range of things.

The second thing you need is to more aggressively recapitalize the financial institutions, not just banks but broker dealers, finance companies, and insurance companies. And there is only $350 billion of TARP [Treasury Asset Relief Program] money left. We are going to spend all of that, and we are going to need a TARP II because in order to cover all the losses you will need more than $1 trillion. Three, you need to reduce the debt burden of the households that are insolvent. Loan modifications are meaningless. You need debt reduction, similar to what we did during the Great Depression with the government buying up the mortgage, reducing its face value, and converting [the loans] from variable rates to long-term fixed rates. And all of these things have to be done in a cohesive, consistent way showing that you have a plan of action because otherwise you're not signaling credibility to the market.

What advice do you have for President-elect Obama?
First of all, he has a great team. He doesn't need my advice; he has excellent people like Tim Geithner and Larry Summers?they are people that know markets, know policy, know the financial sector and the economy. The advice is essentially a combination of aggressive fiscal policy, more aggressive recapitalization of financial institutions, and plans to reduce the debt burden of the household sector, and the Fed continuing to do aggressive quantitative easing.

Are we headed for a depression?
I don't believe we are going to be in a depression?we could end up like Japan that had essentially economic stagnation for a decade with deflation.
You know, the "L"-shaped recession. At this point the "U"-shaped recession could turn into an "L"-shaped recession if we don't fix the financial system, and the credit crisis becomes worse and if we don't get a massive fiscal stimulus. So, a lot depends on our policy reaction. If our policy reaction is appropriate, by 2010 there will be some recovery of growth. The only risk is that the recovery of growth could be so weak that it feels like a recession even though we are technically out of it. So there is a risk of something like a Japanese-style, multiyear economic stagnation. I would not rule it out, but it is not my benchmark scenario. I think there is a one-third probability it will end up that way, but a two-thirds probability that we will end up in a severe, two-year-long recession. And that would be by any standard the worst recession that the U.S. has experienced in the last 60 years.

巧用计然七策的投资之道

计然是春秋时期著名的战略家、思想家和经济学家,计然并不是其真名实姓,而是取善于计算运筹的意思。据说他是老子的弟子,博学多才,无所不通,尤长计算。《史记·货殖列传》说范蠡曾拜计然为师。他教给范蠡《贵流通》、《尚平均》、《戒滞停》等七策,这大约是中国古代最早的商业理论。范蠡学习了计然七策后,只用了其中五策,便使越国强盛,成为春秋五霸之一。

范蠡在感叹之余,认为计然七策既然用于治理国家有如此奇效,也应当可以用于成就自己的事业。于是,在灭吴后,范蠡携西施一同离开越国,到齐国自称鸱夷子皮,至陶邑(今山东陶县)改名为朱公。他运用计然七策,十九年之中三致千金。子孙继承其家业和经营之道,遂至巨万,所以后世都将陶朱公视为商人的祖师。

计然七策作为一种经营思想在证券市场中同样具有重要的应用价值:

论其有余不足,则知贵贱
这段话的意思是:怎样才能知道哪些货物会涨价和哪些会跌价呢?只要看这些货物的数量多少,或者说要看哪些过剩和哪些不足就可以知道其价格涨跌的情况。这里的“有余”就是“供过于求”,“不足”就是“供不应求”。供过于求则价格必落;反之,则价格必涨,这正是商品经济条件下的物价规律。早在两千多年前的杰出经济学家计然,就已充分认识到这一规律的存在。在两千年后的证券市场,这一规律仍在延续。
一方面,当市场容量较小,外围资金充足时,由于股票“供不应求”,因此,股价就会上涨;另一方面,当市场不断扩容,而外围资金不能保持同步放大时,股票相对于资金就“供过于求”,股价就会回落。国外成熟股市经过多年扩容后,市场容量过于庞大,有些个股长年累月乏人问津,甚至有的要通过缩股的方式才能保持几分钱的股价。这就是“有余”和“不足”造成的贵贱之分。
此外,在一轮涨升行情中,往往只有少数主流热点可以涨幅居前。即使是热点板块中的个股,在行情发展到一定阶段后也会出现分化。这是因为在一轮行情中,市场主流资金往往会选择某一热点进行集中突破。所以,少数热点类个股,相对于资金面是处于供不应求之中,因而股价会涨幅居前;而其余大多数个股相对于资金面是供过于求的,因而涨幅落后。

贵上极则反贱,贱下极则反贵
计然的这一理论思想表明其能够以辩证的思想去观察物价涨落的奥秘。“贵上极则反贱,贱下极则反贵”理论的意思是说,涨价的货物,涨到一定的程度,就会向其相反的方向发展,反之亦然。这种关于事物在发展过程中的“度”或“极限”的思想以及物极必反的观点,是典型的辩证思维。
在股市中,即使是业绩极为优良、最具有投资价值的个股,当它涨到一定程度时,也必然会滑落下来,近年来牛熊行情的转换,以及大量优质蓝筹股跟随指数下跌的市场表现就是一个很好的例子。这充分体现出“贵上极则反贱,贱下极则反贵”的市场规律。

贱买贵卖,加速周转
计然十分注重掌握市场变化的趋势,强调根据需求变化确定价格,加速资金的周转,“贱买贵卖,加速周转”是其主体经营思想。意即在东西价格低廉时买进,在价格高昂时卖出,并且想办法使资金像急流的水一样快速周转。
贱买贵卖,是投资者在证券市场中获取利润的根本途径,而加快资金周转速度,提高资金使用效率,一直是几千年来的工商业经营的基础之道。时至今日,资金周转率仍是考核企业经营效率的一项重要指标。加速周转也可以说是投资者在证券市场中争取最大化利润的有效方法。在股市的上涨行情中,投资者保持高效率的短线操作,常常能最大化地发挥资金利用效率,获取极丰厚的利润。但有的投资者操作手法过于保守,在资金不多的情况下,持有股票种类过多,常常因此延缓了资金周转速度,降低了投资收益。

贵出如粪土,贱取如珠玉
计然告诉治国者或商人,既要明白物以稀为贵和物极必反等规律,更要善于运用这些规律,大胆地作出决断。即当货物极贵之时,要能当机立断,把货物看成粪土一样尽可能地抛出;反之,当货物极贱的时候,要把货物看成珠玉一样尽可能地购进。
做到这点需要投资者有冷静的头脑和理性的思维,但是,相当多的投资者却喜欢涨时看涨、跌时看跌。股指稍一大涨就以为是突破性行情,股指刚一暴跌,就以为是熊市又回来了。有很多股评人士也是如此,当股市上涨时,大多数股评都看多,而股市下跌时,大多数股评又纷纷看空。这种情况造成股市上涨到高位时,投资者总是盲目追涨,而股市跌到低位时,投资者却恐慌性地割肉斩仓。
涨时看涨、跌时看跌是股民投资失败的主要原因之一,投资者必须克服这种思维惯性,切实做到:在股价上涨到一定高度,获利丰厚时,坚决将其卖出;当股价跌到一定深度时,要抵御各种利空消息的干扰,坚决地逢低买入,并且要像对待珍宝一样地爱惜手中的廉价筹码。

旱则资舟,水则资车
这里的“资”,是需要和购买的意思。这句话的意思是说:天气干旱,出现旱灾时要购买船只,当出现洪涝灾害时要购买车辆。从表面上看,好像与现实需要是相反的,是不切实际的经营思想,其实并非如此。因为天旱之后,可能会出现洪涝,洪涝之后也可能出现旱灾,都需要早做准备,以防不测,不要只看到眼前的旱灾和水灾,而要做好旱灾之后有水灾和水灾之后有旱灾的准备工作。投资者在证券市场中也必须充分兼顾到利和害的两个方面。在有利的情况下要看到不利的方面,这样才能解除可能发生的祸患;在不利的情况下要看到有利的方面,这样才能把握即将到来的机会。
“旱则资舟,水则资车”的思想还体现在把握适当时机,以低廉的价格买入别人暂时不需要的东西。在出现旱灾时,可以用很便宜的价格买入别人不需要的船只,等到出现水灾时,再高价卖给需要船只的人;在出现洪涝灾害时购买车辆,也是同样的道理。这种思想在股市中的具体运用原则就是:“牛市赚钱,熊市赚股。”在牛市中,人们看着日益高涨的股票,就争抢着追涨,而不看重现金,明智的投资者可以将股票卖出,赚取别人的资金。当熊市时,由于股票逐波下跌,人们会非常看重现金,而急着想卖出股票,这时,明智的投资者可以逢低用现金赚取别人割肉的廉价股票。

Monday, December 29, 2008

20 Dos & Don'ts for 2009

During the worst economic crisis in a lifetime, the right financial decisions are crucial.

BusinessWeek asked financial planners for some advice on what to do -- or not to do -- with your money in the New Year. As we bid farewell to a dreadful 2008, these "resolutions" may help keep your finances on the right track in 2009:

1. Don't try to predict the future.
"We are currently in the midst of unprecedented and complex challenges," says Femi Shote of Asset Harvest Group in McLean, Va. Anyone who thinks he or she can predict what's going to happen is "delusional," Shote says.

Financial advisers often hear from clients who would like to sell stocks now and then buy again when the market hits bottom. "My response is, 'How do you know when that will be?'" says Trent Porter of Priority Financial Planning in Fort Collins, Colo.

2. Do keep enough cash available.
Even if you're not worried about losing your job, a rainy-day fund can provide peace of mind.

There are different guidelines for how much cash to keep on hand. Some say $12,000 or more per adult; others say it should be six to nine months of living expenses. With extra cash available, you can avoid selling investments to pay for expenses in an emergency.

3. Do invest internationally.
Though the financial crisis started in the U.S., the past year has been worse for investments in the rest of the world. The MSCI EAFE, an index of international stocks, is down 43% this year, and stocks in emerging economies fared far worse. American investors who diversified abroad have also been pummeled by the rise in the U.S. dollar.

Even after a year like that, advisers say it's not wise to abandon international investments entirely. For one thing, though some key overseas economies, like China's, have been hit hard lately, their long-term economic fundamentals look better than those of the U.S.

4. Don't try to pick one winning investment. Diversify.
Putting all your money in one stock is dangerous at a time when a company's bankruptcy can completely wipe out the value of its shares.

Robert Siegmann of Financial Management Group in Cincinnati advises clients to balance their portfolios between fixed income and stocks, with shares in various types of companies -- small and large, U.S. and international. "Don't try to pick the winning stock, or the winning idea. Just diversify across all investments and markets," he says.

5. Do think about energy efficiency.
Russell Francis of Portland Financial Advisors in Beaverton, Ore., recommends that investors take advantage of a $500 federal residential energy tax credit that was rescinded in 2008 but returns in 2009. The credit can help cover the costs of adding insulation or replacing doors, windows, or furnaces -- home repairs that should also save you on heating and cooling costs.

6. Don't stop contributing to 401(k) and other retirement accounts.
Says Sidney Blum of GreenLight Fee Only Advisors in Evanston, Ill.: "Everyone loves to invest in their 401(k) when the markets are flying high, but they should keep putting money in while the markets are down." He adds: "More money is made at the bottom of a market than at the top."

Even more pessimistic planners say you should be taking advantage of any match your employer offers for retirement fund contributions.

7. Do live below your means. Save.
Investing for the future is only possible if you have some money left over at the end of each month to sock away. View this BusinessWeek slide show for 25 ways to save more each month.

8. Don't make sudden moves.
"Refrain from making extreme changes to the portfolio just because the financial markets are volatile," says William Howell, a financial adviser in Noblesville, Ind. "Stick to the overall investment game plan."

In such an extreme environment, investment decisions based on emotion or fear are likely to lose you money. It's probably better to ignore the day-to-day news and follow a long-term investing plan.

9. Do pay off expensive debts.
Rather than investing your money, you first might consider paying off debts, especially those with high rates or those for which interest is not tax-deductible. The avoidance of interest will likely save you more than your investments would have earned.

Stanley F. Ehrlich, an adviser in Westfield, N.J., notes: "Paying off a car loan with 7% interest provides an immediate 7% return, a return that is not (currently) available through most asset classes." Credit-card debt is so expensive that most planners say it is always the first thing people should pay off.

10. Don't give up on stocks.
"Historically some of the best periods for stock market returns have been during dismal economic times," says Paul Winter of Five Seasons Financial Planning in Salt Lake City. Though investors approaching retirement shouldn't risk too much money in volatile equity markets, investors hoping to build a nest egg for the long term have few better options than the stock market.

11. Do track your spending.
"It's very easy to lose sight of where your funds are spent," says Alexandra Ollinger of Truepoint Capital in Cincinnati.

G.M. Livingston III, a planner in Santa Rosa Beach, Fla., advises clients to buy software like Quicken to track their spending. "It's a universal mistake," Livingston says. "Most people don't know where their money goes."

12. Don't pay high management fees.
It doesn't only matter how much your investments earn; it is also important how much you get to keep after trading costs and fees paid to financial advisers and fund managers. When market returns are small or nonexistent, even a 1% or 2% management fee can hurt. Decide if it's worth it. Also, check out offerings from traditionally low-cost fund companies like Vanguard, where the average mutual fund expense ratio is 0.2%.

13. Do review your credit reports.
With the Federal Reserve cutting the federal funds rate close to zero and policymakers eager to revive the housing market, mortgage rates are expected to drop substantially in 2009. That could be a great opportunity to refinance your mortgage, but only if you have a solid credit score. Check your credit report for any errors now, says Scott Beaudin of Pathway Financial Advisors in Burlington, Vt. "Fixing problems takes time and you don't want to be trying to fix your report while in the middle of a mortgage application," he says. The three U.S. consumer reporting agencies set up a Web site, to allow consumers to access a free copy of their credit report each year.

14. Don't follow the herd.
"Be fearful when others are greedy, and be greedy when others are fearful," says legendary investor Warren Buffett. Warren Ward, an adviser in Columbus, Ind., agrees, advising his clients to ease back into stock or bond markets rather than seeking the safety of cash or Treasuries as many other investors are doing now. "Do your own thinking and don't allow yourself to be panicked into taking an action you'll regret," Ward says.

15. Do write down an investing plan and budget, and stick to them.
A budget can help control spending and boost the amount of money you save each month. An investing plan takes the emotion out of your investing decision. "Investing systematically (is) especially (important) during market downturns," Ward says.

16. Don't forgo necessary insurance.
You can save some money by increasing your car insurance deductible or forgoing life, disability or home insurance, but you could also be left penniless after a serious emergency. Full coverage isn't always necessary, but make sure you're protected in a worst-case scenario.

17. Do check out your financial adviser.
The arrest of Bernard Madoff, who saw his $50 billion hedge fund collapse in an alleged Ponzi scheme, shows the danger of relying on one person -- whether a fund manager or a financial planner and adviser -- to handle your nest egg.

Don't just pick a broker or planner out of the yellow pages. "Do your homework," says Eileen Freiburger of ESF Financial Planning Group in Manhattan Beach, Calif. Ask advisers about their qualifications, certifications, and educations, as well as their fees, ethics and disclosure policies. Look them up in online databases that track complaints against planners. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority's BrokerCheck is a good place to start.

18. Don't invest in anything you don't understand.
This financial crisis has demonstrated the dangers of too much complexity in the investing world. Investors lost big on asset-backed securities and other investments that in many cases they never really understood in the first place. If your adviser or broker can't adequately explain an investment in a few sentences, maybe it's not for you.

19. Do make sure safe investments are actually safe.
J. Mark Joseph of Sentinel Wealth Management in Reston, Va., sticks with supersafe government debt for his clients' fixed-income investments. "Bonds are for safety, so make sure your bonds are safe," he says. "Just because something is a fixed-income investment does not mean it is safe."

In case your bank or broker fails, make sure your bank accounts are covered by insurance from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and your brokerage accounts by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation or supplemental insurance.

20. Don't take more risk than you can handle.
Some investors will react to 2008's losses by trying to be more prudent and conservative in the future. Others, however, will try to win back their losses through bold, risky bets on the next big thing.

That's happened in past downturns, says Elaine Scoggins of Merriman Berkman Next in Seattle. After the tech bubble burst, investors flocked to real estate. A classic mistake is "following one investing mistake by an even bigger one."

The past year has given investors an idea of how bad market conditions can get. In the future, investors may want to evaluate how much risk they're really willing to take and how long they're willing to wait to get outsize returns.

Sunday, December 28, 2008

Private properties looking attractive

THE recession has resulted in a 25-per-cent fall in private- property prices from their market peak, and with prices expected to dip further next year, there may be opportunities to pick up some bargains.

However, buyers of properties - whether for investment or occupancy - should do their homework before committing to such big-ticket items.

Here are 10 tips to keep firmly in mind.

1 CONSIDER LANDED
The executive director of HSR Property Group, Mr Eric Cheng, feels that if buyers are willing to fork out $1.2 million to $1.3million for a condominium, they should consider buying landed property instead.

Due to land scarcity in Singapore, there is always more demand than supply for landed property, which is not the case with condos, said Mr Cheng.

2 INSTALMENT RESERVE
Mr Cheng said it is important to invest within your means. Have a reserve of at least one year's worth of instalments in case of shocks, like a loss of income.

3 LEASING OR LIVING?
Mr Arvin Sylvester Lim, division director of Century 21 SHL Realty, said it is important to be sure if you plan to live in the property or rent it out.

If you are making it your home, the equation is simple: Find something that you like and can afford.

If you are looking to invest and rent out, do your research to see if there is good demand in an area, and if the rent will be enough to cover the instalment payment and still allow a profit.

4 DON'T WAIT TOO LONG
While one should hold back until one finds something ideal, Mr Lim does not encourage overspeculating on trends.

"Buying a house is not like buying a car. The moment you drive the car...the value drops, but with property the value can go up or down," he said.

Even though prices are expected to fall further, "a home is a must", Mr Lim said. He advises against pegging buying one to unpredictable market movements.

5 MAKE OFFERS FAST
Buyers who bought too many properties or can't afford to keep up with payments, given the weak economy, will be selling off their investments now, said Mr Shannan Govindarajoo, marketing manager at ERA.

He suggests you start looking and making reasonable offers as he thinks more buyers will be entering the market, which could mean prices for these "must-sell" properties may rise.

6 CHECK MASTER PLAN
Look at the Urban Redevelopment Authority's master plan and invest where the Government is pumping in money, said Mr Govindarajoo.

For instance, he thinks those interested in the Marina area should strike now, as prices are down by 40 per cent, compared to last year's.

Mr Lim said investing in property in that area will reap great returns when the integrated resort is ready as "a lot of the management staff will be living there, so rentals will be high".

7 SHOP FOR A LOAN
Banks are now becoming more cautious with making home loans and how much they are willing to lend, said Mr Govindarajoo.

He advised shopping around for a good home loan first, so that you do not commit yourself to a seller before knowing how much you have to work with.

8 PRICE VS VALUATION
Check the valuations of the property you are considering at different banks to make sure you?re getting a good deal, said Mr Govindarajoo.

9 OLDER CONDOS
Mr Parthiban Sadagopal, a Prop- Nex realtor, suggests buying a condo "between seven and 10 years old in the outskirts", like Pasir Ris or Tampines.

Judging from the trend seen after the 2003 recession, such condos are good buys for living in and investment, as you could hope to buy one at $400,000 to $500,000 now and sell it for up to $800,000 when the economy picks up.

Renting it out could fetch $3,000 a month as well.

10 DISTRICT 15
Keep your sights on the East Coast area of District 15, said Mr Cheng, as prices there are unlikely to dip drastically.

Good schools, malls and eateries add value, making it a good option for those who feel prime locations are too expensive. Meyer Road, Ceylon Road, Telok Kurau and Crane Road are some of the best places to buy a house, according to him.

Mr Govindarajoo agrees, saying District 15 is "evergreen".

胡立阳名言

1.不要听“亲朋好友”的话,他们只会让你成为“平凡人”。

2.不要只会“用功读书”,重要的是“要读对书”。

3.不要只是“努力工作”,重要的是“做对工作”。

4.不要只是结交“志趣相投”的朋友,否则你永远只看到“一半”的世界。

5.不要只是“安分守己”等待升迁,要像下跳棋一样想办法“一步登天”。

6.不要只是“准备好了等机会”,主动“制造机会”才能捷足先登。

7.不要以为“钱不会从天上掉下來”,只是你必须“站对地方”接。

8.不要只会“正面思考”,要“逆向思考”,“不正常”的人才能出人头地。

9.在股市中,别人因为紧张而犯的每一个错误,都是在辛辛苦苦的为您累计财富。

Saturday, December 27, 2008

财经人物:麦嘉华 - 美元美债泡沫势将爆破 买金防身

今年凡有投资股票、地产、商品或外币的人,都输得人仰马翻。有“末日博士”之称的着名投资者麦嘉华(Marc Faber)说,由2002年至2007年,全球的商品、股票及房地产出现泡沫,至2008年一一爆破。

目前只剩下两大泡沫,一是美国国债,二是美元,他相信在明年或最迟2010年,这两大泡沫将会爆破。慎防美元大泻,是时候买黄金。

伯南克 危险人物
过去3个月,美国政府已动用数以万亿美元计的资金去救市。当问到美国政府的举措,有没有超出预期时,麦嘉华不假思索地说没有。“若你有看过伯南克(联储局主席)所写的东西,你就会觉得一切都是预期之内,他是个印钞票的人(Money Printer ),是个危险人物。”
他估计美国政府明年赤字将达破天荒的2万亿美元(相当於美国GDP 的14%),麦嘉华说这总要有人付代价。
“全球政府都在印银纸及搞财政赤字,至2010或2011年,通胀将会很厉害。到时经济仍很低迷,但通胀劲升,情势有如目前的津巴布韦一样。”(津巴布韦月初刚发行1 亿元钞票,估计通胀率达2.3 亿倍。)

“现在买美国10年期国债,周息连3%也没有,但日后通胀率可能达10% ,持有国债的人,便是要付代价的人。”

一味减息救市制造泡沫
自雷曼事件之后,金融市场陷入恐慌,银行等金融机构及基金公司,不敢冒风险,资金纷纷涌往被认为最安全的美国国债市场,令到债价不断上升,周息率更也回落。

麦嘉华说美国今天的祸根,早在1998年救对长期资本基金(LTCM)已经种下来。

“若当年不救长期资本基金,雷曼、高盛、摩根士丹利等就会损手,过去10年便会变得较审慎,不会把他们的业务无限地扩大。”

同样伯南克去年9月为救经济,大手减息,亦令到原本仍然正正常常的石油及商品价格,疯狂起来,连同澳元等商品货币一齐乱舞,至今年7 月泡沫齐齐爆破。

“这样的大波动,必然有很多公司输大钱。”

麦嘉华相信,无论是中国还是美国,政府推救市措施最多是3至6个月内见点效,长远对振兴经济帮助不大。

“你看日本政府搞了十多年,现在日经平均指数仍在创26年新低。”

他说,以美国经济的问题那么严重来看,未来10年联储局都难以大幅加息,实质利率(即银行存款息率减去通胀率)都会持续是负数,持有美元存款或债券,只会跑输通胀。

因此,他建议大家在投资组合中买点金,来抗衡将会来临的恶性通胀。

“金的生产商始终有限,不像美元,他们不断在印银纸,你手上的钞票便愈来愈不值钱。金和银都是吸引的投资。”

自言无水晶球 分散投资为妙
从事财经分析的人都有点趾高气扬,因为他们都认为自己手持水晶球。坐在记者对面的麦嘉华却诉说自己在股票的投资今年与很多朋友都一样,损失最少五成。

“你有没有后悔没有及时把手上的股票沽出?“他回答说:“没有。在人生当中,你要明白你对於未来知道得很少,因此,最重要是分散投资,要有股票、物业……特别是在这个政策市。”

麦嘉华说今年总的来说都有赚钱,当中有些是看对了美元及黄金的走向。现时约有8 %投资於股票,在这个股票投资组合中损失了一半,另有8%手持黄金,1%为澳元,尚有一些物业投资,大部分为现金(包括高评级债券)。

投资大贬值一笑置之
及时出售有时是投资重要法门,不过,要做到又谈何容易?
麦嘉华与朋友在越南开设了资产管理公司,他持有一成股权。18个月前他估计可以以3亿美元出售,但朋友觉得可待更高价才沽出,结果现在可能只值3000万美元。
对这一跌,麦嘉华只是笑笑,没有太上心,或许这跟他的滑雪背景有关。年轻时的他,曾是国家滑雪队成员,对於速度与下滑应该颇为习惯!

重货者宜趁反弹沽出
麦嘉华相信,由现在至明年3月,资金会重投股市,令环球股市出现一次熊市反弹。但他认为经济仍未见底,持有股票的还是应该趁反弹沽货。

“若你持有100%现金,我会建议你在现水平拿10% 来买股票,当股价再跌20%,便可增持至20%,但若你100%都是股票,我便劝你在反弹时沽货。”

即使持有70%股票,他也不认同现在是买股票的时候。

虽然看好股票短线表现,但他坦言没有十足把握。“现在差不多所有人都相信有反弹。所有人都这样说,而又成为事实,并不常见。所以,我也带点怀疑。”

麦嘉华认为,市场对中国过份乐观。

“过去多年,借贷利率只有7%,而实质经济增长达12% ,这环境制造了过多投资。当美国的消费减低5%,最伤的不是美国。因为美国人消费的东西,都不是在美国生产的,而是在亚洲生产的,亚洲出口会大跌。由2002年至2007年不断扩张的厂房和船队,便会出现供应过剩。”

人烟隔绝专心财经写作 家住清迈“我不想见人”
麦嘉华现时居住在泰国北部的清迈,记者好奇地问他为何选择住在清迈,答案有点出其不意:“因为我不想见人。”

“如果我住在香港,会有很多人想与我见面。我根本没有这时间,每天收到好几百个电邮,要处理的也有50个,每天我要花3 至4 个小时在回覆电邮。而我们这类要写东西的人,要有一个地方,让其他人找不到我,好让我可以专心写东西。”

结果清迈成为麦嘉华避世的地方,可能要在这样一个偏处一隅的城市,才能令他冷静地看透世情,为他的客户撰写分析报告。除了不用见人之外,他选择清迈还有另一个原因,就是因为物价较低。“我在那里建屋的价钱,在香港可能要贵上20倍。”

麦嘉华在2000年以25万美元,在清迈买了一幅河边的地块,然后用30万美元翻新其上的两家泰式房屋,共4000呎楼面。同时在其旁用50万美元,兴建一幢有5000呎楼面的小办公楼。在香港他只在国金二期保留了一个很小的办公室。

钟情湾仔酒吧
最近他太太在曼谷找到工作,搬了到曼谷住,两夫妻一年之中聚少离多。
但他有点自得其乐:“这对我可能更好。”
要四处公干的麦嘉华,其实每月也只有约一星期留在他在清迈的家。其余时间,要四处跑,包括约每两三个本周星座财运月,会短暂停留香港一至两天。
逗留在香港时,他会选择入住湾仔一家酒店,因为他最欣赏的,就是湾仔一带的酒吧及鱼蛋粉。

末日博士绰号何来?
当麦嘉华还在Drexel Burnham Lambert任职时,在1987年10月19日美股急跌前一周呼吁客户沽售美股,结果恒指在10月19日当天急挫,单日跌11%,之后停市四天,甫开市便再跌33%,道琼斯工业平均指数在10月19日当天,单日跌23%,这为他赢得“末日博士”的称号。

Thursday, December 25, 2008

曹仁超投資守則

要投資成功幾大守則要記住-
一、寧買當頭起,莫買當頭跌。最佳入貨訊號係投資對象上升10-15%後。例如金價2001年4月2日見255元美元,上升10-15%即見281元至294元,係最佳買入訊號,上述訊號去年1月已出現,即2002年起對黃金態度係逢低吸,直到有一天金價回落10-15%才平倉(依家最高見354美元,即止蝕301美元)。

二、睇實、睇實再睇實。任何投資項目買入後必須睇實,股票如此,物業如此、債券亦如此。股票必須每周檢討其方向是否改變;債券必須每月檢討方向有冇改變;物業亦必須每季檢討方向,千萬不可買入後放十年八載便以為天降財富。天下間冇咁便宜的事,一旦方向改變立即離開。

三、去年同新城電台搞「曹仁超投資智慧」,介紹KISS理論(Keep It Simple, Stupid !),任何投資自己無法理解者最好唔參與。其實發達可以好簡單!KISS另一解釋係Keep It Safe, Smartguy !(安全第一,醒目仔)!許多人一味努力賺錢,而唔知道唔蝕錢更重要!成功與失敗不在閣下賺得快而在乎閣下留低幾多!97年時千萬富翁隨街走,一項冇科學根據嘅統計指出,當時等巴士長龍中有百分之七十二點五係千萬富翁(住緊げ層樓已值近千萬矣),但今時今日千萬富翁漸成稀有品種……。點解會咁?因為太多人留「佢」唔住,一味死博爛博而唔懂得持盈保泰,97年唔少千萬富翁今天淪為負資產一族。

四、困難日子唔代表冇銀搵。例如8×9年x六x四x 事件後已證明乃入市最佳時機;97年8月本港樓市出問題,都係投資英、美、澳洲等地物業最佳時機;甚至 2002年投資外匯及黃金者一樣獲可觀利潤。賺錢如發掘寶藏,必須有藏寶圖、刻苦及鍥而不舍的精神,然後找到定位,一舉而成功(但分分鐘失效)。

五、唔好問和尚借梳。有D所謂投資專家,自己都係負資產人士,又點可以教識你發達之道?大部分證券行內從業員職責唔係為你賺錢,而係為自己賺取傭金。因此唔好向經紀諮詢投資意見,只可利用經紀代你完成買賣,因為佢地唔係受訓做投資顧問,佢地嘅責任只係代客買賣股票。學嘢應請教投資已成功的人士,而非自己投資失敗而改行做投資專家的人士(對唔住!又得罪人);股票市場可以賺錢理由皆因別人犯錯!股票市場永遠係少數人賺大多數人蝕的地方。
———-

在投資之前有冇問問自己:

一、該公司係咪一間穩健及有聲譽的公司?它是否擁有良好及有效率的管理層?

二、該公司生產什麽或提供什麽服務?在可見將來,社會對該產品或服務需求怎樣?

三、該公司從事的行業是否面對過分激烈競爭?它是否處於有利地位?

四、公司策略制訂者是否有遠見及進取?同時有冇過分擴充,令財政出現困難?

五、有冇細看公司資產負債表,核數師的評語如何(依家應該加上げ個核數師是否誠信可靠)?

六、公司過去有冇良好純利紀錄及合理派息政策,如有段日子唔派息,有冇好好解釋理由?理由是否充分?

七、公司中長期貸款及短期貸款有冇超過安全極限?該公司股價⑹過去有冇大幅波動或無法解釋的波幅?
—–
其實投資好簡單,挑選優質股買入,直到股價上升一倍或以上才考慮獲利回吐,再用止蝕盤保護,以防自己分析錯誤,如此一來虧損被局限在15%之內;至於利潤,不妨讓它往前跑,通常獲利100%是最起碼要求,不少情況下利潤可達200%或以上。

——–
發達容易搵食更艱難

我老曹相信差唔多任何人都可發達,發達並唔需要特別天才、家庭背景甚至學歷。我老曹曾經寫過「發達容易,搵食艱難」,即發達較搵食容易,但點解社會上咁少人發達?理由係95%そ人響發達過程中犯錯,事關佢地唔記得開門七件事:

甲、誤信貼士。太多人唔做功課,睇報紙大標題買股票,如果D專家咁叻,點解佢地自己未發達?如果你停留響聽貼士水平,我老曹保證你冇發達!

乙、識乜唔重要,認識邊個才重要。請多點交朋友,我老曹係指可互相扶持的朋友,而非豬朋狗友。如果你同猴子在一起,你的思想行為遲早同猴子接近。

丙、做事要專心。唔少人以為別人發達係勤力,其實剛相反,世上最勤力的人通常從事低收入工作,富人工作時間並唔長但專心,一旦投入工作往往可廢寢忘餐,直到工作完成或上軌道後交畀屬下員工為止。

丁、誤信錢搵錢,以為自己窮係上一代冇蚊年剩落。事實上,唔少人富有的理由便是上一代貧窮,佢地立心脫離窮籍,結果錢愈賺愈多,最後富甲一方。佢地そ致富之道係一旦機會來臨便利用槓桿原理(不懂借錢的人唔會發達,亂借錢的人很快破產),因此佢そ財富唔只由一百萬元變成二百萬元,而係由一千萬元變成一億元。換言之,看準機會響一段時間(例如十年)內令財富高速增長,然後及時減債便可以印印腳矣。

戊、大富由天、小富由儉,呢個世界冇天時地利人和,你唔可能成為蓋茨、畢非德或李實發,呢類人一千萬人中少於兩個,真係一命二運三風水……。對一般人而言,一千萬元應該十分吸引,如你肯花三十年時間去達到上述數字,人人可以做到,並非白日夢。

己、好多人話「財富係一項負擔」,呢句話係講畀窮人聽そ,唔好信。財富絕對唔係一項負擔,你可以交畀私人銀行負責或請專人負責。財富的好處係令你財政獨立,唔使為幾萬銀折腰,可從心所欲地去做自己喜歡的事。

庚、富有的人視賺錢為一種興趣而非一項苦差,一如我老曹每天寫呢個專欄三十年不變,有人問辛唔辛苦?答案係有時冇材料都幾辛苦,除此之外都係樂趣,希望讀者透過我老曹提供的財務意見改善自己理財方法;同時,在為讀者搜尋資料過程中,我老曹亦搵到投資機會。任何視賺錢為苦差者一定唔會發達。

在此順便重溫我老曹的「投資哲學」-
A、不要趁低買入,因為你唔知幾時才係最低,寧買當頭起,莫買當頭跌;
B、永遠記住行使止蝕,防止小損失變成大損失;
C、買賣前先做功課;
D、財富係透過逐小逐小累積起來的,唔好期望一朝發達;
E、冇必勝投資但有必勝投資策略。
———
有D投資戒條連我老曹自己亦可能忘記,在此同各位重溫。

一、無論情況如何緊記溝上唔溝落。

二、股票市場係賺錢地方,因此絕對要跟紅頂白而非鋤強扶弱,幾時都應吸納強勢股,沽出弱勢股。

三、持有蝕本股不放有兩大損失:A、股價上嘅損失;B、失去將資金投資其他項目嘅損失。因此絕對要止蝕。

四、股市唔係低價買入高價賣出嘅地方(冇人做得到),應該高價買入更高價賣出,因此宜高追不宜趁低買入。

五、牛市中錯失獲利機會冇有怕,因為下一浪更高;熊市中寧可賺少D,亦不應太遲離市。

六、股市表現可能同自己想法背馳好耐,所以淡市莫估底,旺市莫估頂。

七、第一次出現裂口上升時不妨買入;如出現裂口回落係時候離開。

八、旺市時不妨膽大D,因為形勢在我;淡市時少玩,因為氹仔浸死人。

九、投資成功先了解基本因素,再利用技術分析決定買賣時機,只識技術分析唔了解基本因素者,只係花拳繡腿(睇得但唔打得)。

十、升市將盡小心「單日轉向」或「單周轉向」走勢,通常幾有用。最簡單的技術分析最有用,太複雜的技術分析只係用嚟嚇初學者。

十一、了解群眾心理亦十分有用,因群眾常常睇錯市。

十二、止蝕唔止賺,通常賣出之後股價才大升,我地少賺50%或以上。獲利回吐易,止蝕賣出難,只有克服上述心理,才能在股市立足。
———–
寧願蝕息不可蝕價

股聖畢非德旗下巴郡哈撒韋透露去年度手上現金高達360億美元(2002年年底只有130億美元),響現今低利率情況下,點解保留咁多茄殊在手?投資涉及兩問題:一B賺息(例如存款有利息、買樓有租收、買股票有股息、買債券有債息);二、賺價(外匯有波動、樓價有升降、股價有上落、債券價格可升可跌)。一般人過分強調賺息,因為仍需要利息收入去改善生活素質;有錢人卻強調賺價,因為佢地嘅收入已唔再需要收息。令你富有嘅係賺價,唔係賺息;令你貪窮嘅亦係蝕價,唔係蝕息。1997年8月買樓收租至今,結果七年租金收入抵不上樓價回落;反之,過去三年摣金冇息收,但卻可賺價。雖然黃金冇利息,但金價上升 60%,跑贏過去三年樓價!

股份亦一樣,高息股通常唔係增長股,而且隨時面對派息減少甚至唔派息;增長股從來唔可能派高息,因為資金有更佳用途。合理股息應響三厘半之下,一旦高於三厘半,已再唔係增長股。有時客觀情況係面對蝕息或蝕價嘅問題,畢非德教曉我地寧可蝕息,不可蝕價。
——–
各位應緊記以下八大格言:
一、訂立守則管制自己行為(例如止蝕沽盤);
二、不要只見高回報率,忽略高風險所在;
三、未買先賣(未買入任何投資前,先計計自己可以輸幾多);
四、不可承擔超過自己能力的投資(例如有三十萬元炒一百萬元貨);
五、不可感情支配理智(面對損失之時因輸唔起而感情用事);
六、不可自己冇主見而誤聽別人意見(忘記真主意、假商量守則);
七、不可冇為自己行為負責的性格;
八、切勿忘記以上七大格言。

Wednesday, December 17, 2008

The last bubble

'' In my view, U.S. stocks are still not attractive.

Historically, you buy stocks when they're yielding 6% and selling at eight times earnings. You sell them when they're at 22 times earnings and yielding 2%. Right now U.S. stocks are down a lot, but they're still very expensive by that historical valuation method. The U.S. market is yielding 3% today. For stocks to go to a 6% yield without big dividend increases, the Dow will need to go below 4000.

I cannot imagine why anybody would give money to the U.S. government for 30 years for less than a 4% yield.''

By Jim Rogers

Oil Guru Blanch Shifts From Bull to Bear and Back

Francisco Blanch, the Merrill Lynch & Co. analyst who called the $147.27 record crude-oil price nearly on the nose, sent markets into a tailspin with his forecast that the next move may be back to $25 a barrel in 2009. Such relief for consumers may be short-lived once the global recession ends, he said.

“If we reignite economic growth to a very fast level, we will have a shortage of energy again,” said the 35-year-old head of global commodity research at Merrill Lynch in London . Oil may rise to $150 in two or three years, said Blanch. World growth will reach 2.2 percent next year and rise to 4.8 percent by 2011, according to the International Monetary Fund.

Blanch changed his 2009 price forecast at least four times this year as the worst global slowdown since 2001 spreads. His most recent estimate that crude may fall to $25 came on Nov. 26.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ 13 members meet in Oran , Algeria , tomorrow to try to stem crude’s decline.

“A shift of views from an analyst is a good thing,” said Pierre Andurand, chief investment officer at BlueGold Capital Management LLP, a London-based hedge fund that manages $1.1 billion. “It means he takes the change in economic conditions
and the change in balances into account. We can’t say that for many of them.”

On August 7, with crude about $27 below the record set about a month earlier, Blanch said he expected oil demand to be supported by “very healthy” growth in emerging markets.

The following month, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. declared bankruptcy, credit markets froze and recessions in the U.S. and the Europe deepened.

Global Recession
Blanch lowered his average 2009 forecast to $90 on Oct. 2 and said crude may fall to $50 in a global recession. Following the announcement, prices dropped 4.6 percent to $93.97 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Two months later, he forecast a fall to $25 if the recession extended to China . Oil tumbled 13 percent to $40.50 a barrel that day and the next.
“What changed our views is that the credit cycle became explosive. Suddenly the cost of money just absolutely ballooned,” said Blanch, who lives in London ’s Hampstead area with his wife, Gabriela, a human rights lawyer, and a golden retriever named Guero.

Goldman Sachs Group Inc. analysts Jeffrey Currie and Allison Nathan, and Deutsche Bank AG’s Adam Sieminski, have also reduced price forecasts.
London-based Currie and Nathan, in New York , predicted on Dec. 11 that oil would drop to $30 in the first quarter of 2009, half their previous forecast. Washington-based Sieminski predicted an average price of $47.50 for 2009.

Blanch forecast $150 oil in November 2007 when crude was about $96, saying that would set the stage for a global economic slowdown sending the price to $50.

‘Cold Outside’
His $25 prediction may have received more weight than it deserved, said Sarah Emerson, managing director of Energy Security Analysis Inc., a consulting firm in Wakefield,Massachusetts.
“Sure, if the Chinese economy gets really bad, we could go below $25,” she said. “It’s kind of like saying if the temperature drops, it will be cold outside.”
Blanch, who runs half-marathons and takes the subway to work, said the likelihood of $25 oil is less than one in three.

“The best you can do is sort of set out a number of alternatives and try to set out within your central forecast what are the risks around it and what are the alternatives,” he said. “Nobody has a crystal ball.”

Tuesday, December 16, 2008

SPH

Recommendation: Buy (Maintained),Target price: $4.48 (from $5.11)

Core media business at below historical low
We are revising our advertising revenue growth assumption to -20.0% from 3.0% in view of the negative GDP outlook for 2009. Historically, advertising revenue growth underperformed GDP growth in a down market. In 2002, advertising revenue declined 19.8% yoy. Our new projection shows newspaper and magazine revenue declining 14.8% while overall revenue is estimated to fall by 1.6% in FY09F, mitigated by the contribution from Sky@Eleven. At 11.8x forward PER, SPH is now trading at the trough valuation of 11.8x. Our implied valuation of the core media business shows a trading PER of 10.6x, which is below the historical low PER of 11.8x.

Cost cutting to counter recession
We reduced our staff cost estimates for FY09F by 29% following the cost cutting measures instituted by the management and given that employees’ variable wage component is about 10%. Our net profit estimate in FY09F is reduced to $425.3m, representing a yoy decline of 2.8%. The impact of changes to earnings estimates are lower DPS of 23.8 cts for FY09F and 22.2 cts for FY10F, translating to a yield of 7.6% and 7.1%, respectively. The DPS estimates are based on a 90% payout from both media and development income.

Free cash flow to support payout
Free cash flow of $408m expected in FY09F should support the dividend payout of $380m. SPH is in a net cash position of $280m as at Aug’08, with $1.1b in investible fund. An additional $150m three-year loan obtained recently may be deployed for investments in overseas media joint ventures.

Dividend track record a key attribute
SPH remains one of our most defensive pick as the company rewards shareholders with dividends even in bad times. Assuming 90% payout of recurring earnings, we are projecting normal yield of 5.2% (excluding payout from Sky@Eleven), which depicts are more sustainable dividend profile as contribution from property development will cease from FY11.

Lower core media business valuation impacts SOTP target price
Our SOTP target price has been reduced to $4.48, mainly due to the lower DCF valuation of the core media business of $2.96 based on a 7.4% WACC and 2% terminal growth rate. We further assumed that the investments will be marked down by 10% due to the uncertain equity market condition. Our valuation assumption of $2b for Paragon remains intact as we believe that the opening of competing up-market shopping malls along Orchard Road in 2009 may raise the profile of surrounding properties and draw new crowds, and hence valuation will find a support. There is a 41% price upside to the new target price. Maintain Buy.

Haw Par ($3.46): Oversold; Embedded with Solid Value. BUY (TP: $5.25)

• Haw Par (HP) is trading at the widest discount of 0.4x NAV compared to the historical 5-year band of 0.6-0.9x.

• 60% of HP’s valuation is derived from its stake in UOB, whose price performance is highly correlated with the former. However year to date, HP’s stock has under-performed UOB, declining by 50% vs 34% in UOB’s stock price.

• At the current market cap of S$700m ($3.53/share), HP’s 4% shareholding in UOB is literally free if we strip out its investment holdings in UOL (5% stake), UIC (5%), investment properties, leisure and healthcare businesses.

• Balance sheet is strong and debt-free. We estimate dividend income from investments and operating earnings to generate free cash flow of $80-90m p.a., which is more than adequate to fund dividend payments of $49m (S$ 25c/share). Stock also offers a decent 7% yield based on the current market price.

• We expect corporate earnings to decline sharply in 2009. Against this backdrop, companies like HP with strong free cash flow and are attractively priced, are likely to outperform the broader market. Our sensitivity analysis shows that even if we were to assume sharply lower investment income from UOB; our worst case scenario indicates that net profit should still remain comfortably above $60m.

• We expect corporate earnings to decline sharply in 2009. Against this backdrop, companies like HP with strong free cash flow and are attractively priced, are likely to outperform the broader market. We stress-test earning impact in an downturn assuming sharply lower investment income from UOB; our bear case scenario indicates that net profit should still remain above $60m.

• Stock is trading at a 53% discount to our SOTP target of $7.51. Applying a 30% holding company discount, we derive a fair value target price of $5.25.

Recommend buy with 48% upside.

Negatives
Segmental earnings
•Stock is thinly traded with large institutional holdings (25% ofo/s stock), leading to wide bid/ask spreads.

•HP was removed from the MSCI Singapore in mid 2008; the lack of index inclusion could lead to low trading interest in the stock and consequently, price performance could lag broad market rallies.

•Earnings from Underwater World Sentosacould be impacted by lower tourist arrivals.

Monday, December 15, 2008

羅傑斯: 投資法則之一是袖手旁觀 靜待大勢自然發展

詹姆斯·羅傑斯是在1968年以微不足道的600美元,在股市起家的。到了1973年,他便與喬治·索羅斯(George Soros)合夥設立“量子基金”(Quantum Fund)。該支基金後來成為全美表現最優異的基金一。1980年,羅傑斯累積一筆財富,於是宣告退休。他所謂的“退休”,是指開始專心經營個人的投資組合,以及到哥倫比亞大學商學院教授有關投資的課程。
  
我當時非常希望能訪問羅傑斯。他不僅是當代市場交易領域內的傳奇人物,而且總是能夠透過電視以及一些平面傳播媒體,為普通常識注入新意並給予新的詮釋。
由於我與羅傑斯並不相識,因此我寫了一封信給他,一方面請求他接受我的採訪,一方面向他解釋,我正在編寫一本有關交易員的書籍,隨信我也附贈他附我先前所寫一本有關期貨的著作。我並在書上寫了一句引自法國大哲學家福爾特爾(Voltaire)的名言:“普通常識其實並不那麼普通。”

幾天后,羅傑斯打電話給我,為贈書致謝,並且表示願意接受訪問。但是他也告訴我:“我可能不適合你採訪,因為我可以說是全世界最爛的交易員,我不但經常持有某一部位長達數年,而且從來沒有選對進場的時機。”他認為我的採訪對象應該是高明的交易員,而不是一名成功的投資人。

我所謂的交易員,是指注重股市大勢所趨的人;投資人則是注重選擇具有獲利潛力股票的人。換句話說,我所謂的投資人永遠是多頭,而交易員則可能做多,也可能放空。我在電話中向羅傑斯解釋我如何分辨交易員與投資人,並向他強調,他正是我所希望採訪的對象。

選定標的·長抱獲利
我是在一個初春的午後抵達羅傑斯的寓所。他一再強調:“我還是認為你找錯對象了。”

以下便是羅傑斯的解釋,以及為何他不認為自己是交易員的原因,我則是藉著他的解釋而展開本次的採訪。就如我在電話裏所說的,我不認為自己是一名交易員。記得我在1982年買進西德股票時,我對經紀人說:“我要你替我買進甲、乙、丙三支股票。”經紀人間我:“接下來要做什麼?”我說:“只要買進這些股票,然後告訴我是否成交就行了。”他問我:“你要不要我寄給你一些分析報告?”我回答:“拜託千萬不要。”他又問我:“你要不要我寄一些參考資料?”我回答:“喔,不必了。”他又問:“要不要我告訴你成交價?”我說:“不要,連成交價都不要告訴我。假如你告訴我成交價,我只要看到股價上漲兩倍或三倍,就可能想賣出股票。我其實是想長抱西德股票至少3年,因為我認為西德股市將會出現二、三十年僅見的多頭市場。”結果可想而知,那位經紀人被我說得啞口無言,他以為我根本就是個瘋子。附帶提一下,我的預測後來證明是正確的,我在1982年底買進西德股票,後來在1985年與1986年初分批賣出。

問:你當時為什麼對西德股市如此有信心?
答:我是在1982年底買進西德股票的,然而西德股市早在該年8月份開始邁向多頭市場。不過,更重要的是,西德股市自1961 年以來,便沒有出現過多頭市場。在1961年到1982年的21年間,西德經濟持續蓬勃發展。因此,基本上,西德股市已具有介入的價值。不論是買進或賣出,我總會先確定自己不會賠錢。只要買賣標的確實有其價值,即使我判斷錯誤,也不致虧損太多。

問:可是根據這個理論,你可能會早10年進入西德股市。
答:沒錯。你可能會因為與我持相同的看法,而在1971年買進西德股票,然後眼睜睜地走大多頭市場。可是話說回來,西德股市當時的確擁有催化股市的因素。任何重大事情的形成與發生,總是需要催化。當時,西德股市的催化因素就是西德大選。我預測當時執政的社會黨將被反對黨棗基督教民主黨擊敗。我也知道,基督教民主黨早已擬訂了一套刺激企業投資的計劃。

我的想法是,保守的基督教民主黨如果在經過多年挫敗後,終能贏得大選勝利,就一定會從事一些重大的經濟改革。我也發現,西德有許多企業由於預測基督教民主黨會贏得大選,因此在1982年都暫時停止資本及設備方面的投資。由此看來,假如基督教民主黨真的贏得大選,企業的資本投資勢必會呈大幅擴張。

問:結果呢?
答:結果在基督教民主黨贏得大選的當天,西德股市就告大漲。

問:假如基督教民主黨輸了呢?
答:我前面已經說過,我之所以進入西德股市,就是因為它本身已經具有相當的價值。根據這個理由,我相信我不會虧損。

路,还是要自己走的.

只要你清楚你自己要的是什么,追求的是什么,
那这条路你就可以很顺利的继续走下去了.
只要自己清楚明白自己的投资目标,
那你就不会人云亦云,受别人影响.

理他别人的什么趋势投资?
鸟他别人的什么价值投资?

只要找到一个适合自己的路,
只要找到一个适合自己的系统,那就好了!

自己的钱,难道别人还会比我自己更关心吗?
问了别人,给了意见又怎样?

你自己都不知道,那别人又怎么清楚?
所以自己的路,最好还是自己选择怎样走.

宝贵的无形资产

最近有人对大马公司的品牌价值进行评估。结果前3名是属于3家银行,其中MayBank以93亿令吉高居榜首。

这个品牌评估揭示了一个事实:一只股票的价值,应该高过其净有形资产价值。

资产可以分为两类:有形与无形资产。
有形资产指有形可见的资产,如土地、厂房、大厦、机器设备等等。是可以看得到、摸得到的东西。
无形资产指无形可见的资产,如商誉、品牌、技术、特许权等。是看不见、摸不到,却是有经济价值的“东西”。

在无形资产中,最重要及最有价值的就是品牌。

品牌一旦建立起来,商品自然畅销,公司从此财源广进。所以,打响品牌已成为企业的最主要任务。

一个好的品牌,肯定比其有形资产价值更高。

一些名牌产品其实很少由公司本身的工厂生产的。

西方名牌消费品多数由第三世界的工厂以承包的方式生产,这样可以节省成本。

有些商品一旦建立品牌,厂房设备等根本不重要。

就以报纸为例,一份权威的报纸即使印报机抛锚了,交给另一家报馆去代为印刷,销路根本不会受影响。读者也根本不知道,也不关心报纸是在那里印刷的。

其他名牌产品亦如此。

这就是品牌的威力。

品牌建立信心

但是品牌这种无形资产,只有产品受到消费人信任时才有价值。

一旦失去消费人的信任,品牌就一文不值。

除了品牌之外,一家成功企业本身就拥有一定的无形资产价值。

一家成功企业在该行业中居于领导性的地位。单单这一点已价值不菲。

(1)成功企业必然在有关产品中,占据一定的市场,新的产品要分一杯羹,谈何容易。故市场份额是有价值的。

例如啤酒业:皇帽(Carlsbg,2836)和健力士英格(Guiness,3255)已占据了大部份市场,别的啤酒不易挤进去。故这两家公司的股票(股份)不应以其有形资产来评估其价值。

(2)其次是技术。当一家企业拥有制造高品质产品或特殊产品的技术时,技术本身就是很有价值的无形资产。

(3)再其次是人才。企业的成败,有无人才是关键,尤其是需要特殊知识、技能及经验的服务业。如金融机构、资讯业、报业等。有些企业在收购别的企业时,坚持原有的人才留任若干年才肯签约,就是这个原因。

(4)营业地点也有价值,比如银行业。在同一条街道中,如果已有一家银行的分行,通常国家银行不会批准另一家银行在其附近设立分行。故占据要津的分行,也是有价值的。同样的,租到地位优越、人潮汹涌的店位,本身就有价值。

(5)种植业和产业公司拥有地点良好的土地,其股票应比有形资产价值更高才算合理。例如好的农业地都被上市公司垄断了,要再建立同样规模的公司难上加难,故其股票价值应比每股净有形资产更高才算合理。

(6)企业的制度也有价值。例如金融业,基本上是靠制度来操控。建立制度要时间,故制度也是一种无形资产。

(7)关系。尤其是与老顾客的关系,也是企业宝贵的无形资产。

(8)时间也是无形资产。建立一家成功企业起码要10年、8年。在这期间,公司要付出大笔的利息去克服无数的困难。所以有些公司宁愿付出比有形资产价值更高的代价(Premium)来收购现成的企业,这样更合算。

举个例子,安裕资源(Ann Joo,6556)原本是做大五金贸易的,后来决定自设钢铁厂。该公司原拟投资6亿令吉在巴生建钢铁厂,后来发现国企有意脱售马八幡,该公司决定收购马八幡,因为马八幡是一家成熟的企业,只要加以整顿业务就马上有盈利,这样可以节省自建钢铁厂的时间。现在安裕已拥有马八幡的100%股权,这几年的表现证明收购马八幡是明智之举。

从以上的分析,我们得到一个结论。股票的价值应该高过其有形价值才算合理。

理由是成功的企业都拥有比有形资产价值更高的无形资产。

有许多好公司的股票,价格已跌至净有形资产价值之下,有些甚至只等于有形资产价值(NTA)的一半。

这等于市场完全忽略了企业的无形资产。

即使有形资产也没有反映在股价上。

这样的估值合理吗?

这种不合理的估值,只有在目前这种极度悲观的市场中才会出现。

这样的市场,为有意投资的人提供了以低估价值买进良好企业股份的良机。

小心筛选之后,买进价值被低估的好股,长期持有可以赚钱!

Sunday, December 14, 2008

投资方法

投资方法(1)

当你树立了正确的投资理念以后,下一步就是全面、准确地了解股市投资方法。然后选择适合自己的方法并灵活加以运用,是投资者成功的第一步。任何一种投资方法都有其缺点,都有失败的可能,这里要注意的是“灵活”二字,特别是《战术篇》,不要拘泥于某一种,要根据实际情况仔细分析后使用。市场是在不断变化的,今天有用的战术不一定明天有用,因为庄家会利用大众约定俗成的经验来骗人!

股市投资方法,伴随股市的发展不断演变。现在,归纳起来大致有十八种:分为《战略篇》和《战术篇》,这是我从事证券市场七年来的粗浅理解。其实证券投资方法何止十八种,三十六种也有,况且还在不断的发展之中。这证券投资《十八法》只能算是沧海一粟罢了。

从严格意义上来说,在我国是没有真正的长期投资概念的,也没有上市公司值得长期投资。由于国家赋予这个市场的功能特性,由于政府对证券市场政策的朝令夕改,由于上市公司的过度包装,由于机构做庄的肆无忌惮,我国证券市场的投机风气是有目共睹的,在这种市场氛围下,人们只能选择投机,别无选择。我在以后论述的所谓投资理念其实不能算是真正的投资理念,充其量是运用投资理念来进行投机操作,即理性的投机行为。也就是说:所谓投资理念,实质上也是一种投机方式,是以长期投资的心态、研究方法买进股票,以标准投机的方式卖出股票,不管是赚钱或者是亏损。一句话:投资性买进,投机性卖出。目的:赚钱!

战略篇
一、 内幕交易
顾名思义,此类交易方法的核心是有关人士通过内幕消息获取暴利。股票市场信息的不对称,本是各国政府立法保护中小投资者的基本原因,但此类交易方式却将此当作谋取不当利益的跳板,反其道而行之。这是实现高额利润的最佳方式,但要面对的是法律风险。因为这不是一般的个人能做到的,所以不需要去研究。但是,反过来说就必须要研究,只有通过研究才能了解内幕交易的情况,才能尽量避免上当受骗,保持戒备心理,使得股市风险降到最低限度,充分保护自己,充分保护自己的合法权利。说穿了,最终是保护自己口袋里的钱。

在我国内幕交易主要体现在庄家与上市公司联手做假,上市公司发布虚假信息,做市庄家精心构造虚假的技术指标,同时买通股评家发表虚假的投资价值分析报告,他们美其名为“包装”。 “包装”是为了国营企业改革,为了填补国营企业亏损的黑洞,为了在三年内把国营企业扭亏为盈,为了从老百姓手里骗取财物,为了上市,为了配股,为了机构庄家的胜利大逃亡,为了……。政府也在有意无意的支持、纵容、默认甚至亲自参与上市公司和准备上市公司的“包装”行为。

作为善意、适度的包装无可非议,善良的人们能够忍受,但是对于恶意、过度的包装真是深恶痛绝,而有无可奈何。但愿政府早一点儿清醒过来,不要把证券市场当作提款机,否则这个市场迟早要毁灭的。

但是,另外一种内幕交易不一定是违法的。现在市场上投资基金经理所做的所谓上市公司调研工作,从一定的角度来说也属于内幕交易的类别,因为他不是从公开信息来了解上市公司,而是通过上门了解未公开的信息。根据上门了解的未公开信息,指导投资基金的操作方向,决定对该公司是否投资。你能说这一内幕交易违法吗?

所以具备一定实力以后还是需要对上市公司调研的,因为这是以最快速度获取未公开信息的一种途径,当然这需要财力的支持。其实这也可以归入基本分析的范畴。

二、 价格操纵
股票价格的人为操纵,是由于资金实力的不平衡对交易价格的操纵,俗称庄家行为。人们都不难看出其以强凌弱、巧取豪夺的特征。对于个人来说是没有这个能量的,也没有这个必要,所以并不需要去学习运用其方法。从反面角度来说就必须去研究分析,研究的作用是为了避免风险、避免陷阱、避免上当受骗,增强自我保护能力。

庄家行为一般和内幕交易混合在一起。特别在我国,大多数庄家和上市公司同流合污、狼狈为奸,骗取散户的血汗钱。广大散户对庄家态度是又爱又恨:爱的是如果跟庄成功能快速赚钱,恨的是一旦套进不知何日出头。

庄家炒作一个股票大致经历六个阶段:吸货、震仓、拉高、振荡、快速拉高、出货,即三段式上升。吸货,大多数不露声色,慢慢吸货时间可达二、三个月,也有庄家采用快速拉高建仓。建仓完毕后大多数股票已上升了20--30%左右进行震仓,目的是要提高机构散户的平均持股成本。然后显山露水、匀速拉高30--40%左右,目的吸引机构散户跟入推高,远离庄家成本区。再振荡提高市场平均成本。最后传闻利好、快速拉高。利好出台、散户追涨,庄家出货;或高台整理出货、或高台跳水出货、或振荡走低出货。

庄家手法五花八门、眼花缭乱,目的只有一个,瞄准散户的口袋、骗取广大散户的血汗钱。详细手法见另文《庄股手法》

三、 技术分析
掌握股票价格的变化规律,捕捉入市、出市的适当时机,是人们坚持不懈的努力之一。肩负这一光荣使命的技术与图表分析,从股市诞生不久,就开始其漫长而从未间歇的探索过程。

这是一种很有效的方式,主要的作用和功能是根据股票价格过去的变动规律,预测未来股价变动的趋势。技术分析的理论是建筑在天地万物的运行都是有规律的假设中。技术分析归入投机的范畴。

过去激进的技术分析人士,认为所有的信息已包括在股价图中,因此不屑于去了解股票背后公司的业务状况。这也是技术方法与其它投资方法的基本区别所在。

股价波动有很大一部分的股票是有规律的,(前提是公司经营平稳、每股利润无大起大落、无重大事件、无强庄恶庄)是可以用技术分析来指导投机方向的。

相对来说用技术分析来预测指数的成功率要高一点,预测股价的成功率要低一些。特别适合于经营平稳的上市公司,譬如《谷底理论》、《散兵坑理论》、《人头理论》、《波浪理论》、《形态理论》、《量价理论》等等。

技术分析的范围相当广大,要熟悉精通绝非易事。况且当某种技术分析指标被大多数人接受时,这种技术分析就会失效,就会被庄家利用。所以当某种股票明确有庄家时就不能使用技术分析,而改用感觉比较合适。

理论上技术分析是包罗万象的,其实也有局限性,对于突发性重大事件就没有能力反映,对于长期走势就没有办法预测,对于庄家股票简直是相反指标。

技术分析适用于在平稳的大盘状态、平稳的上市公司、平稳的股价位置。也就是说技术分析适用于证券市场的大多数时间和大多数上市公司,准确而熟练的运用是能够赚钱的!

严格一点来说现有的技术分析方法是适合于西方成熟市场的,并不适合于我国的证券投机市场,所以要想运用技术分析来进行证券投资就必须自己创造一套技术指标。结合现有的技术分析方法,才有可能走向成功。

本人认为运用技术分析是能够在证券市场赚钱的,但是要想在证券市场成功,单独运用技术分析是远远不够的。作为一个初入市场的人,就必须要学习技术分析,了解技术指标的来龙去脉。你用不用技术分析是一回事,知道不知道又是一回事。因为这是进入市场所要做得准备工作的重要一步。

四、 基本分析
与技术分析不同,基本分析注重股市的非心理因素。该方法认为,股票价格是公司价值的市场信号,随公司价值的变动而升落,从早期葛兰翰姆的价格/流动资产净值比,到J.B威廉的未来盈余现值,再到华尔街较为流行的比较价值,基本分析方法在股票价格与内在价值之间架起一座座桥梁。基本分析也是一种很有效的赚钱方式,相对于技术分析的掌握要方便一些,但对人的综合素质的要求比较高。

基本分析涉及的面相当广,政府金融政策信息,政府财政货币政策信息,政府行业信息,国际国内政治动向,国内经济动向,上市公司的经营信息,公司行业的发展前景,市场未来的消费热点,等等。由于证券市场是领先于经济动向的,所以主要着眼点在于预测未来动向,在于预测未来趋势。

基本分析宗旨是根据上市公司的公开信息分析股票的内在价值,对照股票的表面价格来决定操作方向。无论是短线型投资与长线型投资,价值型投资与成长型投资,万变不离其宗,决定操作方向的是内在价值与表面价格之比较,股票与股票之间相对价值之比较,即比较价值。

研究内在价值的主要方向是上市公司的成长性及可能的成长年限,即未来盈余现值。如果有做空机制的情况下,还可以反向思维。其次是上市公司现金流,公司稳定性,投资

资本回报率,即市盈率。

研究上市公司应注意管理层的年龄结构,管理层的持股结构,管理运行方式,(最佳管理方式是更改董事长、总经理后仍能持续平稳运行),大股东的资产运行状况。公司所在行业,行业在国民经济中的作用及地位,公司在行业中的地位,行业中的竞争对手如何。尽量挑选行业中的领先公司,尽量挑选大集团(有利润的大集团)中的小上市公司,尽量挑选行业前景广阔的公司,技术领先的公司。

严格地说证券市场是个非理性的投机市场,股价短期的涨跌是不以股票的内在价值为基础的,但是从长期来说股票价格肯定符合股票的内在价值,即价值回归。

基本分析的理论是建筑在证券市场是个非理性的投机市场,是经常犯错误的这个基础上。运用基本分析研究内在价值,利用市场错误决定操作方向,然后等待价值回归。

基本分析也有缺陷,因为他不考虑市场现状,不考虑技术面现状,买进后有可能短期下跌,引起短期亏损,所以应结合技术分析决定操作的时点。人们试图运用基本分析来准确预测上市公司的未来盈利能力,事实证明这是一厢情愿,上市公司的未来盈利能力是不能够准确预测的。如果有人说:通过基本分析是能够准确预测上市公司的未来盈利能力的,那么他肯定是个白痴。所以应结合投资组合决定操作程度。

基本分析三部曲――研究发现、耐心拥有、待价而沽。

基本分析最难的是“研究发现”好公司,这需要经验的积累、阅历的积累、专业知识的积累,需要长期的、全方位的对中国经济的了解。

基本分析最折磨人的是“耐心拥有”,在这过程中有上上下下的折磨、股票差价的诱惑、左邻右舍的关切、大盘的趋势等等,这需要坚定而正确理念。

基本分析最难以决定的是“待价而沽”。原则上应不追求最高价,只求相对高价,具体操作是见顶回落还是上升途中只能相机行事。

总而言之,掌握基本分析的方法并不难,但对人的综合素质的要求比较高。最好结合技术分析来决定操作的时点。

五、 随机漫步
随机理论指出:股票价格变动具有随机性,不可预测性。这等于宣判了技术分析与基本分析的死刑。当前者和后者试图在过去的股价图及现有信息中,寻找出入市的时机时,随机理论认为,这是徒劳的。股票价格的变动,如同荒野中的醉汉、空中的尘埃,其行动轨迹没有规律可循。该方法的理论基础是:追逐利润最大化的投资者,都在努力挖掘股价变化的规律。正是这一挖掘过程,使可能原本存在的规律无效。影响公司股价变化的新信息,也是随机发生的。因此,股价变动也具有随机性,不可预测性。

随机理论与市场有效假说有些相辅相成、互为因果。由于认为价格随机,市场有效,该理论指出:盲人用掷飞镖的方法选取的股票,其市场表现,甚至好过技术分析与基本分析人士精心选取的股票(因为前者几乎无任何成本支出)。随机理论认为没有必要进行基本分析和技术分析,因为这一切都是徒劳的。只要随机买入、想买就买、想卖就卖,一切的一切听从上帝的安排。

随机理论实际上就是懒汉理论、赌徒理论、命运理论。随机理论的发明者代表了大多数不能在证券市场赚钱的、或者赚小钱的平庸者,他们不能发掘成长公司,没有耐心拥有成长股票,不能悉心研究技术指标,不愿宏观地预测经济趋势。他们不可能赚大钱,根本就赚不了大钱。他们不愿意付出,又怎么能有回报呢?

我国证券市场上大多数的投资者都是在无意识之中采用这种随机理论。随机理论的结果是市场平均的结果,即70%亏损,20%保本,10%赚钱。

严格地说随机理论不能作为投资理论。充其量是平庸者误人子弟的懒汉理论。

六、 组合投资
证券组合的理论基础听起来很简单:别把鸡蛋放在一个篮子里。我们可以假设,国人饮酒的习惯在一段时间内变化不定。那么,最好的投资方法就是将资金按一定的比例分散在白酒、黄酒、葡萄酒与啤酒的股票上。这样做的风险(非系统风险),肯定小于只买一种酒类股票。当然,证券组合的讨论过程相当复杂,证券组合创始人的本意是各投资品种之间的组合,即公司股票、国家债券、企业债券、外汇交易、商品期货之间的组合。我在这里要说的仅仅是指上市股票的投资组合。

证券组合有一定的实用性,特别适合于资金量大的。但对于小资金来说是无所谓的,本身就不多的鸡蛋没有必要分散在几个篮子里,还不如找一至二个结实一点的篮子并看好它,省事省心。

对于鸡蛋多的人来说就有必要了,因为一个篮子放不下,只能找几个篮子放。具体一点来说就是按一定的比例买进几个市盈率相对高的,成长性很好的股票,再买进几个市盈率相对低的,成长性一般的股票,再买进几个市盈率很低的,没有成长性的股票。还要考虑行业的组合,公司大小的组合,预期市场热点的组合。证券组合说简单就简单,说复杂就复杂。要根据个人的爱好来进行组合。

七、 资本定价
当葛兰翰姆与巴菲特师徒二人塑造了证券分析的典范时,亨利·马考维茨与威廉·夏普师徒二人创造了证券组合与资本资产定价理论。

亨利·马考维茨与威廉·夏普师徒二人创造的贝它值(CAPM)则揭示了风险与收益间的关联性。高风险、高收益,这是资本市场的共识。但CAPM的探讨进了一步:透过证券组合投资,哪些风险能消除,哪些不能。论证后的结果表明,适当的证券组合,可以将股票的非系统风险(个股风险)过滤掉,但却无法过滤掉股市的系统风险(市场风险)。这样,CAPM就告诉人们:透过证券组合后的投资收益(风险报酬),与反映市场风险大小的贝它值有关。投资者如果想获得高收益,唯一的方法,就是要承担额外风险,购买高贝它值的股票。由于市场已按一定的规则计算出不同股票的贝它值,基本分析与技术分析已没有任何意义。

贝它值(CAPM)可以说是技术分析的一个分支,是根据客观的基本分析和技术分析加上主观的系数,通过计算模型,计算出每个股票的贝它值,再根据贝它值进行证券组合。贝它值所揭示的是高风险高收益,低风险低收益。其实也没有多大的实用价值。市场上二年前有人在报刊上计算过贝它值,因没有多大的实用价值,不到半年就没有人计算了,所以知道的人不多。贝它值计算的过程非常复杂,使用的过程又非常简单。以前我研究过贝它值,总觉得实用价值不高,具体计算公式已经忘了。

资本资产定价模型其实可以说是基本分析的一个分支,实质上是研究股票内在价值一种方式。他包括《投资成本法》即静态市盈率、《资本贴现法》即分红回报率、《资本定价法》即资产收益率、《资本总价法》即市场销售率等等。

资本资产定价模型是一个非常复杂的系统工程,当今世界还没有人能拿出令人信服的模型。亨利·马考维茨与威廉·夏普师徒二人创造的贝它值是其中的一种方法,虽然其没有多大的实用价值,但也已经名扬天下。由此可见其难度之大。我用了五年时间研究的《综合市盈率》,现在还只能算是个毛坯,需要逐步完善。

其实,资本是无法正确定价的。由于社会是多变的,市场是多变的,投资和投机的力量交织在一起,理性和非理性因素错综复杂,资金的成本经常波动,市场平均利润率的不确定性,因此无法对资本正确定价。只能按照各自的方式进行各种不同的定价,没有统一的模式可供利用。唯一的办法就是不断地学习他人的经验,取长补短形成自己的模式进行计算,根据市场的变化不断地进行调整,符合市场的模式就是最好的模式。

八、 指数投资
实践证明。无论是基本分析、图表分析、还是新投资理论,都难以使人获得高于市场平均水平的收益。于是,指数投资方法就应运而生。

指数基金产生于美国70年代早期。某种程度上说,它的出现与有效市场假说的发展有点不谋而合。有效理论的核心是:由于股票价格对信息反映有效,因此人们不可能仅凭过去的或公开的(甚至是非公开的)信息而战胜市场。人们已没有理由向基金经理人支付高昂的管理费用,当然也没有必要将资金托付给他们。而余下的选择只有一个:投资指数或指数基金。虽无大的收益惊喜,但却有长期稳定的回报。

指数投资理论实际上是非常有效的懒汉投资理论,能得到略低于指数的收益率,但高于市场平均收益。前提是一旦买进,终生拥有,不得买进卖出。

指数投资理论是建筑在指数随着时间的增长而增长这个基础上的。事实也确实这样,而且它也超过国民经济增长率,超过市场平均利润率。

大多数专家认为,只要按照权重投资指数就能得到与指数同等的利润率,实际上犯了一个低级错误,因为指数计算公式在加入新股、配股、调换成分股、将调正系数,而人们不可能每次都得调正权重,否则税费支出太大,再则如果上市公司由于破产而摘牌指数能调正系数而不影响指数,而投资者则全额亏损,血本无归,所以长期来看指数投资不可能跟指数同步涨跌。

对于小资金来说并不适合指数投资,对于大资金来说不失为一种有效的投资方式,省心省事,又不会落后于平均利润率。无多大的研究价值。

九、 势头投资
势头式投资在90年代的华尔街股市出尽风头。代表人物有:理查德·德利豪斯、朗顿·威廉尔、威廉·奥尼尔等。势头式投资者坚信:股价的短期变化,具有物体的惯性特征。势头式的投资理念自然不会这样简单。某种意义上说,它是物理学、基本分析与市场有效理念的混合体。它在强调股价变化的物理特征时,还在强调公司正面收益变化的刺激、利润加速增长的惊喜。年度与季度收益的大幅度增加、公司在行业中的领导地位、机构投资者的参与、股市上的快进快出、以及快速止损等。

当势头投资人说:股票定会高价迭起!背后是有基本故事的。为获得这些有价值的基本故事,势头投资人花费大量资金建立自己的信息网络。这些网络使势头投资人可提前几天、几小时、甚至几分钟,抢先获得市场信息并迅速采取行动。

毫无怀疑势头式投资理论,是最佳投资理论。至少从理论上来说是最好的,但是,为什么不能超过巴菲特的利润率?为什么?

股市中最大的敌人是自己,最可怕的敌人还是自己。可怕的是自己贪婪和恐惧、经验和固执、失败和成功。市场上无论什么人用什么方法都能赚钱,只有贪婪者不能赚钱!

十、新股申购
这是一种不是方法的方法,属于最保险、最安全、高于市场平均利润率的笨办法,这就是申购新股,即一级市场。这是一种不需要太多智慧、而有旱涝保收的盈利方法,最起码强过指数投资。需要的仅仅是耐性,聚沙成塔。

纵观世界各国的证券市场,特别是我国的一级市场长盛不衰。总有一大批人乐此不彼,无意进入充满刺激、富有挑战性而又充满风险、富有成就感的二级市场。一级市场的平均年利润率大概在20%--30%之间,以年来计算保赚不赔,无市场风险。

新股申购也需要一定的技巧,譬如盘子大小、时间安排、品种搭配、申购数量等等。中签上市后原则上当天就卖出,没有必要等他进一步上涨,就算上涨也不要后悔。因为我国的新股上市从概率来说下跌的比较多,所以应该当天卖出。

新股上市应该考虑成本概念,如果上市当天低于发行价就不应抛出,等待大盘上涨。然后继续申购,直至第二个跌进发行价的股票出现。此时应停止申购新股,满仓买入跌进发行价的中小盘次新股,获利50%后抛出继续申购新股。

投资方法(2)

战术篇
一、 相反理论
股市有个有趣的现象:绝大多数人看好时,股市就要下跌;绝大多数人看淡时,股价就要上升。这就是著名的相反理论,用常理无法解释的相反理论。特别是长期趋势和中期趋势更适合相反理论。

同理,凡是被绝大多数股民看好的股票,就不会快速上涨。原因是庄家不会进去做庄,庄家不愿意为散户抬轿子。所以大多数股民看好的股票不适合做短线。

在大多数股民赌咒发誓,解套后永不进入市场、证券公司门可罗雀的时侯,是买进的最佳时机;在大盘狂热、全民皆谈论股票,只要买进就赚钱、连出租车司机也在炒股票、证券公司拥挤不堪的时侯是卖出的最佳时机。

现代有个寓言:相传有位得道高僧,一时兴起到上海游玩。所到之处几乎每家夫妻都在吵架,相互指责、寻死觅活的。仔细一听都是为了“股票”什么的,亏本呀、卖不出去呀什么的,他听也没有听到过,不知道是怎么一回事。后来他想:既然你们都不要这个股票,为了股票而寻死觅活的,那么我就普度众生、解除你们的烦恼,把这什么“股票”买进了很多,他听到人们不再为股票而吵架之后就回去了。过了一年半载他又想去上海看看,不知道这个“股票”什么的怎么样了。他到了上海大吃一惊,原来门可罗雀的证券公司现在拥挤不堪,人们又在吵架了。不过这一次和上一次不同,是在埋怨对方为什么不是早一点儿去买股票,这几天天天在上涨,再不买被人家买完了。这高僧真是看不懂了:那么我就施舍给你们吧,于是他把上次买进的股票全部卖出,又一次解除了人间的烦恼。高僧回到家里一数钱,哈哈,不得了,钱多了好多好多。那高僧怎么也想不明白,这究竟是为了什么?看来人间真的不好,还是我当和尚好!

相反理论的基础是:证券市场永远是少数人赚钱、大多数人亏本。由此说明真理掌握在少数人手中,大多数人都是错误的。既然大多数人都是错误的,那么市场就会朝着大多数人的意愿相反运动。大多数人就成为相反指标。

这里要注意:相反理论只能运用于中、长期趋势,不能运用于短线操作。短期趋势是顺应大众的趋势,大多数人起到了推波助澜作用,犹如火上浇油或者落井下石呈现加速的趋势,特别表现在市场趋势的转折期阶段。短线操作要顺应大多数人的意愿和思维,顺势而为。

世界各国的市场证明了一个真理:上升行情--在绝望中诞生;在犹豫中成长;在欢呼中消亡!

结论:中、长期趋势运用相反理论,做相反的判断。短线操作要顺势而为!

典型案例:本次行情大多数人认为在配合我国五十大庆、政府鼓励做多,出台一系列利好政策、人气高涨的情况下必创新高,至少上证指数2000点以上。事实上却没有如期上涨,使人们大失所望。

二、 谷底理论
股价走势图看上去很象一座座山峰,有峰顶、有谷底。上山又下山、下山又上山,走走停停、停停走走,周而复始、无穷无尽的重复运动。这既是市场投机的结果、又是自然规律的结果。

从股价走势图上就可以看出只要谷底买进,到峰顶卖出就肯定盈利。这就有了谷底理论,谷底理论是技术分析的一个分支,包含着不可抗拒的自然规律,同时又无意识地运用了基本分析的理论,具有很高的可靠度、可操作性。

一般来说运用谷底理论一年只能操作一次,总体升幅大概在50%--100%之间,去掉头尾部分,应该说赢利30%是没有问题的。大盘股涨幅小一点、走势比较稳健、走得比较慢;小盘股涨幅大一点、振荡比较频繁、走得比较快。相对来说小盘股的价格比较高,投资价值比较小、投机价值就比较高;大盘股的价格比较低,投资价值相对高、投机价值就相对低了。运用谷底理论不需要技巧,仅仅需要的是耐心和时间而已。

谷底理论与大盘趋势的关联性不大,具有一定的正相关性。如果大盘上升关联性就大一点;如果大盘下跌关联性就小一点,甚至可以说没有关联性,除非是大盘暴跌。同理,谷底理论与政治和经济波动趋势的关联性也不大。除非发生突发性重大事件引起大盘剧烈动荡,其他正常的小幅波动几乎没有关联性。

其实与其说谷底理论是根据股价运动的自然规律、利用非理性的投机市场所犯的错误来进行理性的投资操作,还不如说是利用庄家的贪婪来进行理性的投机行为,可以说是跟庄理论的一种延伸,是提前介入的跟庄理论。因为庄家准备做庄所选择股票的原则之一就是:长期底部,因无庄而长期阴跌,散户不看好,易于收集筹码。

谷底理论的基础是:大多数股票在一个相对稳定的框架之内来回运动,周而复始、无穷无尽。由于市场投机的原因,股票价格往往上涨的时侯涨过头、下跌的时侯又跌过头。也就是说:股价上涨的时侯超过内在价值、下跌的时侯低于内在价值。谷底理论利用市场投机所产生的错误来进行反向操作,期望市场从一个方向的错误走向另外一个方向的错误,来获取超常规的利润。

这里要注意的是:运用谷底理论买进必须是长期底部(谷底),不能把中期底部(山腰)视为长期底部(谷底)而急急忙忙买入。新近因除权后下跌而进入谷底的股票,不适合谷底理论。

结论:谷底理论适用于业绩平稳的上市公司,对于公司业绩有成长性和倒退性的不适用。投机成份大于投资成份,是提前介入的跟庄办法。尽量挑选低价中、小盘股票。

典型案例:上海的山川股份,96年6月上市,开盘价10.38元,96年8月下跌至6.46元,之后上涨除权又下跌,98年3月再次下跌至6.45元,符合谷底理论,之后上涨至98年10月的12.55元,极端上涨95%,98年报公司微利。期间大盘指数有上涨、有下跌但它与指数基本无关,期间总体指数没有上涨。

三、 散兵坑理论
散兵坑理论是技术分析中量价分析的一种典型,与谷底理论有异曲同工之妙。包含的面很广大,几乎覆盖了整个市场。相对比较难以掌握一些,因为不能进行定量分析,变数比较多。作为短线炒作、期望值不高的话,那么成功率很高。如果能结合谷底理论,那么简直是天衣无缝、百无一失。

散兵坑形成过程是当一个股票经过一轮轰轰烈烈上涨行情之后,在庄家、机构、大户与散户的抛盘下,进入一轮漫漫的无穷尽的下跌行情即熊市行情,进行价值回归的过程,而且往往会下跌过头。当进入下跌趋势的末端,抢反弹的人也没有了(因为长期下跌而且没有反弹而不敢了),深深套牢的人也不愿意抛出了(准备长期投资了),成交量也慢慢地萎缩至历史地量,(请注意:是历史地量区域,如果股本扩大应进行换算),股价也已进入投资投机两相宜的区域。此时有长线买家、或者庄家出现,慢慢地开始吸纳股票,成交量也慢慢开始放大,股价也慢慢上升。在成交量的柱状图上形成一个从高到低、又从低到高的圆弧底(锅底形)的形状即散兵坑。此时买入赚钱的概率极大,大概在80%以上。如果结合谷底理论、通过投资价值分析可以买入的情况下,赚钱的概率几乎是100%,利润率在50%以上。散兵坑现象容易发生假象,难以甄别,特别是庄家股,庄家在大量持股后控制盘面也会产生散兵坑的假象。

如果你喜欢做短线,用这个方法也可以试一试。做短线的话不一定需要满足谷底理论,成功率大概在70%左右,只是不要贪婪,见好就收,做错就马上止损出局。因为要满足谷底理论的机会很少,一年之中不一定有一次,很寂寞的。

散兵坑理论的基础是:当一个股票上涨到天价之后成交量也会达到天量;当一个股票下跌到地价、跌无可跌的时侯成交量也会萎缩、直至地量。随后,又一轮轰轰烈烈的牛市行情拉开了帷幕。是天量天价、地量地价证券市场铁律的具体表现。

这里要注意的是:必须是历史地量区域和相对低价区域。如果在相对高位根据内在价值分析没有投资价值的股票应该避开,严格地说:在相对高位发生的散兵坑不适合散兵坑理论,因为可能是庄家骗人的把戏。

结论:散兵坑理论适用于我国的任何股票,(如果以后上市公司实行破产摘牌,那么则不包括此类股票)包括大盘指数,成功率极高。能结合谷底理论与价值分析理论为最佳投资理论之一。

典型案例:这是普遍现象,案例比比皆是,举不胜举,在此免了。

四、 追涨杀跌
追涨杀跌是纯属技术分析的一种投机方法,是投机高手们经常使用的方法之一。在这里高手与大多数输钱一族的区别在于:投机高手既追涨又杀跌,追涨是为了尽快介入等待拉升赚钱,杀跌是为了止损避免更大地损失金钱和时间;市场中大多数人愿意追涨而不愿意杀跌,愿意追涨是因为赚钱欲望很强,不愿意杀跌是因为杀跌要输钱,事实上不杀跌往往输得更惨,大多数人投机不成而只能被动长期投资即长期套牢。追涨杀跌是技术派的精髓,可以夸张地说技术分析的宗旨就是追涨杀跌。

追涨是为了使有限的资本快速流动而达到增值的目的,是为了不把资本放在暂时不能增值(上涨)的股票上,避免既浪费了时间又丧失赚钱的机会。杀跌是为了避免股价进一步下跌而达到安全的目的,是为了不把资金放在目前可能贬值(下跌)的股票上,既保证了资金的安全又具有追涨的机会。

如果股价在低位放量上涨,就应该坚决追涨,即使有所下跌也允许持股待涨,而且并不一定需要设置止损点;如果股价在高位放量上涨一般情况下应谨慎追涨,应该是不宜追涨,特别是在股评家们拼命鼓吹其投资价值的时侯,一旦追入就必须设置止损点,是没有商量余地的必须止损;如果股价在相对低位放量下跌,不一定需要杀跌,也许是上涨的预兆,开始出货以后的庄家股例外;如果股价在高位放量下跌就必须杀跌,不可存在侥幸心理,因为这是庄家出货的信号。

追涨杀跌理论的基础是:股价运动有其自身的惯性和规律,审时度势是最好的投机方法。当股价放量朝相反方向运动时,就形成了物理学上的拐点,就会按照惯性继续运动。此时就应该运用追涨杀跌理论,进行追涨或者杀跌。

这里要注意的是:不宜多做,不可滥用!除非你是短线高手,否则就成为高度投机了,这是作为一个成功者来说是绝对不允许经常使用的!如果是高位追涨就必须设置止损点,必要时坚决止损,不能拖泥带水。

结论:追涨杀跌属于投机行为,应尽量少做,最好能结合大盘趋势和量价分析进行操作,成功率就比较高。

典型案例:上海的蓝田股份极具投资价值。99年5月27日职工股上市当天放量上涨,此时应该立即追涨。事实证明如果当天不追涨,明天又要涨价,往后就永远没有这个价;

深圳延边公路,从各方面看具备投资价值。但是从99年9月14日起那庄家不知什么原因想出货,导致股价放量破位下行。此时应该杀跌出局,等候股价走稳,成交量萎缩再重新买入,避免短线帐面损失。

五、 跟庄理论
跟庄理论属于短线投机方法,跟庄最重要的是判断是否有庄家进入做庄,判断方法主要用技术分析的量价分析理论。

初期庄家吸货的症状并不明显,初期的表现为小阴小阳、股价逐步推高、成交量逐步放大,呈现价涨放量、价跌缩量的现象,即价量配合良好。上涨时慢慢上升,下跌时快速下去;走势往往跟大盘相反,大盘上涨时股价走势凝重甚至下跌、大盘下跌时股价走势坚挺;与技术指标的吻合度极差,往往在股价创新高时开始下跌、在股价下跌破位时不跌反涨;运用技术指标分析的人士往往骂其为妖股(妖怪)。庄家是不讲道理的,讲道理的就不是庄家,讲道理的也不可能做庄家,也做不了庄家。但是,无论庄家千变万化、千骗万怪,是孙悟空最终还会露出猴子尾巴来。这就是价量配合良好、小阴小阳、底部不断提高,成交量逐步放大,形成类似散兵坑现象。

跟庄股票的一般要素是:小盘、低价、冷门股和属于灰姑娘一类的。因为庄家准备做庄所选择股票的原则就是:小盘,流通市值不大,控制盘面所需资金相对少;股价不高,十元以下,越低越好,不显山露水容易翻番;公司经营稳定业绩还可以,不会因倒退而引起亏损,拉高出货时容易激发散户对公司业绩的幻想;长期底部,因无庄而长期阴跌,散户不看好,易于收集筹码;盘小易于操纵公司利润,稍微注入一点利润就能使公司业绩出现所谓的快速增长,拉高出货时省心省力。

跟庄有三个时间段可供选择,适合不同性格的人与庄共舞:

1、第一时间介入,适合稳健型的人士参与。此时基本上符合《谷底理论》与《散兵坑理论》,赚钱的概率极大,做得好的话获利率可达100%以上。缺点是时间周期长,同期涨幅小,股价波动频繁,应该上涨时不涨,应该下跌时不跌,需要极大的耐心和耐性来与庄共舞。短线高手认为不合算,浪费时间与机会。此时的技术指标分析基本无用,因为庄家不会按照技术指标来操作,主要采用量价分析或许根本就不需要分析,只需要耐性。

2、第二时间即拉升期介入,适合追涨型的人士参与。此时漫长的吸货阶段和难熬的盘整阶段已经过去,是跟庄的最佳时机,这是股价的主升浪,具有涨幅大、时间短、快速获利的特性。一般在三至十天内可完成一个回合,获利在10%--15%之间,避开盘整和震仓期,一般股票可以做三个来回。具体操作手法是运用技术指标的分析方法,看到股价突破关键位置时及时买进(追涨),有调整预兆时及时卖出(杀跌)。此时的技术分析基本有用,庄家会根据技术指标来操作,要注意设置止损点,越往上涨越需要及时止损。

3、 第三时间即拉高出货期介入,适合短线高手参与,稳健型的投资者应尽量避开。此时是庄家决定胜负的决战阶段,是庄家最后疯狂阶段,是最非理性的阶段。涨幅有大有小不可捉摸,上市公司利好满天飞,投资价值分析报告随至而来,是上市公司最美好的时刻。也是跟庄最富有刺激的时刻,获利最快、时间最短,最好是无量上涨的庄家股,真是美妙的跟庄经历。此时最关键的关键是止损、止损、再止损,特别是放量下跌的时侯。

跟庄理论的基础是:在我国任何一个股票没有庄家的炒作就只能在低位徘徊,没有一个股票在没有庄家的情况下能有轰轰烈烈的上涨行情。因为庄家是以赚钱为主要目的的,没有一个庄家愿意当解放军--解放全中国,套牢我一个的。庄家为了赚钱,进去之后必须拉高股价来获利出货,一般在100%以上,即股价翻番,这其中有个过程,这个过程就是跟庄的机会所在。你庄家吃肉,我就喝一口汤。就那么简单。

这里要注意的是:低位跟庄最安全,完全不必止损;中位跟庄最省心,根据大盘的走势决定是否需要止损;高位跟庄最刺激,重复一遍股评家们说的:“短线致胜的唯一法宝就是:止损、止损、再止损”。

结论:低位跟庄严格地说不算跟庄,跟庄的最佳时机是第二阶段,是属于标准的跟庄行为,所谓跟庄也基本上说得是这一阶段。跟庄是一种有效的赚钱方法,问题在于要理性的跟庄。尽量避免在高位跟庄。

典型案例:本次5、19行情中的网络股、高科技板块几乎都可以作为案例。

六、 买跌理论
可能你会说:“刚刚说完追涨杀跌,现在又说买跌理论,是不是有点矛盾?”是的,是有矛盾。但是这证券市场本身就是一个矛盾的市场、非理性的市场,矛盾的市场用矛盾的方法去对付它,真是绝妙的办法。

买跌理论是一种比较安全的投资投机两相宜的好方法。买跌理论与追涨杀跌是两个不同的概念,前者属于投资的范畴,后者属于投机的范畴;前者比较安全但有暂时套牢的风险,后者能快速赢利但有止损输钱的风险;各自适合两个不同性格、不同操作手法的人们运用。从理论上来说每个人都应该在应该买跌时就买跌、应该追涨时就追涨,但是事实上很难做得到。因为每个人性格都是不同的,性格决定行为、性格决定结果、性格决定一切。所以一般来说你只能选择其中的一个方法,而不能二者都用,除非你是个绝顶聪明的人。何况如果你真是个绝顶聪明的人,那么也用不着我在这里罗嗦了,因为你有自己的更好的方法运用。

买跌理论在以下情况下可以大胆使用:

1、大盘在突发事件下快速下跌时侯。大盘在突发事件的影响下会下跌,由于羊群效应的原因,有人会不顾一切的抛出股票以求安全,引起大盘快速下跌。市场本身就有上涨时涨过头、下跌时跌过头的非理性因素。等到大盘止跌企稳,开始上涨(反弹)的时侯就应该坚决买入。如果大盘情况不大好,就作为反弹处理,赢利抛出。

譬如:96年12月12日的人民日报特约评论员事件,四天时间由1258点快速下跌至906点,跌幅达28%。后来逐步上升,最高涨至1515点。

2、大盘在下跌一段时间后无直接消息的情况下快速下跌的时侯。大盘在一轮高潮以后进入漫长的下跌行情,在下跌一段时间后大众会失去信心,人们彻底绝望后会形成多杀多的快速下跌行情。等到大盘止跌企稳,开始上涨(反弹)的时侯就应该坚决买入,利用市场非理性因素介入待涨,达到赢利的目的。

譬如:大盘在98年6月3日1420点中期见顶,开始慢慢下跌,到98年8月7日1294点投资大众彻底绝望,在我国特大水灾的影响下,其实大多数上市公司与水灾没有直接的关系,开始加速下行,8月18日下跌至1043点开始反弹,反弹至1291点,涨幅24%。同时也是至今为止的最低点。

3、大盘在见顶回落快速下跌超过本次涨幅30%的时侯。这就是所谓的抢反弹,世界各国的证券市场无不证明这一点,见顶回落快速下跌后会有强劲的反弹行情。就像皮球从高空自由下落,着地后会反弹向上弹升,落得越低就弹得越高(相对)一样。但是此时买入就只能作为反弹处理,如果赚钱无望(股票买错)就得割肉止损,同时也不可贪婪。每次行情都是如此,所以不举例子了。

4、大盘已经启动快速上涨而个股在底部区域徘徊的时侯。一般来说,这就是庄家股初期的症状,因为庄家还没有完成吸货任务,所以就尽量地不让它上涨。一旦完成吸货后将会一路不回头地上涨,这就是后发制人的庄家股的特性。当然,垃圾股不在此例,不可盲目套用,除非是低价股。

譬如:福田股份,这是一个好股票。但是它在本次行情的初期表现就不好。99年5月18日收盘价是11.16元,上证指数收盘1060点;6月3日上证指数收盘1268点,涨幅20%,福田股份收盘价是12.12元,涨幅只有9%。远远低于大盘的涨幅,就有点不应该了,此时买入到7月21日就涨到了25.45元,涨幅达到110%。而且大盘下跌它没有下跌,现在还有24元,当然这就是庄家的功劳,这是另外的话题了。

5、个股在底部上涨不多的情况下快速下跌的时侯。理由和第四条一样,同样属于跟庄的概念,是庄家所谓洗盘的现象。

譬如:ST粤海发,是个有名的庄家股。它在96年9月份开始吸货,最低价从6元开始起步,96年10月29日涨到了7.90元,涨幅30%。然后快速下跌,三天时间下跌到了11月1日的6.53元(此时可以买入,不过还有机会)。又开始慢慢上涨,12月9日涨到了9.47元,涨幅达到45%,第一轮结束。然后又一次快速下跌,12月18日下跌到6.40元,12月24日下跌到6.03元。整个第一轮行情的涨幅全部跌光,又回到了原始起点。此时符合《谷底理论》就应该买入,不管他原来的庄家是走了还是不走,是无庄家还是有庄家就应该买入。后来一路上涨,97年5月7日达到18.30元,涨幅达200%。不过这个可以过程不算,因为有大盘涨跌的因素存在。再找一个股票吧!

再譬如:鲁北化工。97年7月8日快速下跌到底(符合《谷底理论》可以买入,不在此题)后,从9.10元开始逐渐上涨,7月23日涨到13.26元,涨幅45%。四天时间7月29日跌到了11.50元,然后慢慢上升,97年8月28日最高17.23元,涨幅达到50%。随后在9月19日又有二天急跌从15.44元跌到了13.41元。又是一次买入机会,97年11月10日涨到了19.88元,涨幅达到48%。期间还有几次快速下跌,都是买入的机会,98年5月29日涨到了36.20元,期间11个月大盘指数稍微上涨,总涨幅在35%左右。鲁北化工总涨幅达到300%。任何一次急跌都是买入的机会。

6、个股在绵绵下跌一段时间后受到消息影响快速下跌的时侯。一般来说这是无庄家的股票。因为无庄家护盘力量的股票受消息的影响最大,很容易引起恐慌性的多杀多现象,引起非理性下跌,跌到在平常绝对看不懂的价位,这是买进的绝佳机会。

譬如:蓝田股份,这是一个好股票,一个高成长绩优股。在98年8月份我国特大水灾高潮时,蓝田股份7月29日由10.05元开始下跌逐渐加速,8月18日最低跌至6.66元,跌幅达34%。8月18日下午开始报复性上涨,短短四天时间,8月24日涨到了10.09元,涨幅达到52%,把原来的跌幅全部涨回来,随后开始慢慢地上升。期间大盘指数基本没有大的波动。

7、个股在远离顶部区域、接近底部区域缩量下跌的时侯。这本身就符合《谷底理论》、《散兵坑理论》。所以就不多说了。

个股股价在中部区域应大跌(大盘跳水)而微跌的时侯。其实这也是辨别有无庄家的手段之一,一般来说,应该大跌而微跌甚至不跌,应该是有什么未知的内幕利好消息存在,或者是有庄家护盘力量的存在。无论是属于那一种都应该买入,享受利好公布之后的价值回归,或者坐进庄家所抬的轿子里享受坐轿的风光。同时要当心庄家抬轿子抬累了把你连同轿子一起扔到山脚下面去,让你享受个屁滚尿流。所以这也是买进的一个机会,现在就平空找出一个股票看看,就还是找鲁北化工吧。

譬如:上证指数98年8月14日、8月17日两天暴跌,由1204点跌到1070点,跌幅达11.1%。鲁北化工由23.79元跌到22元,跌幅7.5%,跌幅低于大盘,其中8月14日大盘跌36点,鲁北化工微涨0.02元。随后一起上涨,9月14日上证指数收盘1240点,涨幅16%;鲁北化工收盘28元,涨幅达到27%,远远超过大盘的涨幅。

买跌理论的基础是:证券市场是个非理性的市场,下跌时往往跌过头,这就形成了买入股票的机会。是利用市场的非理性来赚取理性投资利润的很好机会。

这里要注意的是:是在股票具备投资价值的情况下,发生重大利空后快速下跌,止跌回稳后买入,而不是庄家股出货形成的快速下跌后买入;是在有投资价值的绩优股票绵绵下跌,比较价值突出时买入,而不是垃圾股在价值回归的路上买入。

结论:这也是有效的赚钱方法之一,基本上没有风险。最多是浪费一点时间,贪婪和恐惧是买跌理论的大敌。适合性格稳健的人们使用。

典型案例:96年12月12日最高级别的股评事件。人民日报发表了特约评论员文章,市场应声而落,短短四天时间由1258点下跌至906点,下跌幅度达28%,少数股票达到腰斩的程度。此时就应该坚决买入,应该买入领先止跌回稳上涨的湖北兴化和四川长虹。湖北兴化从96年12月17日17.41元涨到97年5月7日的54.50元,涨幅达213%。四川长虹从96年12月17日19.52元涨到97年5月21日的66.18元,涨幅达239%。
蓝田股份99年1月4日下跌到了10元以下,此时极具投资价值就应该坚决买入,长期投资。

投资方法(3)

七、 新股必炒
新股,是最有魅力的股票品种,在我国有新股必炒的习惯,同时也存在一大批专门炒新股的炒新一族。所谓新股应包括次新股,半年以内的次新股,这是个说大不大,说小不小的股票家族,相对于大盘全部股票来说,关心范围要小得多。

炒作新股是我国特有的奇特现象,也是投机市场无可奈何的选择。二级市场的人们对于新股既恨又爱的情绪与对待庄家的态度是如出一辙。有能力做庄家的机构对新股情有独钟,新股业绩的想象力比较丰富,新股盘子小,送股的摊低股价的可能性大,新股抛盘大易于收集筹码,国家也希望有人炒新股,便于多发新股支持国企改革,上市公司也希望有庄家来把自己公司的股价拉得好看一点儿。上市公司有一笔飞来横财(发行收入)希望能有机会赚一点短期投资收益,庄家本身资金多多益善,有关三方一拍就成(狼狈为奸),就苦了后知后觉的善良的老百姓。

因为新股必炒的原因,新股的定价要比老股票高出大概30%左右,不能用老股票价值观来对照新股票。炒新股本身就是投机炒作,所以不一定需要考虑市盈率、投资价值什么的,最重要的是盘子、题材、价格和行业。同大盘的相关度很小。

一般来说炒新股有两种方式:一种是上市当天找机会买进,定一个止损点和赢利点,第二天赢利可等等再抛出,亏损必须抛出,赢利的概率也是比较大的。这里最重要的是止损,不能拖泥带水。适合激动型的短线高手使用。资金利用率非常高。

第二种是上市后过几天再买进,由于新股票上市后开头几天下跌的概率比较大,我认为这种方式比较合适。等到成交换手率超过75%,股价已经走稳了才开始介入。这时的胜算就高一点,但时间长一点,止损点就可以宽松一点,就算你不止损,输钱的概率也很小,只要你不考虑时间成本,赢利的概率是很大的。这种方式适合稳健型投资者运用,就算一年做三个股票,一个输钱,两个赚钱,赚30%应该是没有问题的。

新股必炒理论的基础是:新股想象力丰富,国家、上市公司支持炒新股,散户愿意跟庄,万千宠爱于一身,岂能不炒。

这里要注意的是:大盘下跌期可以买新股,大盘盘整期尽量买新股,大盘初涨期应该买新股,大盘疯狂期绝对不能买新股。要有恐惧感不要贪婪。

结论:新股必炒,也是一种很有效的赚钱方法,坚持运用,应该收益不菲。

典型案例:山东铝业,99年6月30日大盘见顶回落日上市。当天开盘7元,收盘价7.99元,10月11日收盘价9.13元,涨幅30%。同期的上证指数从1756点下跌至1522点,跌幅达13%。完全和大盘相反。

安彩高科,99年7月14日上市。当天开盘10.90元,收盘11.55元,后来随着大盘回落。8月18日跌至10.08元开始上涨,此时是买进的机会。9月15日涨到了14元,涨幅39%。同期上证指数从1582点涨到1662点,涨幅5%。远远超过大盘的涨幅。

八、 天量卖出
前面都是说的买进,现在就说说卖出吧。卖出,是保证赢利和资金安全的一种必要手段,天量卖出则是审时度势的具体表现。天量,这里指的是相对的天量,是相对于流通股比例的巨量,相对于行情大小的巨量,并不是绝对的天量。天量,很难量化计算,一般来说小盘股大于流通股的40%,中盘股大于流通股的30%,大盘股大于流通股的20%。3000万股--6000万股算是小盘股,6000万股--15000万股算是中盘股,15000万股以上算是大盘股。新股上市、职工股上市当天不在此例,股价在相对低位出现的天量不在此例,相反是坚决买进的信号。这种情况很少出现。

如此看来,还得先说说量价分析,现在我就粗浅地说一下量和价关系,兼谈正统做市庄家的操作手法。请注意:这是正统庄家,这样的庄家不多,不是大多数与上市公司狼狈为奸的狠心庄家。

技术分析人士说:“股市中什么都可以骗人,就是成交量不能骗人”。其实这句话是站不住脚的,至少是片面的。股市中庄家能用对倒的成交量来骗人,对倒的成交价格来骗人,庄家刻意做出的K线图来骗人,刻意做出的技术指标来骗人,上市公司用刻意做出的年度业绩报表来骗人,国家用亏损公司包装后变成的绩优公司来骗人,什么都可以骗人,骗人上钩,只有自己不会骗自己。(其实有时侯自己也会骗自己,你相信吗?)

在股价低迷的时侯,由于大多数人的深深套进而动不了,由于股价的不活跃而引不起短线客的兴趣,由于没有庄家的同时也没有上市公司的新闻报道,所以成交量也是极其低迷的。即所谓“散兵坑”现象,通常只有流通股的0.5%--1%左右。随着庄家或者长线投资者的介入,股价开始活跃,随着股价活跃短线客的介入,成交量也逐渐增大,呈现价涨量增、价跌量减的价量配合的态势。

股价上涨了20%--30%左右,股价更加活跃,上市公司开始有利好传闻,短线客频繁出入,中线客的卖出,后知后觉的长线客的买入,套牢盘的解套抛出,成交量成倍增加,日成交量大概有流通股的5%--20%,是成交量最大的时期。此时如果有庄家的话吸货大概也差不多了,一般来说庄家手中有30%--50%的筹码。这第一个平台调整期大概就是庄家的平均成本区间。

随后通过调整、盘整和振荡,股价活跃程度逐渐降低,短线客的减少,成交量慢慢萎缩,再次形成“散兵坑”左半个。随着上市公司传闻的逐渐增多,股价再次活跃,短线客的再次介入,成交量再次放大,形成“散兵坑”右半个,做市庄家发动了第二轮上涨行情,即主升浪。主升浪可以由三至四个子升浪组合而成,此时的成交量并不很大,因为有长线买家的锁定筹码,有庄家的压底筹码,此时的流通量本身就不大,所以成交量不可能很大,大不出来。

主升浪末期,庄家开始出货,边拉边出,开始快速冲高,短线客最开心就是这个时刻,今天买进明天卖出,不亦乐乎,天天赚钱。

上市公司以前传闻的利好消息终于亮相,下午开盘,在利好消息的刺激下,短线客、中线买家、找不到好股票的长线买家和初入股市的新股民、无知的跟庄机构和原来被套后来解套抛出而后悔不已的可怜的老股民汹涌而入,令股价高开快速升高或者涨停板开盘。这是庄家出货的天焯良机,于是庄家拼命抛出,大众拼命买进,形成了成交天量。形成了巨量大阴线收盘,形成了“人民英雄纪念碑”纪念这些在庄家筹码解放战争中套牢的人民英雄,股价从此一去不复回,耐心地等待下一次……。

话到此,言犹未尽,再说几个形成巨量的原因吧:

1、庄家在股价高位举杠铃,因众人识破庄家的伎俩,无人接盘,无法出货。庄家苦不可言,既不能上也不能下,无量高位盘整。庄家只能表现苦肉计,巨量对倒,日成交量可达流通股的30%--40%,造成换庄家的假象,吸引短线跟风盘。随后逐步盘跌,每况日下。

譬如:上海金陵。99年7月21日巨量对倒,日成交量达流通股35%,当天最高涨停板,涨幅8%左右,收盘价17.18元。这就是最近的最高价,10月12日收盘价11.62元,跌幅达到32%。

2、原因同上,利用股票除权,股价大幅降低的机会巨量对倒,造成换庄家的假象,吸引短线跟风盘。随后逐步盘跌,每况日下。

譬如:厦新电子。99年9月8日除权,此前收盘价33.70元,除权价18.72元。除权以后连续几天巨量对倒,日成交量平均达流通股11%,当天微涨,收盘价19.36元。这就是最近的最高价,10月12日收盘价15.94元,跌幅达到18%。

3、庄家大幅炒高后无法出货,采用跳水方式压低出货,仍然无法大量出货,于是在大幅下跌后巨量对倒,造成新庄家进入的假象,吸引短线跟风盘。随后逐步盘跌,惨不忍睹。

譬如:轻纺城。98年11月17日从20.58元开始跳水式压低出货,三天后11月20日跌至16.60元,跌幅达到19%,当天以巨量对倒吸引短线跟风盘介入,事实上确实有大量的跟风盘买进,日成交量达流通股70%,当天跌幅达8.5%左右。收盘价16.60元。这就是以后的最高价,本次5、19行情也没有涨到此价格,到99年1月5日收盘价11.80元,最大跌幅达到43%。短短一个多月,股价几乎拦腰一刀。这是到今天为止出货最为成功的庄家之一。也是人们最为佩服、最为憎恨的庄家。

4、庄家大幅炒高后无法出货,采用跳水方式压低出货,仍然无法大量出货,不得不再次往上拉,拉到距离前次高点不远的地方巨量对倒,造成要马上创新高、进入主升浪的假象,吸引短线跟风盘介入,达到出货的目的。

譬如:轮胎橡胶。前次于98年7月31日炒到17.70元,因无跟风盘无法出货,于是采用跳水出货,98年8月18日跌到12.10元,跌幅达32%,仍旧无人跟风无法出货。于是不得不再次拉高,于9月23日拉到15.79元,涨幅达31%。因为跟风盘不多,大盘不合作,不得已而采用巨量对倒拉高造成突破前期高点的假象,同时采用巨量对倒压低出货,造成换庄的假象,一正一反造成两个假象,终于善良的人们上当了,短线客、跟风盘汹涌而入,给庄家提供了一个出货的绝佳机会,二天时间换手率达100%。终于庄家如愿以偿,长长地松了一口气。两个不同方向的巨量对倒,两种不同的做市手法,一个共同的目的,终于成功了。可怜的跟风盘,可怜的人们现在还没有解套。股价从17.70元跌到了99年5月18日的8.30元,跌幅达到53%。本次5、19行情还没有解套。

5、由于上市公司不争气业绩大幅下降,但是庄家已经深套其中,年度报告公布在即。想出货也因为成交量极度萎缩而无法出货,怎么办?庄家只能一面散发上市公司虚假的利好消息,一面巨量对倒拉高,吸引短线跟风盘介入,达到出货的目的。

譬如:湖北兴化。因公司业绩大幅下降,庄家深套,98年报报告公布在即,不得已而只能出此下策,散发上市公司虚假的利好消息,一面于99年4月6日轻松地拉到涨停板吸引跟风盘,4月7日巨量对倒再次拉到涨停板拉高出货,终因跟风盘不多而以失败告终。股价从4月7日的14.42元,跌至5月4日的8.75元,一个月不到跌幅达到39%。庄家深套其中,只能在本次5、19行情中故技重演,于6月25日开始巨量拉高出货,拉到17.50元,然后一路下跌,跌至8月18日的9元,跌幅达到49%。几乎腰斩。

太累了,不愿意找了,已经连续工作20个小时了。累得眼睛酸、脖子酸、腰也酸,明天再写吧!

天量卖出在这里指的是股价在经过一轮炒作之后,相对高位出现的特别大的成交量,特别是在快速上涨后出现的高开低走的巨量大阴线。我戏称为“人民英雄纪念碑”式大阴线,不知道有多多少少散户套牢在里面。无数的事实证明,天量卖出是无可非议的。虽然有可能继续上涨,但是兔子的尾巴长不了,而且这个可能性很小,万万不可存在侥幸心理。

在上升行情中相对高位出现天量暴涨的情况,也应引起足够的重视,随时设置止损点,把止损点设在高位下跌5%的地方,一旦跌破止损点坚决卖出。因为这是庄家出货不畅而继续拉高的症状,所以可以继续持股待涨,但是要提高警惕,随时卖出。

在证券市场输钱的人们,大多数的人并不是买错,而是卖错。不是卖早了就是卖迟了,不信你可以问问你周围的炒股票的人们。经常会听到这样的说话声音:

“我如果早一点儿卖出就好了,不会……。”

“我如果再过几天卖出就好了,就会……。”

“我应该那天卖出的,可是……。”

“我如果不卖出就好了,放到现在……。”

太多的如果,太多的后悔。但是证券市场没有后悔药,证券市场也不应该后悔!所以市场上流传着这么一句话:“会买进的是徒弟,会卖出的才是师父”。

天量卖出理论的基础是:不管是庄家对倒或者是长线投资者大量抛出,都是不好的症状,庄家对倒,为什么对倒?无非是为了出货造成成交活跃的假象,造成价涨量增的价量配合的假象,来吸引短线客的跟风盘,目的只有一个,是为了出货。无论是庄家出货或者是长线投资者出货,都说明股票价格已经超过了实际价值,那么我们还有什么理由继续持股不抛出呢?答案只有一个:天量卖出!

这里要注意的是:天量卖出是指股价在高位出现成交巨量就必须抛出或准备抛出,如果是低位出现巨量就应该坚决买入。巨量成交大阴线就必须马上抛出,巨量成交大阳线则再等等,但时刻准备着抛出。

结论:卖出,是保证赢利和资金安全的一种必要手段,天量卖出则是审时度势的具体表现。是走向成功的通行证!

结束语

投资方法,充其量只是一个投资方法!正确而有效的投资方法理论并不复杂和深奥,要想理解、掌握它并没有太大的难度。而且前辈理论家们早已论述的淋漓尽致、面面俱到,我相信至少有80%的股民能看懂、理解和掌握它。但是为什么?为什么还有80%的股民最终还是不能战胜市场而输钱?为什么……?这值得我们深思与探索!

我认为,光是了解和理解投资方法是不够的,最重要的是如何去运用它,用实际行动去证明它。可能还有其他的什么未知因素存在,这值得我们深思与探索!

就像在数学数论方面被譬喻为数学殿堂皇冠上的明珠之称的1+1=2这一道世界难题,虽然人人都知道这个答案,但是几百年了,没有人能证明这一道世界难题。

当今世界股市投资的第一名人当然属于巴菲特,毫无疑问巴菲特是个成功的投资家,他的投资利润当今世界无人能超过。

巴菲特的投资理论并不复杂,主要是运用基本分析理论,就是基本分析理论。选择“收费桥梁”公司,一旦选中终生为伴,不为市场涨跌而动摇。

巴菲特的投资理念是,不想拥有十年的股票一分钟也不要,不懂的行业不要,高收益高风险的股票不要,高度竞争而不能达到垄断的不要。

我们还能不能做的更好一点?譬如说终生为伴在中国就并不合适,行业达到垄断目前也不行。因为我国的市场还处在初级阶段,我国的工业化还处在初级阶段。我们能不能做的更好一点?

巴菲特的投资理念,投资基金经理们做不到,我们个人能行吗?

我们能不能运用基本分析方法,加入一定的技术分析方法,利用巴菲特的投资理念,做类似于势头投资方法,进行适当的投资组合,根据我国的实际情况,以投资为主,投机为辅,以投资买进,以投机卖出,克服自己的贪婪和恐惧去超越巴菲特。我们能行吗?

重复一遍我的深切体会:炒股票最大的敌人不是市场,而是自己!

Saturday, December 13, 2008

Beware The Value Trap

With thousands of stocks down 50% (or more), investors are salivating over the bargains. But for every true deal, there are at least three "value traps" - stocks destined to languish at depressed levels indefinitely. Or worse, get cheaper still.

Think Kmart here. In late 2001, it became the poster child for value investors. They argued it was dirt cheap based on countless metrics like book value and sales. And it was destined for a historic turnaround.

Sure enough, the stock went from the bargain bin to the trash heap, as the company filed bankruptcy in early 2002.

So before you go bargain hunting in this market, arm yourself with this list. It could be your only chance to avoid getting snared by the countless "Kmarts" begging for your investment...

10 Questions You Should Be Asking

In theory, a value stock is a beaten-down company that's :-
1) cheap compared to its earnings, its competitors and/or some other relevant benchmark and
2) poised for a turnaround.

In contrast, a value-trap is simply a beaten-down company that's cheap compared to its earnings, its competitors and/or some other relevant benchmark... that never quite turns it around.

Unfortunately, no formula exists to calculate when, or if, a turnaround will ever occur. But, these 10 questions should help. And ultimately, keep you out of most value traps...

1.Is there a near-term catalyst?
First things first, if there's nothing on the horizon - like a new product launch, key marketing arrangement, a shake-up of the executives, the conversion of a massive order backlog, etc. - we shouldn't bother. Companies and stocks need catalysts in order to advance. If none exist in the next 12 to 18 months, chances are the stock will be stuck in neutral, or worse, reverse.

2.What are insiders doing?
Nobody knows the company - and its future prospects - better than the insiders. If they're not salivating over the "cheap" prices and backing up the truck, we shouldn't either.

3.Is the company addicted to debt?
Too much debt magnifies the impact of tough times. As sales decrease, interest payments take up more and more of the company's earnings. Not to mention, unwinding leverage is a time-consuming process. So even if the company boasts new, fiscally responsible management, beware. Or as Warren Buffett observes, "When a management with a reputation for brilliance takes on a business with a reputation for bad economics, it's the reputation of the business that remains intact."

4.Does the dividend yield seem too good to be true?
Value investors love to tout they "get paid to wait" for a turnaround. Granted, many stocks do maintain their dividends through a downturn. But countless others don't. They slash or cancel them altogether, just to stay in business. No matter how tempting, tread carefully when the dividend yield hits double-digit levels.

5.Is the company just as "cheap" based on the future?
At first glance Eastman Kodak appears dirt cheap, trading at a price-to-earnings (PE) ratio of 2.96. But don't be fooled. Or get too easily excited. Remember, the PE ratios cited on most financial websites are historical. And as investors, we don't care what a company was worth... we care about what it will be worth. So before you buy, make sure the stocks forward PE ratio is similarly attractive. (FYI - Eastman's is not. It trades at 27 times forward earnings. Hardly cheap.)

6.Which direction is the company's market share headed?
A general economic slowdown is one thing. But when a company's losing market share, too, that's an indication that a competitor has a better mousetrap. And while economic growth is cyclical, market share is not. Even if the economy or industry turns around, chances are the company's market share won't.

7.Does the company operate in a highly cyclical or moribund industry?
If you go hunting in a highly cyclical industry (like semiconductors) you're asking for trouble. Same goes for industries destined for obsolescence (like print media). To win with these stocks, you need both the company's misfortunes and the industry's to reverse course.

8.How's the free cash flow?
Earnings can be massaged, manipulated or completely fabricated. But cash cannot. So make sure free cash flow is stable, or growing. If nothing less, it provides management with a little wiggle room, or margin of error when considering ways to speed up a turnaround.

9.Is the stock liquid enough?
Just like insiders provide support to share prices, so do institutions (mutual funds, pension plans, hedge funds, etc). Both groups can move stocks prices quickly and significantly. However, many institutions can't or won't buy stocks trading for less than $10, with a market cap below $1 billion and/or that don't trade several million dollars worth of shares each day. Without the potential for institutional ownership, a quick rebound in prices becomes less likely.

10.Does the company have a sustainable competitive advantage?
For a stock to turnaround we need the company to thrive, not survive. That's not possible without a sustainable competitive advantage. So stick to companies like Apple that are light-years ahead of the competition in terms of design, market share, new product offerings and/or technology.

In the end, don't kid yourself. Detecting a value trap is no easy task. Even the best investors occasionally get snared. Think Bill Miller (with Countrywide and Freddie Mac) and Carl Icahn (with Yahoo!) and Advanced Micro Devices.

But at the very least, these 10 questions will ensure you never buy blindly, or on price alone.