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Sunday, October 26, 2008

经济学家林毅夫:人民币没有大幅增长空间

北京大学中国经济研究中心主任林毅夫21日在港表示,人民币并未显示出严重偏离均衡汇率,因此没有大幅增长空间。

“人民币升值论”虽沸沸扬扬,但百姓特别是持币观望者必须保持冷静心态,盲目跟风的炒币行为可能导致个人经济损失。

国民经济中存在不少存量需求,采取措施将这些结构性和政策性的障碍消除掉,让那些存量需求迸发出来,促进国民经济稳定健康发展。

今年以来,经济环境变化赋予央行更好地运用货币手段进行调控的条件。存贷款利率和(存款)准备金率年内都可能再次上调。

著名经济学家林毅夫是应上月底成立的中国和平统一促进会香港理事联络处之邀来港演讲的。

林毅夫在分析内地经济今年投资增长过快的原因时指出,当中有“不正常”因素,包括“热钱”流入内地、投机人民币赚取差额现象。“近期不少热钱流入内地,换成人民币后存入银行,而银行要因此付利息,只有通过贷款换取存贷差,才能维持正常运作,因而间接炒高汇率上升。”

林毅夫说,投机热钱的目的是为了赚取升值差额,在目前人民币汇率高炒不下的情况下,最好的解决方案是政府要申明人民币没有大幅升值空间的讯息。“许多热钱投机是为了赚取升值差额。我认为,人民币不能说是均衡汇率,但是绝对不能说人民币是严重的偏离均衡汇率,所以并没有大幅增长空间,小调式则可以。如果能够把此讯息明确传播,中国政府不会大调人民币,在此情况下,就不会有人来投机。”

因果循環、物極必反

這便是世間的實相,金融市場亦逃不開此自然定律。

唯有久經多年風雨、並有很強的商業模式和現金流去支付豐厚股息的優質環球大型企業,才能夠令人信任。不是說這類優質股的股價不會下挫,重點是她們能夠定期向股東支付穩定(長期增加)的股息,而下跌幅度亦不會太過可怕(可以避免滅頂之災)。每次經歷週期低潮後這類企業多數能再創新高。

用心留意的話,會發覺這類公司並不多,而且很多時並非合乎潮流的熱門股。亳無疑問,低調亦是她們長存之道。

「Dividend」的重要性,未到大瀉之前相信大部份人當之為「耳邊風」。好實際的是,「Sustainable Dividend Income」是逆市中少數可以相信的事情(當然不計週期股、商品股,以及缺乏競爭優勢的二三四線工業股),相信大多數股海老手不會反對此說法。

投資大師「John Burr Williams」於「Theory of Investment Value」一書中說過: 「A cow for her milk, A hen for her eggs, And a stock, by heck, for her dividends 」

Thursday, October 23, 2008

如果你真的想挣钱,就要在熊市里下注!

价格下跌就已经把那些在基本面存在的潜在风险提前都反映了。可能的危机,可能的问题都已经通过价格大幅下跌得到了充分的体现和反映。当市场进入熊市后,其实大部分风险已经释放了,熊市所以被称为熊市,往往是因为它已经经历过一场可怕的严重暴跌,没有发生暴跌就不会有熊市,暴跌的本质作用是释放风险。我们现在和2007年10月相比,所有的公司价格都便宜了70%。一年的时间里,作为股价的基础---公司有这么大的变化吗?我们花钱买的是公司,不是买的票,我们是买的那个企业,那个厂子,那个生产线,那个公司的管理水平,那个公司产品的市场占有率。在不到一年的时间里,这些价值要素它就便宜了70%,无论如何企业的真实情况并没有发生70%的衰退。企业还是那个企业,经营情况还和过去基本一样。价格下跌就已经把那些在基本面存在的风险释放和反映了。

6000点时的牛市中国平安、中国石油、贵州茅台对应的价格分别是148元、48元,220元 ,到08年10月中国平安、中国石油、贵州茅台,对应的价格分别是 26元,10元、100元。你在牛市里买一股平安在熊市里可以买7股,在牛市里买一股茅台在熊市里可以买2股,在牛市里买一股中国石油在熊市里可以买5股,熊市让股票的价格,越活越年轻。越来越低的价格对投资者是巨大的机会!更重要的是,熊市里,一方面整体估值偏低,另一方面由于人气低迷、人心慌乱,一有风吹草动,市场就会下跌,而这种更进一步的下跌,已经是在不正常基础上的更不正常,其唯一的效果是制造真正的投资机会,制造安全边际。

熊市没有快钱,但熊市里有大量的真正的符合投资规律的机会,因为没有了资金过剩,没有了泡沫,股市里的涨跌变化,主要受价值规律支配,那些价格变化的不正常因素、非理性因素不在了,市场变化的规律性,理性度日益增加,当一个市场是在价值规律支配下,这个市场的可预期性,可把握性大大增强,只要你能理性思考,按规律办事,你就能挣钱。这种不受热钱、泡沫和疯狂情绪干扰,价值规律起主要支配作用的,有利于理性投资者挣钱的环境只有在熊市,而不是牛市,这一状况中外股市均是如此,这是一种规律性现象。

几乎所有成功的投资人和投资大师都喜欢熊市,都善于利用熊市!投资大师林奇说:“在下跌和熊市中卖出的投资者,远比买入的投资者损失更大,如果你在股市暴跌中绝望地卖出股票, 那么你的卖价往往会非常低。投资股票要想赚钱,关键是不要被吓跑, 这一点怎么强调都不过分。”“最佳的买入和入市时机是在每隔几年市场便会出现的崩盘、回落、狂跌时期。在这些令人惊惶的时期,如果投资人有足够的勇气在别人喊着“卖出”时仍镇静地买入,就会抓住真正的良机。对于那些经营良好而且盈利可观的公司股票,在市场崩溃时期反而是良好的投资时机。”林奇更进一步指出:“在过去的几十年中,市场每两年出现一次小幅下跌,每六年出现一次大幅下跌,如果在每次下跌后加仓买入,收益将十分可观,下跌意味着今后赚更多的钱,股市下跌是极好的机会,此时应该买入你喜爱的股票”。 林奇同时也用美国股市50年的数据统计证明,市场上最大的赢家是哪些在下跌和熊市中买入和入市的人!

投资大师罗杰斯更直截了当地对中国投资者发表忠告:“人们应该在市场下跌时买入,而不该在市场上涨时买入。2007年时我就曾说过中国股市有泡沫,我就告诫人们要警惕。我想要再重复一遍,永远也不要在人们都兴奋时买入,应该在人们失望卖出的时候买入。现在股市调整了,即便未来有更大的下跌,我还会继续买入。”

2008年国庆节前后,我参加了电视财经节目《财富非常道》的访谈,节目中我提出“熊市是价值投资的春天”并用了一个捕鱼的例子形象地说明为什么熊市是价值投资的春天?

我对主持人说:“投资者其实和捕鱼者很相似,渔民有时在风平浪静的海上捕鱼,风险小产量高,有时只能在惊涛骇浪中捕鱼,风险大、产量低。牛市中的6000点投资,相当于是在太平洋里捕鱼,风高浪急,投资者随时有可能被巨浪给吞没掉。并且在6000点的牛市风浪中,鱼都藏在浪涛之下,波涛汹涌的巨浪会吞没着所有的企图捕鱼的人。现在跌倒2000点左右是什么情况?现在是干涸的河床,水已经退了,水退之后一方面让人们知道谁在裸泳,另一方面干涸的河床上到处是鱼,你可以不承担任何风险,随手就可以捡到很多鱼。弯腰便能捡起,鱼在那里你看得清楚了,这就是熊市的价值,而在牛市里这是完全不可能的”。

主持人问:“当水退后,鱼不会死吗?牛市消失后,市场资金枯竭凭什么上涨那?”

我答:“水如果完全没有了,鱼就死了,企业不会死,资本市场上如果没有了炒作资金,企业照常生产,你看那个食品饮料企业,它照样生产经营,股价的变化最终是由企业决定的不是由资金决定的,企业的经营与市场上是牛市和熊市并没有关系,从而股价的最终变化与市场上是牛市和熊市没有关系!”

最后让我们一起看看股神巴菲特在熊市里在干什么?

2008年10月中旬,华尔街股市下跌了2000点,甚至在一日之内,下跌了8%以上,欧洲三大股市同期下跌的更惨不忍睹,亚洲的日本,韩国、中国、中国香港、新加坡、一周之内都出现了20%的跌幅,全世界所有主要国家的股市都因猛烈地下跌,不可避免地进入了熊市,全球股市上到处是泪水和伤痛。

然而仅仅一星期之后,全球首富,人类历史上最伟大的投资家巴菲特公开出现在媒体前,告诉人们他正在买股票,并且发表公开信,解释自己买入美国股票的理由,巴菲特在公开信中写道:

无论美国还是世界其他地方,金融市场都是一片混乱。更糟糕的是,金融系统的问题已渗透到整体经济中,并且呈现出井喷式发展。短期内,美国失业率将继续上升,商业活动停滞不前,而媒体的头条也令人心惊胆颤。因此……我一直在购买美国股票。我指的是自己的私人账户,之前该账户除了美国政府债券外没有任何资产(这不包括我所持伯克希尔-哈撒维公司的资产,因为这部分资产将全部投入慈善事业)。如果股价价格继续保持吸引力,我的非伯克希尔净资产不久后将100%是美国证券。为什么?我奉行一条简单的信条:别人贪婪时我恐惧,别人恐惧时我贪婪。当前的形式是--恐惧正在蔓延,甚至吓住了经验丰富的投资者。当然,对于竞争力较弱的企业,投资人保持谨慎无可非议。但对于竞争力强的企业,没有必要担心他们的长期前景。这些企业的利润也会时好时坏,但大多数都会在未来5、10或20年内创下新的盈利记录。澄清一点:我无法预计股市的短期波动,对于股票在1个月或1年内的涨跌我不敢妄言。但有一种可能,即在市场恢复信心或经济复苏前,股市会上涨,而且可能是大涨。因此,如果你想等到知更鸟报春,那春天就快结束了。回顾一下历史:在经济大萧条时期,道琼斯指数在1932年7月8日跌至41点的历史新低,到1933年3月罗斯福总统上任前,经济依然在恶化,但到那时,股市却涨了30%。
 
第二次世界大战初期,美军在欧洲和太平洋遭遇不利。1942年4月,美国股市跌至谷底,当时距离盟军扭转战局还很远。同样,20世纪80年代初,尽管经济继续下滑,通货膨胀加剧,但却是购买股票的最佳时机。简而言之,坏消息是投资者的最好朋友,它能让你以较低代价下注美国的未来。长期而言,股市整体是趋于利好的。20世纪,美国经历了2次世界大战、代价高昂的军事冲突、大萧条、十余次经济衰退和金融危机、石油危机、流行疾病和总统因丑闻而下台等事件,但道指却从66点涨到了11497点。也许有人会认为,在一个持续发展的世纪里,投资者几乎不可能亏钱。但确实有些投资者亏了,因为他们总是在感觉良好时买入,在市场充斥着恐慌时卖出。

今天,拥有现金或现金等价物的人可能感觉良好,但他们可能过于乐观了,因为他们选择了一项可怕的长期资产,没有任何回报且肯定会贬值。其实,美国政府的救市政策很可能导致通货膨胀,并加速现金贬值。未来10年,证券的投资回报率肯定要高于现金,也许会高出很多。那些手持现金的投资者还在等待好消息,但他们忘了冰球明星格雷茨基(Wayne Gretzky)的忠告:“我总是滑向冰球运动的方向,而不是等冰球到位再追。”

现在,巴菲特在熊市里,在危机中加大投资力度的做法,会不会和他历次抄底熊市并大获其利结果一样,还无法被证明,但我坚定地相信巴菲特在危机中,在熊市,在别人恐惧时疯狂买入的做法是真正的投资之道,你呢?你是怎么想的?你认为巴菲特在熊市中疯狂买入对吗?

做个正常人吧!

许多人有一种这样的想法:要在股市赚钱,必须具备特殊的才干。

“特殊的才干”,通常是指拥有很高的学历或是才高八斗。

一般人认为具备这个条件,在股票投资上占尽优势。

实际上,拥有高学历的人,在股票投资上的成功率,并不会比一般人高。

理由是:股票投资要成功,“修养”才是最重要的,知识或学识属于次要。

所谓“修养”,是指正确的观念,坚靭不拔的精神,恒毅的耐心,平稳的心智等等,没有这些素质,即使学问再好,也难在股市有所作为。

知识,包括对股市及个别上市公司的认识,当然也是重要的,没有知识,叫做“无知”,无知的投资作法,等于“盲撞”,当然险象环生。

但是,知识无论怎样丰富,如果没有“修养”作为引导,也无用武之地。这就是高学历的投资者,在股市的表现,往往反而不如学历较低者的原因。

故高学历未必在股市中占优势。

修养

但是,高学历者若加上“修养”,在股市中肯定占尽优势。

知识可以购买,你可以订阅股票分析专刊、报纸、杂志,可以购买图表,但是“修养”是金钱买不到的,必须靠自己去“修”去“养”才能得到,例如耐心,你无法买到,惟一的方法是下决心去“培养”。

如果你全力追求知识,完全不理“修养”,你是舍本逐末,我可以预言,你无论怎样努力,最终必然徒劳无功。

而在“修养”中,最重要的一项是学习做一个正常人。

“正常人”就是按常理常情行事的人。

做“正常人”也要学习吗?


是的,最低限度在股市做正常人,必须学习才能做到的。

正常人的反应是东西越贵越不想买,越便宜越想买。

所以,百货公司大减价时,人头汹涌,汽油涨价前夕,油站车辆排长龙。

汽油涨价之后,车辆排长龙抢着“加油”的情况如果出现,就是属于“怪现象”。

“怪现象”是不正常的,正常的现象不能称为“怪现象”。

但在股市中,怪现象永远存在。

因为永远存在,大家反而见怪不怪了。

当股价昂贵时,人们大买特买,股价低廉时,却无人问津。

这是不是“怪现象”?

怪现象都是不正常的,只有不正常的人才会去做。

股市中不正常的人太多了。

要在股市成功,其实很简单:做个正常人就行了。

正常人所做的是正常的行为,百货公司大减价时大买,是正常的。

同样的,股价低廉时大买股票,才是正常,跌得越低买得越多,是更正常。

惟一要注意的,是只买品质好的货物,如果品质低劣,即使再便宜也不买。

这才是正常人的行为——这才是合理的行为。

坚持只做正常人吧!

现在就是正常人买股的时候了。

Wednesday, October 22, 2008

Fears about Lehman CDS deadline seen as overstated

Tuesday's deadline to settle an estimated $400 billion in credit default swaps on debt in failed investment bank Lehman Brothers is unlikely to trigger new havoc in the market, derivatives analysts said.

Tuesday is the final day credit default swaps on Lehman's debt can be paid out.
Speculation has mounted that banks and other sellers have been hoarding cash to pay out a massive 91 percent loss on the contracts.
Some analysts on Monday attributed gains in the U.S. dollar to demand for dollars needed to pay the insurance.

But experts say the fears are exaggerated and in any case, losses may not be made public until companies post their next quarterly earnings in the months to come.
"There's been a lot of talk about this but I don't think it's that material, there has been a lot of misunderstanding," said Sivan Mahadevan, head of credit derivative and structured credit research at Morgan Stanley in New York.

"I think it's been overdone."
Credit default swaps are insurance-like securities that protect against the risk of a borrower defaulting on debt.

The $55 trillion market has created concerns that it may pose systemic risks as the private nature of the market makes it impossible to know who holds what risk, and how large any exposures are.
Part of the worry about the Lehman swaps is the $400 billion in insurance outstanding, although this number overstates the amount of money that will actually be transferred.

The Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation, which clears the vast majority of trades in the over-the-counter market, said this month only $6 billion may actually change hands.
This is because large players in the market, such as dealers and some hedge funds, have both bought and sold protection, subsequently taking both gains and losses on Lehman's default that will offset each other.

For companies with net exposure to pay out protection, much of the pain of settling the swaps has also already been taken.
"If you were the seller of protection, you had to pay collateral and that collateral was changed on a daily basis, based on where Lehman's bonds were trading," Mahadevan said.

"The money's already in the system. The loss is already in the system. I don't think of it as a big deal in terms of losses exchanging hands," he added.
The price of Lehman's bonds dropped to about 12 or 13 cents on the dollar after the investment bank filed for bankruptcy in September, meaning sellers of protection needed to post collateral to cover a loss of 87 percent to 88 percent on the contracts at the time.
Some buyers of protection would have used these bonds to settle their contracts. Others participated in an auction on October 10 to determine the value of the contracts.

When a borrower defaults on debt, sellers of protection pay buyers the full sum insured and, in return, receive the defaulted debt or a cash payment, which is determined by auction.
The October 10 auction involved 358 market players and determined the swaps were worth just 8.625 cents on the dollar, meaning sellers needed to pay out 91.375 cents on every dollar of insurance sold.

"The auction for Lehman CDS was successful and the amount that was paid out on this credit event is significantly lower than what has been mentioned in the press," analysts at Barclays said in a report.
Meanwhile, of the companies that have so far announced exposures to Lehman's default swaps, none have indicated any threat to the viability of the firm.

Genworth Financial, for example, said it had only $5.4 million in credit default swap exposure to Lehman credit default swaps, and Hartford Financial Service Group said it had $30 million in exposure to Lehman's swaps.

海峡时报指数 20-10-2008

本栏于上周一(13日)曾论及指数下跌目前仍属初期,这么一来跌穿1750点是轻而易举。
果然,指数虽然于10月14日回扯至2218.89点,并将介于2124.85点至2177.55点间的缺口填补,可惜回升乏力,指数过后迅速回落,10月17日更下试1877.96点。
由于长期跌势已经明朗化,短期回扯充其量也只能填补介于1991.07点至2059.39点及介于2102.67点至2128.31点间的缺口,一旦跌穿1750点,大致上没有重要支撑点,这么一来指数可能挑战2001年9月24日的1197.85点的低点,投资者宜在回扯时机警套利为妙。

虎年:楼市走出谷底?

今年农历新年之前,我写了一篇评论《鼠年:楼市低谷的开始?》,文章指出过去的几个鼠年,仿佛都是楼市改变风向的一年——原本的繁华旺热,恰巧在这一年开到荼蘼、转眼衰颓。

1996年的丙子鼠年和1984年的甲子鼠年都是如此。

1996年,楼市的严重泡沫化迫使政府进场干预,于5月15日实施房地产降温措施,再加上隔年爆发的亚洲金融危机,多个国家的货币遭到狙击,这导致新加坡楼价从1996年第二季的历史高点开始扭转风向,向下滑落。

1984年,美国的经济衰退以及国际贸易的下跌,连累新加坡的经济陷入不景气,这带动私宅价格从1984年第一季步入衰颓,往下暴跌。

唯一的例外是1972年的壬子鼠年。不过,隔年,即1973年,新加坡的楼市也因为政府限制外国人购买新加坡房地产,以及全球爆发石油危机,在一年内猛挫了超过30%。

楼市鼠年见顶虎年见底
这篇评论在1月20日刊登时,本地的私宅市场已经冷却下来、成交量比去年第三季的高峰期下跌四分之三,不过价格仍然稳住、尚未下滑。

九个多月后,市区重建局于两个星期前发表的官方预估数字显示,我国第三季的私宅价格已经抵不住来自美国金融风暴的压力,在连续上涨了17个季度,或四年多后,首次下滑,跌幅达到1.8%。

这意味,2008年的戊子鼠年,又是一个楼市达到巅峰,并开始步入衰颓的开始。

特别是雷曼兄弟破产引发全球金融大海啸后,就连最“牛市”的房地产发展商都不得不承认,新加坡楼市确实已经软化,进入“价格调整”阶段。

“鼠年即楼市低谷开始”——这个“预言”应验后,更多人跑来追问:那楼市要什么时候才见底?楼价会下跌多少?

如果照旧从历史来看,每次在鼠年见顶的楼市,似乎都要等到虎年才会见底,而且跌幅介于30%至45%。

12年前的丙子鼠年,私宅价格从1996年第二季的高点猛泻了45%,至1998年底的戊寅虎年才见底。

24年前的甲子鼠年,私宅价格则从1984年第一季开始滑落,至1986年第二季的丙寅虎年才止住,总共下挫了36%。

1972年的壬子鼠年,楼价虽然仍扶摇直上,不过隔年的下滑也持续至1974年的甲寅虎年才止跌回弹,幅度超过30%。

今年是戊子鼠年,而私宅价格也已在今年第二季见顶,并开始滑落,这是不是意味着,楼市要等到2010年的庚寅虎年才会走出谷底?

2010年最多单位将“被逼”抛售
华人的生肖学或许有其奥妙之处,但过去三四次的鼠年至虎年楼市都陷入低潮,相信更大程度只是一种巧合。从生肖来推断楼市走势的说法,既不科学,也不符合逻辑,大家姑且听之,参考就好,不要太过在意。

不过,如果我们回归到楼市的基础面——楼市在2010年才见底的可能性确实存在,而且机会还相当高。

去年8月引发的美国次贷问题,已经在今年9月演变成为震撼全球的金融大海啸,并拖累新加坡经济陷入技术性衰退。它对我国的冲击才刚开始,预料不会在短期内结束,这意味2009年的经济环境将更险峻、裁员人数将增加,住屋需求和租金前景都不乐观。

从这个时间点来推断,新加坡的楼市最有机会在2010年才跌落至最谷底。

再加上2010年是新私宅单位完工的高峰期,不但发展商有压力在房子完工后的短期内清除存货,那些以延迟付款计划买楼的人也必须开始掏钱出来供房子。

在市场旺热的时候,如果租金强劲、就业市场蓬勃,人们不会急着卖楼,但未来两年的租金市场看软,失业率也会上升,这相信会迫使那些没有持守能力的人在房子完工之前急着找买家接手,甚至不惜大出血来抛售,带动楼价进一步探底。

根据市建局的数据,去年,本地只有6513个私宅单位完工,今年估计有8000多个,但2009年和2010年却可能分别跃升至1万零500个和1万1800个。

今明两年完工的新私宅单位有八成以上已经找到了买家,但预计在2010年完工的新私宅单位却只有五成已经售出。这也就是说,后年将有5981个仍未售出的单位可以入伙,是发展商最有清货压力的一年。

预测:私宅价或跌30%至45%
本地好几家看“坏”楼市的外资银行分析员,其实早在今年3月至5月,不约而同地把楼市的谷底“瞄准”在2010年。

例如野村(Nomura)在3月25日发表的《暴风眼》中预测,豪宅价格将在未来三年内滑落32%,大众化私宅价格也可能在2010年下滑高达20%。

瑞士信贷(Credit Suisse)在5月发表的报告则更大胆地预测,私宅租金和楼价可能下跌高达40%。

值得一提的是,这些报告都是在全球发生金融大海啸之前发表的。这场震撼全球的金融大动荡发生之后,房地产分析员虽然纷纷调低对本地楼市的预测,不过至今还没有人作出更悲观的预测。

这场被形容为“自1929年经济大萧条后最严重的全球金融危机”冲击下,本地的楼市是不是会历史重演,在2010年的庚寅虎年才会走出谷底,而且跌幅介于30%至45%,相信只有时间能够解答。现在大家能够做的,就是做好心理准备,房价还会继续下跌,没有持守能力的人还是不要轻举妄动,作出不必要的投资。

Monday, October 20, 2008

第13个月薪金

学校教我们要节俭,要储蓄,那是对的,但从来不教我们如何投资,结果是我们进入社会工作,都是“财盲”,就是对理财完全无知,就好像“文盲”目不识丁一样。

所以,受薪者一定要“行有馀力,则以学财”——学习投资。

投资是可以学习的。
股票投资肯定是可以学习的,但你必须坐言起行,现在就开始学习。
天下没有白吃的午餐。一分耕耘,一分收获。
总是希望别人替你赚钱,这种倚赖心理,是你走向失败的第一步。
钱必须靠自己去赚,别人没有替你赚钱的义务。

朝人生目标迈进
设定一个奋斗的目标,穷一生之力,向这目标前进。
在年轻时,投资额有限,投资收入,可能只占你每月的总收入的一小部份。
时间越长,投资收入在你的总收入中所占的比例,应该越来越大。
到你退休时,你的投资收入,最低限度,应该等于你最后一个月的薪金,甚至更高。

这样,你是退休了,但你的收入并没有跟着“退休”。

大部份人在退休时,收入也跟着他“退休”,迫使他退而不休。

如果退休的是你,而不是你的收入的话,你向职场说“拜拜”之后,就不必再为五斗米而折腰,这才有可能渡写意的晚年。

请你想像一下,当你退休时,你拥有13家五星级公司的股票,是你以30年时间累积而成的。

假设你最后1个月的薪金为1万令吉,退休后每只股票每年发给你1万令吉的股息,等于你不必工作每月仍能有1万令吉的收入,你不但能保持任职时的生活素质,而且可以提高。

在工作时,你赚到了钱,但没有时间去享受,因为你的时间已卖给了雇主。

退休后,时间属于你自己,而收入没有中断,你可以享受人生了。

这才是你梦寐以求的人生境界吧?为什么是13个月,而不是12个月的收入?因为第13个月的“准薪金”是你的花红。

你辛苦一辈子后,退休后仍应该享有花红,作为奖励。

为退休生活奋斗
连工作表现不怎样的公务员,都可享有13个月薪金,何况是服务社会30年的你?
让我们一齐为第13个月薪金这个目标而奋斗。
无论是股票或房地产投资,都应以“不退休的薪金”为奋斗的终极目标。

Sunday, October 19, 2008

日本股神是川银藏-----70元投资成亿万富翁

14岁步入商海
1897年是川银藏生于日本兵库县。1912年,小学毕业,是川银藏就开始闯荡江湖,二十几岁就成了富有的企业家。但1927年日本金融危机,又让他从巨富沦为赤贫。

为此,是川银藏开始了3年的寒窗苦读,在图书馆遍读与经济有关的各种书籍、资料,掌握了经济变动的基本规律。

70元入市险成亿万富翁
1931年,忍受了3年贫困生活的是川银藏决定东山再起,靠借来的70日元股本,很快就赚了7000日元,成为了日本股市的传奇人物。

1933年初,是川银藏通过对纽约联邦储备银行纸币发行量、存款余额与金的保有量分析,准确预测到了美国将停止金本位制,于是大量做空。4月19日,美国宣布废止金本位制。

日本股市立刻暴跌并休市。但休市一星期后,日本政府却宣布:“已经买卖的股票,一律以美国停止金本位制之前的收盘价结算。”一举粉碎了是川银藏的亿万富翁之梦,但他准确的预测却震动了整个日本股市。

料事如神获利30亿日元
1976年,日本由于水泥需求急剧下降,中小水泥厂纷纷停业、倒闭。但是川银藏在分析后认为日本水泥公司的下跌走势已经进入谷底,政府为了解决日益严重的失业问题,肯定要大兴土木,水泥必定会暴涨。于是,是川银藏开始默默低价吃入日本水泥公司股票。

1977年,日本水泥业界的景气果然逐渐复苏,日本水泥公司的股价开始一路飙升。而此时是川银藏已经吃入了日本水泥公司3000万股。一笔投资就让他最终获利30多亿日元。

被胜利冲昏头脑
在卖出了日本水泥之后,是川银藏在对过去非金属行情与供给情况分析后,发现铜价从上次暴跌到现在已经到谷底,很快就会再度上涨。

于是是川银藏大量吸入同和矿业。1979年,全球铜价果然暴涨,而是川银藏已经持有了同和矿业公司2200股,股票市值一度高达300亿日元。但因贪心坐失出货良机,仅仅纸上富贵了一回,30亿日元的本金都险些不保。

预测高手再创神话
1981年9月18日早上,“菱刈矿山发现高品质金脉”的新闻,再度让是川银藏热血沸腾。他通过报道的数据推断出,菱刈矿山是一个价值惊人的金矿,而矿主住友金属矿山公司根本没意识到这一点。

是川银藏立刻悄悄买进住友金属矿山公司股票,事后勘测数据证实了是川银藏的推断:该矿区至少存在100吨的金,价值在2500亿日元以上。股价因此迅速暴涨,而此时他手中的持股已经达到5000万股,占住友金属矿山公司已发行股数的16%。

为了避免重蹈“同和矿业”的覆辙,他迅速获利了结,稳赚了200多亿日元。再创了一个日本股市神话。

是川银藏投资“乌龟三原则”

是川银藏认为,投资人的心境必须和乌龟一样,慢慢观察,审慎买卖。

一、选择未来大有前途,却尚未被世人察觉的潜力股,长期持有。

二、每日盯牢经济与股市行情的变动,而且自己下功夫研究。

三、不可太过于乐观,不要以为股市会永远涨个不停,而且要以自有资金操作股票投资五原则。

是川银藏“投资五原则”

一、选股票不要靠人推荐,要自己下功夫研究后选择;

二、自己要能预测一两年后的经济变化;

三、每只股票都有其适当价位,股价超越其应有水准,切忌追高;

四、股价最后还是得由其业绩决定,作手硬做的股票千万碰不得;

五、任何时候都可能发生难以预料的事件,因此必须记住,投资股票永远有风险。

专业人员如何选股

专业人员使用的方法分两类,一类使用自上而下的研究方法,另一类则采用自下而上的方法。
所谓自上而下的方法就是先研究国家的宏观经济情况,次而研究板块,再次研究行业,最后才挑出最好的行业里最好的公司。自下而上的方法呢,就是反过来,先看所有公司的财务状况,从中挑出一些未来赢利前景好的公司,然后再来问自己,这些公司所属于的行业整体的情况如何,板块整体的情况如何,和国家宏观经济整体的情况如何.

不过没有分析员会很坦率地告诉你自己是用那一类方法。大多的情况下,他们两种方法都用.每个分析员通常只负责研究某个行业里的几十只股票,他们也不是股民想象中的研究所有股票的专家。毕竟每个人的精力都是有限的。大家通常见得对所有股票都明白的人(电视里,一些讲座里),他们那里知道什么是投资,他们实际上是股民心理按摩师.人的精力很有限,了解一家企业要花很多时间.

很多优秀的股票分析员和使用选股策略来投资的基金经理。他们比散户有的一些优势是:一、他们有所有股票的详细数据库和分析的工具。二、他们花大量的时间和精力去做跟踪他们负责的几十只股票,包括亲自参加每个公司的股东大会,参加所研究行业的学术和商业会议,阅读关于这几十只股票所有的新闻,必要时他们会实地访问他们所研究的公司,还有阅读市场研究公司所做的关于消费市场未来前景和普通消费者习惯的变迁的报告。在华尔街一个有趣的现象是,现在越来越多科技行业的分析员或基金经理的学位都不是MBA而是与行业有关的学位或工作经历。这些行业包括生物制药,医学,化工,网络工程等。

基金选股的基本办法并不深奥。他们选股方法叫做估值法(valuation approach),起点是在每个行业里,看几个最重要的公司财务状况的数字,先挑出二十来家估值最低(不是股价最低)的公司。然后再做行业分析。因为每个行业都可能有一些经济周期性,分析主要是要判断这个行业将走向衰亡呢,还是它现在正在周期性的底部即将腾飞。以及详细分析为什么市场对这些公司的估值这么低,然后开始跟踪这些公司的新闻,到一个合适的时机他才开始买股。大名鼎鼎的股神巴菲特采用的就是这一种方法。另外还有一类基金经理,主要是投资于创业型的高科技公司,包括生物制药,医学,网络工程。这些基金的经理和研究员通常都具有相关行业的学位或工作经历。因为他们投资的公司大都还没有开始赢利,一般的估值法对它们不适用,他们会采用非常规的估值法。比如预计一个新开发的药品上市以后大约的销售量和利润为多少,再加上跟随股价惯性的方法(指的是倾向于买那些股价正在往上走的股票)。这些基金经理所采用的策略,就叫做惯性法(momentum approach)。巴菲特很不习惯这种投资方法,他说他不敢投资他不了解的行业。他完全错过了90年代末的网络股和生物制药股的腾飞,不过他也躲过了2000-2002年的科技股泡沫的破灭。

投资是一种艺术而非科学,指得是选股所用的因素(请注意,是因素不是方法)没有办法严格地科学化,也就是没有办法用一个公式写出来。因为有预测和非数字化的因素(非数字化的因素指的是类似于一家公司的管理层因违法操作而被证监会查的事件)在里面,所以对公司的详细了解,跟踪重要新闻等就变得相当重要了.

这些工作,我们股民现在用电脑都能完成大部分.实际的研究,找离你家近的优秀上市公司.

DBS Vickers on SingPost

09-Oct-2006
DBS Vickers said it has cut its target price for Singapore Post to 1.12 sgd from 1.24previously on the view that the company could lose up to 30 mln sgd or 15 pct of market share in the domestic basic mail service (BMS) by the year to March 2011 if Singapore fully liberalises its BMS market from April next year.

But the brokerage expects limited competition with the liberalisation, saying security concerns over the sharing of the masterdoor key for Housing Development Board letterboxes could dissuade the entry of new players in downstream mail delivery.

"We believe that new players would (only) enter the upstream activity of mail collection, and (that they will) target business customers in a selected coverage," DBS Vickers said in a note.

Competition from global players is also likely to be limited as these players are expected to focus on the multi-billion-dollar European market rather than the smaller Singapore market of about 200 mln sgd, it added.

Hence, DBS Vickers said it is keeping its "buy" call on the stock.

杨百万眼中的股市六大利空

眼下的中国股市,可以说是黑云压城城已摧,除了愈演愈烈的金融风暴和“大小非”这几个最明确、最可把握的因素之外,整个市场充斥着重大的不确定和不稳定因素——经济危机四伏,看起来房地产不行了、金融不行了、钢铁不行了、汽车不行了……一旦全面发,后果不堪设想。请看最新消息:

一、价格管制导致1-8月国有企业利润大幅下降。
最新数据显示,1-8月,在规模以上工业企业中,国有及国有控股企业实现利润6770亿元,同比增长0.7%。而1-5月的增速是1.5%,增速下降50%。

二、因CPI和PPI双高和楼市低迷,十月九日即将召开的三中全会,会议有关经济工作的的核心仍然是“继续加强和改善宏观调控,保持宏观经济策的连续性和稳定性”、“把抑制通货膨胀放在突出位置”,这显然会与美国的7000亿救市希望破灭一样,因失望而引发的做空能量必对中国股市构成致的伤力,导致股市出现雪崩式下跌。
很显然:既然与管理层并不认为当前刻不容缓的当务之急是采取措施防止股市暴跌而转向更深的熊市,那么,中国股市在积弱已久并已风雨飘摇的时候究竟会走向哪里呢?

结论:国庆过后,三中全会召开之际,在整个市场已经对未来趋势严重不看好的前提下,很可能重演“奥运暴跌”的悲剧,或者像今年两会期间的股市走势那样。

三、A股泡沫仍将膨胀。目前,A股市净率仍处于全球最高之列,而未来两年,中国股市还有17万多亿的“大小非”要转向流通,再加上创业板的设立、红筹回归、海外企业到A股上市以及IPO,中国股市的理论流通规模在两年多的时间内至少要扩大3倍以上,一个市场变三个市场乃至四个市场的过程已经真正开始。

据一位接近管理层的人士称,年内完成中建、光大、招商证券等权重公司IPO上市是管理层今年必须完成的中心任务之一,救市更主要的意图是为上述IPO任务的完成创造条件。

四、受累国际金融市场影响,以中国平安和工商银行为首的金融类权重股必将再现暴跌。
由于富通集团股价的不断下跌,截至北时间昨晚20:00点,富通股价已跌至5.8欧元/股(约合人币59.56元)。根据平安今年半年报中的披露,其投资富通的初始投资额为238.38亿元,根据记者粗略计算发现,截至昨晚20:00点平安对富通的投资额已缩水至72.1亿元,浮亏扩大至166亿元左右。

另外:美国次债导致工中建等大型国有银行巨亏,坏账不可避免地增多,初步估计已达数百亿美元,远不只目前公布的数据。

五、前期救市行为仅为“鼓励”和安抚,而非强制,何况每年年底银根趋紧,今年屋漏偏逢连阴雨,杯水车薪必将导致更大灾难。
据一位监管部门员称,如果不彻底解决“大小非”问题及经济下滑引致的企业赢利水平下降、投资者信心不足等问题,目前的救市可能只是阶段性、局部性起到了托底的作用。基于“攘外必先安内”的惯性思路,该员认为,近期管理层至少会有三个方面的应对措施:

一是加快推进创业板的设立(据称符合中国特色),加快红筹股回归和海外企业A股上市,恢复内地企业IPO正常运行。

二是恢复正常的股权再融资计划,确保国企发展血脉畅通,使上市公司最充分而有效地运用好货币和资本这种现代市场经济中的最稀缺资源。

三是暂缓推出股指期货(甚至包括最近叫得很响的融资融券业务),以避免在目前的多事之秋招惹不必要的麻烦。

安德烈·科斯托兰尼

安德烈·科斯托兰尼有德国的华伦·巴菲特和证券界教父之称。
  
安德烈·科斯托兰尼是德国最负盛名的投资大师,1906年出生在匈牙利布达佩斯,犹太人。早年学习哲学和艺术史,后父亲送他到巴黎学投资,大部分时间在德国和法国度过,娴熟金融商品和证券市场的一切,被誉为“二十世纪的股票见证人”、“本世纪金融史上最成功的投资之一”。 有德国证券界教父之称,他在德国投资界的地位,有如美国的沃伦·巴菲特。他的成功,被视为欧洲股市的一大奇迹,他的理论,被视为权威的象征。安德烈·科斯托兰尼是德国股市的无冕之王,德国的投资人、专家及媒体记者,经常以他对股市的意见为依据,决定自己的行动方向,或发表分析文章。
  
他的投机生涯自从十几岁接触股票后开始,安德烈.科斯托兰尼就像染上毒瘾一样,从此深深的为投机的刺激和风险所着迷,有将近八十年的时间他都是在与各样的股票、债劵、货币、期货等商品打交道,而且热此不疲,他也一直以投机者自居,且深以为傲。1929年的经济大萧条,科斯托兰尼获利不浅。二战之后,他大量投资于德国重建,稍后的经济复苏令他拥有大量财富。虽然他在35岁就赚得了足以养老的金钱,不过这不代表他的投资都是一帆风顺的,相反的还曾经破产过两次,他本身在自著中也承认本身在一百次投机当中只要有51次成功就算侥幸了,但也因为有了许多经验使得他拥有敏锐的观察力和过人的判断力并不断累积财富,更使曾在二次大战中失去所有家当的双亲,在瑞士安享晚年。
  
科斯托兰尼不吝和他人分享他的智慧结晶,一生共写了13本和投资、证券、货币、财富、证券心理学的书。尽管他早年就赚得大笔财富,但在50岁时还是耐不住无聊开始著书创作将他所知道的一切分享给读者,60年代以来,三十年笔耕不辍:《这就是证劵市场》一书被翻译成七国语言,包括日文在内,还拍成了电影,从此跻身畅销作家之列,在他一生当中共写了13本有关投资、证券、货币、财富、证券心理学的书,书中写了他在股市上的巨大成功也写了他的巨大失败,但都是要实实在在的告诉读者自己所走过的旅程。另外他也在德国经济杂志《资本》拥有自己的专栏,供稿长达二十五年,只缺稿两次。科斯托兰尼同时也是德国、奥地利多所大学的客座教授,并在欧洲各地咖啡馆开设讲座,跟学生、有钱人、乞丐、小偷....各式各样的人大谈投资学,告诉他们独立思考的重要性。
  
他的《证券心理学》一书,是德国大学经济系学生必读书籍。从一九八七年至今,共出版十三本著作,在全球卖出三百万册的佳绩,包括中国、韩国、希腊、丹麦,都有翻译版本。
  
《一个投机者的告白》是他生前最后一本书,也是他一生智慧的结晶。他的书不仅在德国畅销,也翻译成包括丹麦、希腊、中国、韩国等文字发行,全球已卖出三百万册。《一个投机者的告白》是安德烈·科斯托兰尼的投资智慧精华,除了有他对各个投资、投机市场的拨云见日的透彻剖析,还有他一生经典的投资案例。
  
1999年见证百年金融发展的科斯托兰尼因病辞世,留下财富给继承者,但留下典范给所有的读者。
  
安德烈·科斯托兰尼论股市
男人与狗
有一个男子带着狗在街上散步,像所有的狗一样,这狗先跑到前面,再回到主人身边。接着,又跑到前面,看到自己跑得太远,又再折回来。整个过程里,狗就这样反反复复。最后,他俩同时抵达终点,男子悠闲地走了 一公里,而狗跑来跑去,走了四公里。
  
男子就是经济,狗则是证券市场。
  
长远看来,经济和证券市场的发展方向相同,但在过程中,却有可能选择完全相反的方向。
  
判断市场处于哪个阶段
在出现不利消息时,市场并没有下跌,就是市场出现超卖,行情已接近最低点的征兆。相反地,市场对有利消息不再有反应,就是超买和行情暂时处在最高点的信号。
  
如果行情下跌时,某一段时间里成交量很大,这表示有大量股票从犹豫的投资者手里,转移到固执的投资者手里。也就是说,如果成交量增加,行情仍然继续下跌时,就是已经接近下一次上涨起点的信号。
  
当成交量小,且指数还继续下跌时,就表示市场前景堪虑。相反地,当成交量愈来愈大,股票还不断看涨时,也是前景堪虑。
  
当成交量小时,如果指数看涨,这种情形就非常有利。
  
三种人
巴尔扎克在一篇关于高雅生活的文章里写到,世上有三种人,工作的人、思考的人、和无所事事的人。真正的投机家是思考的人,但很多人却认为投机家是不用工作的人。
  
证券交易所
人类史上的第一家证券交易所,出现在阿姆斯特丹。时值十七世纪,殖民时代开始之际。大家争先恐后地购买印度公司的股票,这是第一家有组织的殖民企业,成立于1602年。

上涨与下跌
这里的一切都取决于一件事,就看这里的傻瓜比股票多,还是股票比傻瓜多。我们可以这样解释,如果股票持有者迫于心理或物质上的压力,被迫出售股票,而资金 所有者虽然想买,却无购买压力,行情就会下跌。反之,如果资金所有者迫切寻找股票,而股票持有者并没有物质或心理上的压力,要出售股票,行情就会上涨。因 此,一切取决于供给和需求。

货币+心理=趋势。
证券交易心理学
  
投资者须具备四种要素:金钱、想法、耐心,还有运气。
  
“想象力比知识更重要!”---爱因斯坦。
  
耐心就是:2×2=5﹣1。
  
暴涨和崩盘
崩盘通常以暴涨为前导,而暴涨都以崩盘收尾,一再重复。它们是分不开的搭档。
证券市场四百年来的历史便是一连串由暴涨和灾难所交织成的,其中大多数早被人遗忘,但有些事件改变了整个世界,被载入史册:17世纪郁金香灾难、数学毁掉法国、1929年的崩盘,等等。
  
安德烈·科斯托兰尼的格言
  
箴言:“心理造就90%行情”
影响股价(特别是短期走势)起伏的原因,主要并非受自经济发展的影响,而是受制于投资者对消息的反应及心理因素。好消息未必一定令股价上升,大众对消息的反应才是影响股价的主要因素。
  
格言
  1、哲学家叔本华说过:“金钱就像海水,喝得越多,越渴。”
  2、根据我的定义,百万富翁是指不依赖任何人,以自己的资本,就能满足自我需求的人。百万富翁不用工作,既不用在上司面前,也无须对客户卑躬屈膝。
  3、根据我的经验,有三种迅速致富的方法:
  第一,带来财富的婚姻;
  第二,幸运的商业点子;
  第三,投机。
  4、在长达80年的证券交易中,我至少学到一点:投机是种艺术,而不是科学。
  5、大家是否该跻身名人之列,也做个投机人士?
  基本上,这取决于两件事,即物质条件和个人性格。关于前一个前提条件,我牢记一条座右铭:
  有钱的人,可以投机,
  钱少的人,不可以投机,
  根本没钱的人,必须投机。
  6、任何一个软件顶多只和它的程序设计者一样聪明。
  7、总而言之,投机者有想法,不管正不正确,毕竟是个想法。这是投机家和证券玩家的基本差异。
  8、任何学校都教不出投机家,因为投机家的工具,除了经验外,还是经验。
  9、成功的投机家在100次交易中,获利51次,亏损49次,他就靠这差数为生。
  10、只要有想像力,老的东西,甚至老古董,都有机会再翻身。
  11、一切取决于供给和需求。我全部的证券交易理论都以此为基础。
  12、货币之于证券市场,就像氧气之于呼吸,汽油之于引擎。
  13、投资者分两类,固执的(投资者和投机人士)和犹豫的(玩家),胜利者是固执的人。
  14、对我来说,技术状态只和一个问题有关:股票掌握在什么人手里。
  15、固执的投资者需具备四种要素:金钱,想法,耐心,还有运气。
  16、根据我的定义,一个人是否有钱,关键不在于他有多少财产,而在资本是否完整无缺,有没有负债。
  17、我非常赞同爱因斯坦说过的话:“想像力比知识更重要!”
  耐心也许是证券交易所里最重要的东西……我为证券市场列了一个独一无二的数学公式:2*2=5-1
  18、这是个永恒的法则:每次证券市场中的崩盘和溃散都以暴涨为前提,而每一次的暴涨都以崩盘收尾。
  19、大家必须训练有素、冷静,有时必须玩世不恭,不理会大众的歇斯底里,这是成功的前提条件。
  20、一种股票最后可能上涨1000%,或甚至10000%,但最多只能下跌100%。
  21、我的座右铭是,凡是证券交易所里人尽皆知的事,不会令我激动。
  22、最没有意思的,就是那些和指数发展趋势有关的讯息,这些都是先有指数,才有讯息的。
  23、真正的证券交易知识,是那些当大家忘记所有细节后留下的东西,大家不需要无所不知,而是要理解一切,在关键时刻指出正确的内在关系,并采取相应行动。
  24、在指数上涨过程中,即使是最差的投机人士也能赚到一些钱;而在指数下跌过程中,即使挑到好股票的人也赚不到钱。因此投资最重要的是普遍的趋势,其次才是选股,只有投资经历至少20年之久的投资者,才用不着太关心整体发展趋势。
  25、投机人士必须比一般大众提前发现成长型企业,只有这样,才有机会在合理的价格时进场。
  26、M和W理论是最老的图表规则,我虽然不是图表主义者,但这两个规则常帮我的忙。
  27、投机中赚的钱是痛苦钱,先有痛苦,然后才有金钱。
  28、我的证券交易格言是:“看重小利的人,不会有大价值。”
  29、一名投资者是否成功,只有他的遗产继承人才能判断。
  30、职业投资者的工作,95%是在浪费时间,他们在阅读图表及营业报告,却忘记思考,但对投资者来说,这才是最重要的。
  
安德烈·科斯托兰尼的主要著作
  2000- 《一个投机者的告白》(Die Kunst uber Geld nachzudenken)
  2000-《科斯托兰尼的证券智慧:给投资者的一百个点子》(Kostolanys Borsenweisheit. 100 Tipps fur Geldanleger)
  2000-《科斯托兰尼奇幻的货币和证券世界:了解证券市场》(Kostolanys Wunderland von Geld und Borse.Wissen,was die Borse bewegt)
  1999-《货币,最大的冒险:一位证券客的笔记》(Geld,dasgroBe Abenteuer. Aufzeichnungen eines Borsianers)
  1999-《这就是证劵市场》(Das ist die Borse.Das Original ausdem Jahre 1961)
  1998-《科斯托兰尼的最佳投资点子:最赚钱的点子》(Kostolanys beste Tips für Geldanleger. Profitable Ideen für Sparer und Spekulanten)
  1996-《科斯托兰尼的证券课程:投资者和投机客须知》(Kostolanys B rsenseminar.Für Kapitalanleger und Spekulanten)
  1995-《科斯托兰尼的未来计划》(Kostolanys Bilanz der Zukunft)
  1994-《货币与证券市场:创造财富的艺术》(Geld und Borse.Die Kunst,ein Vermogen zu machen)
  1993-《科斯托兰尼最佳的赚钱故事》(Kostolanys beste Geldgeschichten.Profitable Ideen für Geldanleger und Spekulanten)
  1991-《科斯托兰尼的证券心理学:在咖啡屋上课》( Kostolanys B rsenpsychologie. Vorlesungen am Kaffeehaustisch)
  1987-《美元在干甚么?货币投机的述宫》(und was macht der Dollar? Im lrrgarten der Wahrungsspekulationen)
  
写给敢做敢为的人
  十律
  1、有主见,三思后再决定是否应该买进,如果是,在哪里,什么行业,哪个国家?
  2、要有足够的资金,以免遭受压力。
  3、要有耐心,因为任何事情都不可预期,发展方向都和大家想象的不同。
  4、如果相信自己的判断,便必须坚定不移。
  5、要灵活,并时刻思考到想法中可能的错误。
  6、如果看到出现新的局面,应该卖出。
  7、不时察看购买的股票清单,并检查现在还可买进哪些股票。
  8、只有看到远大的发展前景时,才可买进。
  9、考虑所有风险,甚至是不可能出现的风险,也就是说,要时刻想到意想不到的因素。
  10、即使自己是对的,也要保持谦逊。
  
十戒
  1、不要跟着建议跑,不要想能听到秘密讯息。
  2、不要相信卖主知道他们为什么要卖,或买主知道自己为什么要买,也就是说,不要
  相信他们比自己知道的多。
  3、不要想把赔掉的再赚回来。
  4、不要考虑过去的指数。
  5、不要躺在有价证券上睡大觉,不要因为期望达到更佳的指数,而忘掉他们,也就是说,不要不做决定。
  6、不要不断观察变化细微的指数,不要对任何风吹草动作出反应。
  7、不要在刚刚赚钱或赔钱时做最后结论。
  8、不要只想获利就卖掉股票。
  9、不要在情绪上受政治好恶的影响。
  10、获利时,不要过分自负。

安德烈·科斯托蘭尼的智慧

安德烈·科斯托蘭尼(Andre Kostolany)是筆者最尊敬的投資大師其中之一,跨張一點說,拜讀完此君的作品後,可能會對坊間大部份有關投資的書籍失去興趣。至低限度,這觀點對筆者來說是成立的:

(一) 股市
股市與經濟:
男子帶著狗在街上散步,狗兒先跑到前面,再回到男人身邊。接著又跑到前面,看到自己跑得太遠,又再折回來。反反覆覆,最後男子和狗同時抵達終點,男子走了一公里,而狗兄跑前跑後地走了四公里。
男人就是經濟,狗則是股票市場。然而,長期來看,證券市場無法脫離經濟。

市場的邏輯:
證券市場有自己的邏輯,和普通消費者的邏輯沒有什麼關係。

股票價格:
股價永遠不會和企業的實際價值相等,總是或高或低於合理值。

資訊:
凡是證券交易所裡人盡皆知的事,不會令我激動。在讀報紙的過程中,可以發現對我來說重要的消息,通常是隱藏在字裡行間的訊息。

測底:
在出現不利消息時,市場並沒有下跌,是行情已接近最低點的徵兆。
當最後的樂觀者變成悲觀者,當傳媒氣氛變得非常負面時,便是市況見底的跡象。

市場升跌:
暴漲和崩盤是分不開的搭檔。

股票走勢:
貨幣供應 + 心理 = 趨勢

恐慌性拋售:
就像在電影院裡,有人喊著火了,於是所有人衝向唯一的逃生門。結果是雖然連一根火柴也沒有點著,卻出現了傷亡人士。

投資人最壞的特質:
固執和猶疑不決

投資人最好的特質:
直覺和靈活性。直覺是下意識的邏輯和想像力,而投資人出錯時必須立即修正。

買賣的原因:
決定是否出售某隻股票跟買進價格沒有關係,而是取決於未來的發展。

內幕消息:
股市上的「消息靈通」經常是「毁滅」的代名詞。

耐性:
一個沒有耐力的投機者雖然有理,但永遠為之太晚。

投機者:
有遠見的戰略家,制定周密的計劃和策略,根據每天發生的事件進行調整。投機者總有一個想法,這亦是投機者和證券玩家的分別。

投資者:
市場中的長跑者

證券玩家:
市場中的賭徒

逆向操作:
勇於與眾不同,大家必須訓練有素、冷靜,有時甚至必須玩世不恭。因此在證券市場內,只有少數人能夠投機成功,所以投資人必須勇敢、全力以赴,明智,甚至表現得自負一些。對自己說: 「我知道,其他人都是傻瓜」

不忘彈性:
但如果出現根本性變化,例如戰爭、重大的政治和經濟決策等無法預料的事件時,就必須馬上考慮後果,必要時還要放棄昨天還十分喜歡(但今天變得很貴)的股票。

技術分析:
圖表可能賺錢,但肯定賠錢

(二) 經濟/匯率
通漲:
輕度通貨膨脹根本不會危害經濟。寧要5%通漲率,也不要5%的失業率。

通縮:
通縮時,貨幣供應持續短缺,消費者什麼也不想買,企業也不投資。在這情況下,沒有消費和投資,亦妨礙經濟發展。

金本位:
金本位制度尤如一條雙人被,棉被下的兩個人都試圖把被子拉向自己這一邊。嚴守金本位制阻礙貨幣供應的靈活性,隨之而來是失業、危機和破產。
總有一些政治家和經濟學者,每當外匯激烈波動時,總要求回到金本位制度。

美元:
在弱小與高強的衝突中,大多數人總是同情弱小。
全世界的人總是抱怨美國的貿易逆差,儘管多年來美國一直是整個世界經濟的「母乳」。
美國人將大部份的積蓄投入巨額的人壽保險和股票投資。

匯率:
一個國家的經濟實力和財政管理制度,才是構成貨幣強弱的主因。

CIMB - Singapore Post (S$1.23) - 2QFY08 results - Delivers again - 31 Oct 2007

Core earnings in line. 2QFY08 core earnings of S$35.5m (+9.6% yoy) was in-line with consensus and our estimates. 1HFY08 core earnings formed 50% of our full year FY08 estimates. Reported S$39.7m earnings benefited from S$5.2m of exceptional gains from the sale of property at Clementi Central. This was another solid set of results with 8.8%yoy revenue growth with steady margins. As expected, quarterly DPS of 1.25 cts was also announced.

Revenue up 8.8% yoy. Logistics led growth at 11.5%yoy as a result of increased contributions from Speedpost and warehousing, fulfilment & distribution. Mail and Retail grew by 8.5%yoy and 9.0%yoy respectively. Mail revenue growth was driven by higher mail volumes and price adjustments. Retail revenue growth was driven by financial services (+29%yoy) and vPost on-line shopping transactions but these gains were dampened by decline in agency/bill presentment services.

Operating margin steady yoy at 37.4%. Slight operating margin improvements at Mail and Retail operations helped offset margin decline (-130bps yoy to 14.2%) at Logistics which faced increased competition and volume-related cost pressure.

New CEO likely to give SingPost greater regional focus. The new CEO, Mr. Wilson Tan joined SingPost just two weeks ago and did not indicate any change in SingPost?s strategic direction. Mr. Tan comes with a strong IT background and regional experience. We believe that Mr. Tan?s arrival will step up the regional agenda in SingPost?s current growth strategy. SingPost has been extending its regional reach with initiatives to grow the hybrid mail and vPOST businesses in the regional markets due to limited domestic growth prospects. Key initiatives implemented during 1HFY08 include hybrid mail expansion into HK and Thailand (in addition to Philippines and Malaysia) as well as continued vPOST regional rollout into Australia and India (in addition to Malaysia and Thailand).

Maintain Outperform and target price of S$1.41. Our target price is based on DDM (cost of equity: 6.5%, terminal growth: 1.5%). FY08 earnings estimate is raised by 3% to reflect gains in property sales. SingPost offers reliable earnings delivery and forward yields of 5.5-6.0% for the next three years. We see scope for dividends to surprise on upside given current net gearing of 1.2x vs. target of 2.0x.

SingPost - In Pursuit of Growth

31-Oct-2007 KIM ENG - In Pursuit of Growth

♦ Another positive quarter

SingPost reported 2Q08 underlying net profit of $34.8m (+10.9% Y/Y) and underlying EBITDA of $51.4m (+6.5% Y/Y) on revenue of $116m (+8.8% Y/Y). All segments posted higher revenue and operating profits. We had earlier assumed that operating margin would improve from FY07 due to operating leverage. As SingPost?s operating margin is relatively stable, we have thus trimmed our margin forecasts.

♦ Domestic mail volume trending up

The main growth driver was domestic mail (Fig 1), which was bolstered by higher mail volumes and buoyed by price adjustments. Within domestic mail, direct mail volume increased 15.1% Y/Y while business and government mail volume increased 9.1%. We view the stronger mail volume as indicative of the strong economy and SingPost?s effective marketing of its direct mail services.

♦ Actively pursuing growth

We continue to see SingPost growth initiatives bearing fruits, particularly in international mail (as publishers increase their posting volume) and financial services (Fig 1). The company is actively expanding its vPost and hybrid mail business in the region. A new CEO at the helm could also bring a new dimension to SingPost?s business.

♦ Potential bonus from relocating post offices

Upside to our forecasts could arise from SingPost?s sale of any of its post offices. SingPost has an ongoing optimisation programme to relocate some of its post offices to locations which are ?less prime?. We think the sale of Singapore Post Centre (SPC) is less likely as SingPost is currently benefiting from rising rental rates at SPC.

♦ Reducing margin forecast, downgrade to HOLD

In line with its dividend policy, SingPost has declared an interim dividend of 1.25cts/share for 2Q08. We forecast FY09 dividend of 6.9cts/share and arrived at a target price of $1.38 (implied FY09 dividend yield of 5%). Downgrade to HOLD.

Singpost is a value stock

It has long operating history, high profit margins, consistent dividend payout history and policy, high ROE and low debt. It is currently trading at below historical PE.

If you are willing to buy 10 lots of Singpost at $1.10, when Singpost dips 10% to $0.99, you should buy at least the same number of lots or even more. This is because for the same amount of price I spend on Singpost originally, I can now buy more with less money. I will collect more dividends with the same amount invested and at the same time, dollar cost average my investment.

Assuming I bought another 10 lots at $0.99, my average cost will be $1.045/lot. Singpost only need to rebound 5.6% from $0.99 to breakeven. It will take Singpost to rebound more than 11% from $0.99 for me to breakeven at $1.10.

You must believe in the companies you have initially invested in. Do not lose faith just because others have bought and sold it at a different price you had bought. The price changes all the time, not the fundamentals. Hence, do your homework thoroughly before you take the plunge and only invest in companies you believe in.

I don't think singpost has low debts.

In fy08, total debt to equity is 2.31. Perhaps it's due to the nature of the business (something like utility, i'm not sure since there's no good comparison for singpost) that it is highly leveraged. I say that because their Plant property equipment (PPE) stands at a substanstial 34.7% of total assets. They did sell off a lot of their properties already though, to be fair.

Current ratio stands at 0.90, not exactly wonderful either.

If it's not for the wonderful little monopoly (which is eroding with the liberisation of postal services) and the management's future direction of singpost AND the wonderful long history of good dividends, I'll be cutting loss on this one too :)

What do you think of singpost's pending sale of paya lebar HQ? At 850 million, it'll generate around $0.44 per share. Might give a bonanza of dividends for the divestment, when it occurs. Maybe 0.2-0.3 per share as special dividend?
The way I look at it, debts itself is a good tool to reduce tax and increase ROE for companies. Usually only conservative companies have low debt ratios. I think Allgreen is one of them.

Consider pp77 of Singpost latest annual report. It has borrowings of 302m, a tad lower than 2007's 316m.

Cash inflow for financing activities has increased 13m YOY, cash outflow from financing activities has been reduced by 8m.

Cash at bank has increased by 36m YOY.

I think the above shows good and improving financing discipline for Singpost.

For the special dividends, consider a worst case scenario:

Singpost gets 750m from the sale after some bargaining and pays up all its 300m debts.

It will still stand to gain 450m or $0.21 per share.

Again, we adjust 50% retention ratio, there is still a special dividend of $0.10 per share.

Singpost dividend policy is 80% payout ratio or $0.05 per share, whichever higher. Last year dividend rate was at 81% payout ratio.

Hence, it is definitely highly likely we can get a good bonus if the sale of the paya lebar HQ materialises.

The company is almost idiot proof and integral part of any economy. Hence, it will remain a core component of my portfolio for recurring income.

SingPost HQ up for sale with $850m tag

Terms of any leaseback deal could determine price it fetches: observers

THE buzz created by recently unveiled plans to develop the Paya Lebar area into a commercial hub may get a boost from Singapore Post’s planned sale of its landmark headquarters building next to Paya Lebar MRT Station.

BT understands the listed group has launched an expression of interest for the 14-storey building and the price tag is said to be around $850 million based on the existing use of Singapore Post Centre.

SingPost is expected to lease back the space it currently occupies - which is roughly half the building’s one million sq ft net lettable area - for both its corporate office and operations, including the mail processing centre.

The rest of the property is leased to a mix of retail and office tenants, including NTUC FairPrice, Kopitiam, Barang Barang, This Fashion, HSBC Insurance, Northwest Airlines and Symantec Corporation.

CB Richard Ellis is understood to be handling the sale of SingPost Centre.

The current approved use for the site is around 60 per cent industrial and 40 per cent commercial, based on an earlier report.

However, potential investors may seek the authorities’ approval to convert the use to full commercial, to optimise the site’s commercial zoning under both the 2003 and 2008 (draft) Master Plans.

A differential premium would have to be paid to the state in exchange for realising the enhancement in use.

SingPost Centre’s existing gross floor area of 1.48 million sq ft has already tapped the 4.2 maximum plot ratio allowed under the two Master Plans.

The property is on a 352,389 sq ft site with a remaining lease of about 73 years. The 14-storey building, which also has three basement levels (mostly for retail), has 587 carpark lots.

Industry observers say the terms of SingPost’s leaseback arrangement with the potential buyer will be a critical factor in determining the price the building fetches.

Banks have also tightened lending for property acquisitions but core funds and core-plus funds, which rely less on debt and more on their own equity when making property purchases, are still interested in making acquisitions.

BT also reported recently that some of the big overseas funds which have been buying office properties in Singapore in the past few years are now also looking at industrial, logistics and business park assets, which offer higher yields.

Against this backdrop, SingPost Centre’s potential buyer may well continue with the existing industrial/commercial use of the property.

SingPost has also been selling some of its smaller properties, for instance, at Clementi Central, Boon Lay, Marine Parade and Hougang South. The group is still left with a dozen properties, including two in the prime districts - Tanglin and Killiney Road post offices.

SingPost may sell landmark Paya Lebar HQ

It’s said to have appointed property consultant to explore its options.

Singapore Post’s landmark headquarters next to Paya Lebar MRT station may be on the verge of unlocking some riches.

SingPost said it is ‘exploring opportunities’ for Singapore Post Centre, which has about one million sq ft of net lettable area. Valued at $1,000 to $1,300 per square foot of existing net lettable area, this could translate to a total of $1 billion to $1.3 billion, assuming a full-commercial use, analysts estimate. The 14-storey building is on a 352,389 sq ft site with a remaining lease of about 73 years.

In its third quarter results statement last month SingPost said that it is ‘continuing to review its non- core businesses, and is also exploring opportunities in respect of SingPost Centre, including unlocking the value of SingPost Centre’.

When contacted for details, SingPost’s spokeswoman would only say that the group was at the ‘preliminary stage of exploring opportunities in respect of SingPost Centre’ and declined to elaborate.

But industry observers say SingPost held a ‘beauty parade’ late last year to select a property consultant to advise it on exploring its options for the property . The exercise is believed to have culminated in an appointment being made.

Market watchers say that among the factors that will determine the price that any potential buyer will be prepared to pay for SingPost Centre is whether SingPost will lease back the space it currently occupies in the building and the rental it is prepared to pay.

SingPost currently occupies about half of the property ’s one million sq ft total net lettable area for both its corporate office and operations including the mail processing centre.

The rest of the property is leased to a mix of office and retail tenants including HSBC Insurance, NorthWest Airlines, Symantec Corporation, Prudential (whose lease expires this year), This Fashion, Barang Barang, NTUC FairPrice and Kopitiam.

Although the site is zoned for commercial use with a 4.2 plot ratio (ratio of maximum potential gross floor area to land area) under Master Plan 2003, the current approved use for the site is understood to be 60 per cent industrial and 40 per cent commercial.

SingPost will probably be advised to make an application to convert the approved use to full commercial, to optimise the site’s use under the current Master Plan. This would also be in keeping with the government’s intention, announced last year, to transform the area around Paya Lebar MRT Station into a new business hub.

Some property consultants have since commented that the location will be ideal for cost-conscious office tenants, and could serve as backroom offices for banks, given its proximity to the city.

In exchange for allowing a conversion of the site’s approved use a differential premium will have to be paid to the state.

SingPost Centre’s existing gross floor area of 1.48 million sq ft has already tapped the 4.2 maximum plot ratio allowed under Master Plan 2003.

Property analysts reckon that office and retail space on the SingPost Centre site could be worth around $1,000 to $1,300 psf of net lettable area, with the higher end of this range ascribed to retail space.

SingPost Centre was completed in two phases - the industrial component in July 1998 and the commercial space in May 1999.

The 14-storey building, which also has three basement levels (mostly for retail), has a total of 587 car park lots.

SingPost has been selling some of its smaller properties . For the financial year ended March 31, 2007, it divested two HDB shop units - one at Marine Parade sold for $5.7 million, and the other at Hougang South divested for $2.2 million. The Marine Parade property was the group’s former post office branch; SingPost has since relocated to a nearby leased property . The Hougang property was not used as a post office but was instead leased to a supermarket operator.

In the current financial year, the group has divested its former post office branch at Clementi Central and relocated its operations to another location nearby and sold a property at Boon Lay, which it had leased to a third party.

Several years ago, there had been market speculation that SingPost could spin off its post office properties into a real estate investment trust (and lease back the premises from the Reit). But that does not seem to be the way SingPost is headed currently in optimising its property portfolio. The group is still left with over a dozen properties , including two in the prime districts - Tanglin Post Office and Killiney Road Post Office.

CIMB-GK's top picks for a volatile market

CIMB-GK ISSUED a 13-page Singapore Strategy report yesterday, cautioning against further downside risks of stocks but also gave its selection of top stock picks.

The top picks and the excerpts from the report are:

• Ascendas REIT. A-REIT is the only industrial REIT with a significant share of science park/business park space, the best-in-class of industrial space. A-REIT’srelatively long weighted average lease term to expiry (of 5.5 years) and average security deposits (of 10 months) for sale-and-lease back deals provide cash flow visibility. Its industrial tenant mix is also the most diversified among the industrialREITs.

Development projects are expected to boost DPU going forward withsuch projects offering higher yields than acquisitions. Current asset leverage of 40% is expected to reach 45% by 2010-11 as development projects are completed. Refinancing is manageable with short-term debt of S$255m (or 14% of total debt) rolled over in 2009. Write-downs of asset values are less likely than for offices, as industrial capital values have not appreciated as quickly as those in the office sector.

• City Developments. CityDev has a strong balance sheet with an estimated net debt to re-valued assets of 0.28x. Presale proceeds are expected to come through in the next 2-3 years, of more than S$4bn. Asset write-downs are less ofa threat given that: 1) its investment properties are booked at cost; and 2) the bulk of its outstanding residential land bank was bought during the previous cycle or atthe early stage of this cycle. In a downturn, CityDev has a good portfolio mix and can afford to cut prices and still book profits, if needed. Valuations are attractive at an estimated 38% discount to our conservative RNAV estimate of S$10.50.Although Keppel Land’s underperformance makes it increasingly tempting on valuation grounds, we have retained CityDev as our top pick given its more robustbalance sheet.

• ComfortDelgro. We like its globally diversified transportation business,generating steady earnings in a recession. ComfortDelgro will also benefit from lower energy prices while in Singapore, ridership growth should boost revenue. Revenue is more defensive than for most businesses in a recession. With steady earnings, dividend yields have consistently been above 5%.

• SembCorp Marine – Earnings growth till 2010 is supported by S$10bn orderbook. Order cancellation is unlikely given strong standing of non-speculative customer base with low risk of credit crunch. Global charter rates for rigs and semi-submersibles are still holding strong given that current demand still outstrips supply. SembMarine is also supported by strong balance sheet with net cash per share of about S$0.40 or 20% of current share price. Valuation attractive at 10-year trough level of about 9-10x.

• SGX. Average weekly stock-market volumes have stayed above the S$1bn mark, even as markets crumble. There is some earnings risk if we enter a protracted period of low trading volumes. However, volatility could also help to support trading volumes. A growing derivatives business should partially take up the slack of lower securities turnover. The key risk is valuation compression. P/E and P/BV valuations look high but are justified by a high ROE business, with little financing needed. If valuation compression worsens, the saving grace is that SGX’s valuation also typically expands strongly when the cycle recovers.

• SPH. Lower adex (typical in a recession) and high newsprint costs could pile some pressure on operational earnings. However, bonus property development profits are coming through and capex needs are muted. This gives some assurance to its dividend outlook. With sustainable dividends yields and amonopoly business, P/E compression should not be that drastic.

• UOB. CY08 P/BV of 1.25x is already in the trough range seen during 2001 and 2003. Our key concern now is potential capital strains when write-offs and provisions occur. Comparing Tier-1 CAR among banks alone is no longer foolproof. Loan book exposure and investment securities exposure are more crucial. But even as higher NPLs and loan loss provisions are inevitable when industry NPLs rise, we are confident that UOB will have the least write-downs, given its typical conservatism.

• Venture. One of the cheapest (P/E) big-cap stocks even if we input a core earnings decline, expected in this environment. Its underlying business is now more stable after the acquisition of GES and successful expansion of mid-sizedOEM customers. Venture has a strong balance sheet and good free cash flow. We expect it to rebuild its cash reserves in the coming years. The stock is usually ignored by most investors during times of uncertain global consumption, but valuations are attractive, at a historical low P/BV, with 9% of its share price backed by cash. Venture also offers dividend yields of more than 10%.

Big-caps
Some of the more interesting stock picks in the big-capcategory are SATS and SIAEC. Both have to fly against the headwinds of adeteriorating aviation industry, but with more than 20% of their current share prices backed by net cash, valuations will look increasingly attractive as share prices fall further.

Mid-caps
It is in the mid-cap space that we see amazing values emerging after last Friday’s sell-down. In the mass stampede, sellers of some S-chips have pushed share prices down to net cash values already. In ourmid-cap space (defined as S$200m-1bn in market cap), stocks that are trading below or near our FY08 net cash forecasts include: China Sky, Synear, CreativeTechnology, China Hongxing and China Zaino.

China Zaino
In the midcap space, the other attractive stock on a cash basis is Wheelock Properties. Thestock has fallen to a 72% discount to our RNAV estimate (S$2.85) and is trading at 32% of our FY08 net cash projection. Wheelock is expected to recognise more than S$1.2bn of presales revenue over the next three years, with the bulk coming from Scotts Square (70% sold since launch last year). We estimate that it will book over S$1bn of presales revenue from this project alone over the next three years, even assuming zero new sales from here. Wheelock is, in addition, one of the rare developers with net cash and will be able to land-bank at the trough of the cycle again.

Small-caps
Some small-cap stocks also trading at net cash levels, but liquidity could be unacceptable. In the less than S$200m market-cap category, stocks that trade below net cash are China Sports and Sino Environment. Stocks that trade close to netcash are Valuetronics and Longcheer. We expect all to be profitable. Again, even ifearnings contract, such marked-down valuations are suggesting distress valuations.Our only grouse with these stocks is that liquidity can be really low, which might not make them practical investments.

Concluding remarks:
We believe that it is too early to call a final bottom for the STI, as banks and property earnings are at risk. We reiterate that a short-term bottom might emergesoon when the panic subsides.Beyond the current period of panic, we believe that a value approach historically works well and is likely to work again. In the current environment, we would downplaythe emphasis on P/E, highlighting that it is extremely fallible. Balance-sheet analysis is recommended and we would consider stocks trading below their net cash levels as bargains, provided that profitability is somewhat assured.

We highlight S-chips trading near net cash levels as deserving some attention. We are typically not advocates of diversification but in this environment, little is predictable. With all manner of risk to consider and with a wide selection of stocksemerging with attractive valuations that can yield outsized returns in the years ahead,diversification will help limit any unforeseen business deterioration.